It is the purpose of this thesis to investigate the approach of planning for non-permanent mining communities, where, because of the volatile nature of the basic mining activity, and because of the difficulties in achieving diversification of the economic base, permanent settlement is not possible. A preliminary discussion of the mining industry reveals the fundamental considerations in planning for mining communities. The mining community is examined as to its characteristics, problems and legislation to provide a basis for the formulation of principles and policies for new town development. The case for planning for non-permanence in mining settlement is presented in a discussion of the value of planning, the previous planning approaches, and case studies of relocated communities. The techniques for planning and establishing non-permanent mining communities are drawn from a study of the mobile home community and the demountable house community where mobility has been a major consideration in community design. The concept of the non-permanent single-enterprise mining community is outlined to show the integral components of physical mobility and flexibility. Conclusions are drawn that a limited degree of physical mobility in settlement can be achieved, and this is through the technique of prefabrication in the construction of the buildings in the community. Utilities and services must remain permanent with present-day techniques. The principles and policies of: pre-planning and continuous planning and control, land leasehold, private home ownership under civic administration, transitional development government, and provincial finance of the new town with annual payments by the mining company to cover both the initial development cost and the municipal operating expenses, are suggested to achieve the non-permanent community. The thesis concludes with a summary of the material and proposals presented in the study, and with a discussion of the limitations and value of the proposed approach of planning for non-permanent single-enterprise mining communities. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The notion that there is some crisis of public sector planning is common, and a literature review reveals this concern extends across the social sciences, and even to the conception and working of the modern welfare state. The dissertation links political science and philosophy with organisation theory to explain the parameters and tensions governing planning by the state, and proposes an agenda for liberal democratic planning theory for the 1990s. It is argued that these notions of crisis have a common basis in endemic tensions in the modern state which define the planning context. The instability of this context is heightened by increased turbulence in organizational relations at all levels and in the world economic system, and by readjustments in political values reflected in the election of conservative governments in many countries. The idea of crisis provides a useful beginning for analysing the problem of planning, an understanding of which requires a broad view of the socio-political and epistemoiogical context in which planners operate. The concept of planning crisis is broken down into constituent parts from which, it is argued, a more profound view of the context of planning is rebuilt, and from which more appropriate responses to societal problems are likely to arise. By devising a formulation that generalizes expectable constraints across various planning situations, an original contribution is made towards a partial theory of the institutional and professional contexts of planning action. First, planning is defined as an instrumental expression of the role of the state in society which attempts to assert the preeminence of the future in the present, in terms of control over scarce resources and private property for some greater good fostered by the state. Then the historical and philosophical basis for the role of the state is discussed in terms of factors which both underlie, and undermine, planning action: state power and individual freedom, social control for state stability, and the role of markets in terms of broader social objectives. The problem of planning is examined in terms of tensions between centre and periphery, economic objectives and political aspirations, opposing and confused trends to centralization and decentralization, and inter-organizational conflict and re-adjustment which seems an inevitable consequence of state intervention in society. In organisation theory, planning is seen as an attempt to manage change in turbulent environments characterised by uncertainty, inconsistent and ill-defined values, and an inability to predict the cumulative consequences of action. Analytic tools for understanding the planning dilemma are discussed, particularly conceptions of organizational learning, resources, networks, and capacity to innovate. The usefulness of static models for understanding dynamic planning situations is questioned. The discussion of the crisis of planning is concluded by turning to its epistemoiogical dimension, termed a crisis of rationality. This refers to the inability of social scientists to model complex social systems, and their seeming failure to devise theory useful to social action. The legacy of positivism and the concept of rationality in planning thought are examined. Three influential planning theories are analysed in terms of their contribution to an understanding of the crisis of planning and extent to which they can offer practical guidance. The conclusion relates the main themes to the current theoretical task, which is to build up a series of useful, partial, conceptions of the possibility for planning action from a realistic understanding of its socio-political context. It is argued that the crisis of planning is rooted in the inevitable lack of consensus about the state's role, and the efficacy of intervention in the workings of the market in terms of human benefit and social justice. This lack of consensus is also set in a fundamental relationship to the crisis of rationality. First, it is argued that planning theorists have a responsibility to explore the practical implications of organizational options at the state-market conjuncture. Further, as any conception of the future is an interactive fusion of fact and value, theorists have a responsibility to develop ethical frameworks and principles, which may help combine the practical benefits of market mechanisms in terms of feedback with a conception of the transcending social responsibility of the state and the need to 'embed' ethical principles in political culture. Second, appropriate organizational responses to uncertainty are proposed, in particular action learning, inter-agency ventures, negotiation, cooperation, and risk taking. Third, the implications for planning theory of the boundaries of social scientific inquiry are examined, in light of endemic uncertainty, the drive to unified social theory which distances theoretical abstractions from reality, and the lure of academic structures and rewards which inhibit the required holistic and interdisciplinary approach. A policy model is proposed which reflects the centrality of values in the planning context, the non-revolutionary nature of planning action, and the position of planning knowledge as a lever on the distribution of societal power, requiring ethical norms. In an appendix, analytic elements derived from the work are used in a case study of urban decline and planning response in the UK. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The thesis is in two distinct parts. The first part deals with the theoretical aspect of long-range corporate planning. Specifically it: 1. Traces the history of development of long-range planning; giving evidence of maturing of the discipline, its efficacy, and its acceptance in the business world. 2. Introduces the concepts of long-range corporate planning and develops them into a comprehensive theory. 3. Outlines and analyses the advantages of long-range planning, distinguishing between 'defensive' and 'creative' advantages. 4. Suggests broad outlines on 'how to plan'. Includes some interesting (to the author) models developed by others as an aid to the planning exercise. The second part contains details of a real-life application of long-range planning. A heuristic approach is utilized to develop a 4-year plan for two associated firms, a metal-stamping organization and a distributing-cum-sales organization. The exercise involves: 1. Setting up objectives. 2. Examination of the existing resources of the two firms. Locating sources of present and potential strengths and weaknesses. 3. A study of the market. 4. Establishing a time horizon. 5. Developing a product-market policy. 6. Integrating all the above into a comprehensive long-range plan. The principles developed in the first part find normative application in the above plan. The plan therefore serves a dual purpose: a vehicle for integration of various planning principles, as also for guiding the corporate destiny of the two firms. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

In many North American Cities various levels of government are faced with pressing accomodation problems. In seeking to resolve these problems major investments in land and structures are taking place with potentially significant impacts upon the urban core. The study undertaken in this thesis examines the nature of these investments in terms of their potential contribution to the revitalization of the urban core. This goal has been frequently expressed of the location criteria formulated in conjunction with the investment. Two complementary concepts are presented which provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of the location decision as a tool for urban revitalization. The concepts take into account not only basic functional linkages between urban activities, but also values motivating individual and group behaviour. Characteristic social and economic behaviour is presented pertaining to the social and economic environment of the urban core. These behavioural characteristics provide a basis for expecting that a location decision will have a desired effect upon core revitalization. Social behaviour is discussed in terms of the individuals' personal, social, and cultural relationships to the urban environment. Economic behaviour is discussed in terms of investment motivation pertaining to the use and ownership of real property under general conditions of the real estate market and under specific market conditions created by a public investment. Empirical application of the theoretical planning concepts is examined through a study of the impacts emanating from the location for the City Hall, Victoria, B.C. The investment is examined in terms of changes in social and economic behaviour at the level of the location neighbourhood and throughout the city. Evaluation of these changes is made in the context of planning policy within the city at a time of the investment decision. Conclusions derived from the study of behavioural changes indicate that the investment fostered desired revitalization through changes in both actions and attitudes with respect to the study neighbourhood. Conclusions derived from examination of the planning context within which the decision was made indicate that certain unplanned consequences have also emerged as a result of the decision. The behavioural characteristics associated with public administrative buildings in the urban core and the successful stimulation of these characteristics in an empirical situation is submitted as evidence of the potential of a location decision to be used as a planning tool to foster core revitalization when the location decision is an integral component of a comprehensive approach to urban development. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Behavioral research is providing meaningful information with respect to the relationship between human activities and physical design of the residential environment. While the appeal among professions and social scientists for its input into the design process seems unanimous, the failure to pool, simplify and constantly update such data, continues in it being accessible to, and usable by, only a small, enlightened and privileged minority. On the other hand, a large share of today's housing in Canada is produced by individuals and organizations, many of whom are generally familiar and concerned with neither human behavior nor basic design principles. Resultant projects invariably betray an almost single-minded approach, that of realizing a maximum number of dwellings at a minimum expenditure on amenities. This study attempts to narrow the gap between the researcher and the practitioner. It proposes a communicable, organized approach to designing and evaluating physical components in the residential open space environment, as to their responsiveness to generic human activities. A Frame of Reference (activities and components) is developed, which generates the context and the problem for Patterns, which, in turn, suggest solutions or platforms for discussion. The principle evolved, is then applied to site plans of three recently completed housing projects. Variables, in this model, include age of users and climate of the location. The benefits of this approach, include prevention of the worst of open space planning, while encouraging good work to proceed. Avenues for implementing such a process are briefly explored and its application, by money-lending agencies, held as feasible. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

In the planning profession there is increasing recognition of the complex relationship of variables in an urban region which impede rational decision-making. In order to cope with this problem, quantitative models have been developed in recent years. It is the purpose of this study to investigate and evaluate the present stage of model-building as it applies to regional planning. It is hypothesized that the application of land use allocation models is a desirable aid for rational decisionmaking in regional planning. The study begins with an outline of the theoretical basis for building land use allocation models: economic location theory and social physics. Economic location theory is mainly concerned with finding criteria for a rational choice of the location for a firm or a household. In this context, the concept of economic rent is discussed. In order to give explanations of the land use patterns within a region the basic notion in respect to agricultural production is developed and then extended to the urban land uses. The second approach to land use allocation models, social physics, is mainly based on statistical regularities in explaining human mass behavior. The most commonly employed concept is the gravity principle, which is an attempt to apply Newton's physical law of gravitation to social, mass behavior. This concept is very often applied in community and regional planning and has yielded acceptable results in a great number of studies. In part three the most important elements and steps in the process of model-building are discussed, including rules or standards which should be considered by a model-builder. First of all, a wide range of types of models are examined in order that the proper model may be selected for an actual regional planning problem. The design process is also discussed in some detail and it is shown that there is evidence of fundamental criteria for model building. Part four is concerned with three selected existing regional land use allocation models. The model of the Pittsburgh Region was the first operational model on a regional level and its ingenuity influenced numerous model-builders. One of the most salient findings of this model, which is mainly based on social physics, relates to the fact that the gravity principle seems to have enough flexibility to comprehend the spatial pattern of land uses within an urban region. The model of the State of Connecticut is based on the shift-analysis framework and distributes three population and six employment groups to the 169 towns of the State of Connecticut. Its basic feature is the ability to replicate the structure of a region as large as a state and it is therefore of great interest as a macro-approach. The structure of the model is relatively simple and the data requirements are not intensive. Hence, it seems that such a model framework could serve as a sound basis for models in other study areas. The Bay Area Simulation Study is one of the most recent models. It introduces a high level of disaggregation and assumptions which are based, to some extent, on economic location theory. Hence, it can be said that its basic concept relates to the working mechanism of the market process. The structure of the model is based on a number of interrelated submodels, including a set of employment allocation models and a set of residential allocation models. The final part of this study relates the findings of the preceding parts to regional planning. It is shown that regional planning is fundamentally a locational problem. In addition, some experiences of model application by planning agencies are discussed. These experiences emphasize the fact that, the essential feature of land use allocation models is to improve the rationality of decision-making. By comparing the advantages of models with the principal difficulties in application it is then possible to derive the final conclusion that land use allocation models are a desirable aid for rational decision-making in regional planning. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of functional association of business types on arterial shopping streets in Vancouver. In this context the study assessed the relevance to Vancouver of spatial classificatory schemes as they have been developed in geographic literature to describe the commercial structure in other cities, particularly Chicago. Vancouver's unplanned community business districts take the form of string-streets or ribbons in that businesses are located along traffic arteries but rarely down intersecting streets; and, the strips extend for distances in excess of three thousand feet. .At the same time, however, the districts contain conformations of business types which are characteristic of convenience and shopping-goods centers as described in previous classifications. A series of working hypotheses proposed that a core-frame concept be used to develop a model of the business arrangements. The model was tested in four arterial business districts and confirmed the existence of three functional sub-areas. (i) The core of the business districts is more completely developed on one side of the dissecting artery in the area of peak land values. The core contains shopping-goods stores which serve comparative shopping trips. (ii) The frame is composed of several functionally unlinked sub-areas which serve predominantly special-purpose shopping trips. Businesses locate in the frame because they depend to some extent on the high density traffic generated by the retail core yet do not require the degree of accessibility attendant at the core. The low rental accommodation in the frame provides opportunities for establishing new businesses. (iii) The ribbon contains businesses which serve single-visit shopping trips and are functionally unlinked. The core-frame conformation evolved from an initially dispersed pattern of businesses catering to walk-in trade. After World War II retail stores began to group in a limited number of locations in response to the decentralization of shopping activities and the wide-spread use of the automobile. A. prominent frame emerged in the 1950's with the entry of financial, medical and other office activities. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

A basic problem exists in the use of the concept of social behavior as a spatial determinant in planning. It is a problem of identifying various social behavioral indicators, and their spatial implications. The aspect of variable social behavior has been selected as take off point in this study. Within this framework one element has been chosen for inquiry, that of orientation toward the future. The question is whether persons are "future" oriented, that is whether "change", and "doing new things" is part of their repertoire; and to what extent nominals such as city area, home, occupation, etc. represent a standard set of constraints or inventories of alternatives. Methods of investigation include a comparative analysis of the area under study with the larger metropolitan area as a whole, and empirical research of an exploratory study into social behavior. A location quotient was computed for a number of social and residential characteristics, and the results compared with social area analysis coefficients. The method of inquiry for the empirical research uses an interview questionnaire survey, formulated over a two year period as part of an ongoing urban research project. The method of statistical analysis used for the interim results was a multivariate contingency tabulation utilizing a computer programmed subroutine. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare two independent sample groups. General conclusions are that the subarea under study differs in its social and residential characteristics from the metropolitan area as a whole. Preliminary results on selected nominals, responses, and activities show certain tendencies of social behavior, which, if born out by the final data, could provide some insight into the reference structure of a population. Where these referents are not readily transferable from non-local to local conditions in new development plans, such referents have to be analysed further to get at their elements. Then spaces could be planned so that they encompass these composite elements. Cross tabulated results indicate that social behavior of certain aggregates of persons is more fixed than that of others, and that the environment is more variable for some than for others. Yet, due to the severe limitation of the sample size, evidence on the future orientation and variability criterion is not con-elusive, and can only be considered as exploratory. But — with all the data in eventually, and a multiple regression analysis — this study would provide more conclusive evidence. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis is about regional development in the new global economy. Changes in the world economy, notably the trend toward multinational big business and an international division of labour, are affecting, in various ways and in varying degrees, those people and places that are part of this interdependent system. Nevertheless, one constant theme is becoming discernable: the operating rules of global capitalism are antagonistic to attempts by regions to develop a self-sustaining, self-reliant economy. The resulting crisis of development is an aspect of the new economic order that mainstream development paradigms of industrial society are ill-equipped to explain, let alone resolve. In an effort to come to grips with this crisis of development there has been a growing interest in the possibility of social and economic reconstruction at the regional and community level. This bottom-up approach, referred to here as Communal Cooperation, is being advocated as a more socially responsive and economically viable alternative to the dependence and underdevelopment that follow in the wake of functional integration into the international network of economic relations. However, as this thesis argues, Communal Cooperative strategies of self-management must be complemented with the kind of overall management and coordination that has become necessary in today's interdependent economy. The purpose of this thesis is to translate these general principles into practical terms by presenting a development strategy for the province of British Columbia. British Columbia is a resource economy, exporting its raw materials to the industrial centres of the world and, given the dynamics of economic globalism, there is little opportunity to break out of this mold and develop a self-sustaining, diversified economic base. The development options outlined in this thesis are designed to counteract this trend and ensure that international trade serves regional and community interests. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Urban planning faces a tremendous challenge: changing its role from land use planning to one of responding to "the current and urgent problems of the city". Under such circumstances the entire approach to planning has come under question. Waterston summarizes the current problem in his "three-horned planning dilemma". He asserts there are three approaches to planning, all of which must fail: comprehensive planning which assumes long-range societal goals can be identified, systems planning which attempts to provide structured solutions to unstructured problems, and partial planning which merely fights "brush-fires". This discourse engages in a search for a way around the "three-horned planning dilemma". A dual methodology was used in this study. First inductive research was selected which allowed a search for a new model of planning unconstrained and not misdirected by past planning theory—a confusing literature. With this freedom, the inductive method naturally directed the research from a broad empirical base to generalizations, of a new theory. The second part of the methodology was the use of the case study technique. This search for a new model focused on a seemingly innovative urban planning agency. A case examination of planning in the Greater Vancouver Regional District between 1969 and 1973 provided the data base for the research. The four middle chapters contain the detailed descriptions of planning in the GVRD. The case material provided basic conceptualizations for a distinct model of urban planning as practiced in the GVRD. GVRD planning proved to be absolutely different from current planning practice, and four major characteristics of their planning were identified: 1. Auto-Action which stimulates a wide range of planning actions, 2. Qualitative Analysis combining technique and diverse judgments, 3. Political Dialogue or working out program design, analysis, and solutions with politicians, and 4. General Interaction which involves the public, local and senior governments, and consultants. The inductive process moved the interpretation beyond case material and the GVRD model to a new model of urban planning. Processes and theory of GVRD planning led to a new bundle of planning theory literature primarily the works of Ruth Mack, John Friedmann, and Edgar Dunn. A "Learning Model" of urban planning evolved which had four characteristics: 1. goal development as an essential part of the planning process and goal determination through widespread dialogue, 2. the inherent limitations of Social Knowledge which can be overcome by transactive planning and mutual learning, 3. Bottom-up Planning as the extensive use of local task forces, and 4. Social Change, in the form of new social structures, as offering promise for solutions rather than dealing with symptoms. The Learning Model evolved from one particular case which limits its range as a generic theory. It has, however, provided a link between practice and theory and has complemented a new wave of planning theory. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate