Thesis (Ph.D.)(Mathematical Statistics)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

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Thesis (MSc)--Macquarie University, Graduate School of the Environment, 1998. / Bibliography: leaves 102-116.

abstract: The increasing isolation and segregation of children in American cities and suburbs is of special significance. This has meant a loss of freedom for children to explore their neighborhood and city as they get older, their exclusion from varied contacts with diverse adults in a variety of settings, and their consequent inability to learn from personal experience and observation, so essential to social and emotional development. The purpose of this study is to measure the differences in child-friendliness between neighborhoods with different income levels by developing an indicator framework that can be used by planning departments and other local authorities based on available data. The research also focus on what other factor (besides income) influences child-friendliness in a city at the neighborhood level. If a relationship does exist, how big is the difference in terms of child-friendliness between low-income and high-income neighborhoods, and what indicators play the most important role in creating the difference? Neighborhoods in the city of Glendale, Arizona serve as case studies to aid in refining the assessment method, and show the potential for how cities can become more child-friendly. The neighborhoods were selected based on income, same size and different location. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.U.E.P. Urban and Environmental Planning 2011

abstract: The aims of the study are to investigate the relationship between density and social equity. Social equity is an important social goal with regard to urban development, especially smart growth and sustainable development; however, a definition of the concept of social equity from an urban planning perspective was still lacking. In response to these deficiencies, the study used quantitative and qualitative methods and synthesized multiple social and spatial perspectives to provide guidance for density and social equity planning, community design, and public policy. This study used data for the area of King County, Washington to explore the empirical relationship between density and social equity at the neighborhood level. In examining access to several facilities, this study found that distances to parks and grocery stores were shorter than those to other facilities, such as the library, hospital, police station, and fire station. In terms of the relationship between density and accessibility, the results show that higher density is associated with better accessibility in neighborhoods. Density is also positively associated with both income diversity and affordable housing for low-income families. In terms of the relationship between density and crime, density is positively associated with violent crime, while density is negatively associated with property crime. The findings of this study can aid in the development and evaluation of urban policy and density planning aimed at promoting social benefits in urban space. Therefore, this study is useful to a range of stakeholders, including urban planners, policy makers, residents, and social science researchers across different disciplines. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2014

D.Com. (Human Resource Management) / In this study strategic human resources management in the armaments industry is investigated. Strategic management is treated as a management-of-change instrument. In the theoretical chapters the position of strategic human resources management within the entire management process is discussed. Existing strategic concepts and approaches are analysed in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses as they occur in current practice. In this way the strengths can be utilised and the weaknesses can be eliminated from the strategic human resources management of South Africa's armaments industry. Strategic management is discussed as a system that comprises two main elements, namely strategic planning and strategy implementation. In this dissertation an analytical survey method was employed. Two different questionnaires were distributed: one was aimed at managers, and the second at supervisors and workers on the shop floor. The aim of the survey was to determine the status quo and to identify the defects in human resources strategic planning in the armaments industry. A total of 1444 questionnaires were distributed, of which 1 216 were returned. Four different statistical analyses were done, namely: The identification of specific problem areas that occur amongst managers and non-managers by way of hypothesis testing. The analysis of specified perceptions amongst managers and non-managers by way of the CHAID analysis (in order to identify significant predictors) and by way of model-building (log linear modelling). The comparison of perceptions in private companies with those in Armscor affiliates by way of model-building (loglinear modelling). The analysis of specified perceptions in the armaments industry as a whole by way of model building (loglinear modelling). The two most significant defects in the strategic human resources planning process that were identified during the investigation are: * A lack of communication between the members of armaments businesses at different organizational levels. A lack of strategic planning in general, and of strategic human resources planning in particular. In order to eliminate the defects that have been identified, the author suggests that * businesses follow a participative management approach; (This includes combined planning.) Middle-level managers become more involved in strategic planning and that they be granted the authority to implement strategic decisions; * management information be updated constantly and that this information be used for analysing the environment so that scenarios can be developed and analysed; strategic management must be accepted as a way of life and must not be associated with specific time intervals; * specific provision be made for two-way communication at all levels in armaments businesses; human resources processes must be treated as a system; (The interaction between the different human resources processes must be borne in mind in strategic human resources management.) productivity should receive special attention; and that the elements of strategic management, as summarised in Figure 37, serve as a structure for strategic human resources management.

The movement of population from rural to urban areas has been accompanied in North America by the explosive dispersal of the urban population into suburban areas. Much of the resulting low-density suburban residential growth has developed in an uncoordinated, inefficient pattern destroying the amenities and appearance of, and interfering with, the agricultural and recreational use of the countryside, yet not providing adequate urban amenities. This phenomenon of "urban sprawl" is undesirable since it devours vast areas of land in an uneconomic pattern, creates problems for both the residential and agricultural use of the land in urbanizing areas, and compromises future urban development. The most direct means of minimizing urban sprawl and promoting better land use is the strict enforcement of rational land-use controls. It is essential to examine the applicability of specific land-use controls to the urban sprawl problem, and to test the effectiveness of these controls in specific situations in order to arrive at a municipal policy for curbing urban sprawl. Since social and economic circumstances influence the use of and development on land, a comprehensive view must be taken of the function and application of land-use controls, and their inter-relationships to combat urban sprawl. Although controls directly applicable to the use of land appear to influence the pattern of its development most significantly, a number of "indirect" controls may be -of use in guiding the pattern of development and the use of land. Although the causes of urban sprawl and their relationships are many and still under discussion and study, it is generally acknowledged that the lack of control over land use and development is the most significant, permissive, cause of urban sprawl. The hypothesis is advanced "that the responsibility for curbing urban sprawl lies with the Provincial Government, which should ensure that its municipalities implement a comprehensive land development policy". Following a general review of land-use controls and urban sprawl, direct land-use controls, such as residential and agricultural zoning, subdivision regulations, and municipal servicing policies, are examined with the intention of incorporating them in a municipal policy aimed at curbing urban sprawl. To arrive at a method for evaluating the effectiveness of selected land-use controls for their normal, designed purpose, potential indicators of the incidence of and changes in the character and location of urban sprawl are discussed. A simplified method is then proposed and applied to an urbanizing area to evaluate the effectiveness of its land-use controls in curbing urban sprawl. It is found that the waste of land and the pattern of land uses characteristic of urban sprawl have serious implications for the future as well as for the present. Urban sprawl, a regional phenomenon, requires a regional, coordinated land development policy; zoning subdivision regulations and servicing policies can be used to curb urban sprawl on a local scale. The complex interrelationships found to exist between controls directly and indirectly influencing the use of land make further study necessary and, to a degree, frustrate the attempt to devise a methodology for investigating the effectiveness of direct land-use controls in curbing urban sprawl. It is concluded that remedial provincial and municipal legislation can be drawn up immediately on the basis of experience gained so far with urban sprawl. However, a policy directed at curbing urban sprawl ought to be a component part of a larger policy having the objective of promoting desirable forms of urban development. The Provincial Government is fully and solely responsible for provincial affairs and therefore has the solemn duty to ensure that urban sprawl is curbed effectively and immediately. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate