Thesis (doctoral)--Helsinki University of Technology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

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This thesis is about the history of the muthi trade (the African traditional medicine trade) since it was introduced to Durban. "D'Urbanised Tradition" refers to the way the tradition surrounding muthi was urbanised in Durban, and how it has been viewed as a 'de-urbanising' element in the city. The thesis deals with the changes, over the past 100 years, to the tradition of muthi trading that were brought about both by actors 'within' the trade - what I refer to as 'restructuring of tradition' - and by interventions from 'external' forces (the state, the biomedical lobby and the conservationist lobby) - what I have termed 'the development of tradition'. Whereas many studies present (Zulu) tradition as something static, this study of "D'Urbanised tradition" focuses on change and process - why and how these changes to tradition have occurred. It comprises an analysis of how the dialectic between change and continuity within the muthi trade has been negotiated by strategic actors throughout the twentieth century. Emphasis is on the economic and political potentials of tradition and traditional medicine, and focus will be on changes in the muthi trade in Durban, using the Russell Street Muthi Market in the 1990s as a case study. Although 'restructuring' and 'development' are kept separate in this thesis, they denote interrelated processes whereby active agents strategically use tradition to achieve their ends. It is argued that the traditions surrounding muthi have been manipulated both as economic as well as political tools by the various vested interests in the trade. The thesis deals with one of the largest and most important sectors of South Africa's informal economy, and provides a historical analysis and case study of the strategies used by both traders and outside institutions involved in the trade. This is done by using the paradigm of 'tradition'. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

Dicaffeoylquinic acid (DCQA) is a natural polyphenolic compound widely distributed in plants such as coffee beans, which possesses a range of pharmacological activities. Herein, is reported studies undertaken towards the first total synthesis of 3,5-DCQA conjugates. Two synthetic routes were investigated. The first route involves a seven step sequence beginning from quinic acid. The overall yield via this synthetic approach was 30%. The key steps involved in the sequence were a regioselective benzylation of the C-3-hydroxyl group followed by silyl protection of the C-1 and C-4 hydroxyl groups. Deprotection of the benzyl group by hydrogenolysis and opening of the lactone afforded the 3,5-diol. Esterification of the 3,5-diol with 3,4-tert-butyldimethylsilyl caffeoyl chloride afforded the di-ester. Removal of the protecting groups afforded 3,5-DCQA. The second route involved selective protection of the C-3-hydroxyl group with silyl followed by benzylation of the C-1 and C-3 hydroxyl groups. Saponification of the lactone ring followed by benzylation of the carboxylic acid gave the benzyl ester. Silyl deprotection afforded the 3,5-diol. The 3,5-diol was subsequently esterified by refluxing in toluene with commercially available Meldrum’s acid. In the final step, the synthesis of 3,5-DCQA was achieved by a Knoevenagel condensation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and a malonate ester of quinic acid. An efficient method for the synthesis of possible metabolites of quinic acid conjugates was also described. This protocol employs N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-trifluoroacetimidate glucuronyl as the donor. The key reaction in this sequence was the coupling of N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-trifluoroacetimidate glucuronyl with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2006. / Includes appendix pages: [42]-63. Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 39-41)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-15Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:30:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806727.pdf: 1202485 bytes, checksum: c86fd7a64118fbbeacd18fbaa53e517f (MD5) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento, a produtividade, o florescimento e a frutificação de setes genótipos de maracujazeiro cultivados em São Manuel, SP. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, localizada no município de São Manuel – SP. O experimento foi avaliado ao longo dos anos de 2011 a 2013, o delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com plantio de sete genótipos e quatro repetições, sendo a parcela útil constituída de duas plantas. Os genótipos avaliados foram: BRS Ouro Vermelho, BRS Sol do Cerrado, BRS Gigante Amarelo, FB 100, FB 200, Roxinho do Kênia e Seleção Afruvec. No primeiro ano avaliou-se o crescimento da haste principal dos genótipos de maracujazeiro. No segundo ano, foi avaliada a produção, a biologia reprodutiva. No terceiro ano, avaliou-se o segundo ano de produção, a biologia floral e a qualidade dos frutos, além disso, fez-se o teste de polinização. No segundo ano de cultivo das plantas ocorreu um aumento no número de frutos, na produção e na produtividade de todas as plantas, e esse aumento foi de 16,2kg pl-1. O BRS Sol do Cerrado produziu a maior quantidade de frutos por hectare, com 54,8 kg pl-1. O Roxinho do Kênia obteve o maior número de frutos estatisticamente superior aos demais. Verificou-se que a Roxinho do Kênia apresentou precocidade de floração em relação ao outros genótipos, com florescimento durante o ano todo, nas condições de São Manuel-SP / This study aimed to evaluate the development, productivity, flowering and fruiting of the seven genotypes grown passionfruit in São Manuel, SP. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of São Manuel Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, located in the municipality of São Manuel - SP. The experiment was evaluated over the years 2011 to 2013, the design was randomized blocks with planting seven genotypes and four replications, and the useful portion consisting of two plants. The genotypes were: BRS Ouro Vermelho, BRS Sol do Cerrado, BRS Gigante Amarelo, FB 100, FB200, Roxinho do Kênia and Seleção Afruvec. In the first year we assessed the growth of the main stem of the genotypes of passion. In the second year, we evaluated the production, reproductive biology. In the third year, we assessed the second year of production, floral biology and fruit quality, in addition, became the pollination test. In the second year of cultivation of the plants was an increase in the number of fruits, the production and productivity of all plants, and this increase was 16.2 kg pl-1. The BRS Sol do Cerrado produced higher number of fruits per hectare, with 54.8 kg pl-1. The Roxinho do Kênia had the highest number of fruits statistically superior to the other. It was found that the Roxinho do Kênia showed early flowering compared to other genotypes, with flowering throughout the year, under the conditions of São Manuel-SP.

Orientador: Aloisio Costa Sampaio / Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: Terezinha de Fatima Fumis / Banca: Nobuyoshi Narita / Banca: Marco Antonio Tecchio / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento, a produtividade, o florescimento e a frutificação de setes genótipos de maracujazeiro cultivados em São Manuel, SP. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, localizada no município de São Manuel - SP. O experimento foi avaliado ao longo dos anos de 2011 a 2013, o delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com plantio de sete genótipos e quatro repetições, sendo a parcela útil constituída de duas plantas. Os genótipos avaliados foram: BRS Ouro Vermelho, BRS Sol do Cerrado, BRS Gigante Amarelo, FB 100, FB 200, Roxinho do Kênia e Seleção Afruvec. No primeiro ano avaliou-se o crescimento da haste principal dos genótipos de maracujazeiro. No segundo ano, foi avaliada a produção, a biologia reprodutiva. No terceiro ano, avaliou-se o segundo ano de produção, a biologia floral e a qualidade dos frutos, além disso, fez-se o teste de polinização. No segundo ano de cultivo das plantas ocorreu um aumento no número de frutos, na produção e na produtividade de todas as plantas, e esse aumento foi de 16,2kg pl-1. O BRS Sol do Cerrado produziu a maior quantidade de frutos por hectare, com 54,8 kg pl-1. O Roxinho do Kênia obteve o maior número de frutos estatisticamente superior aos demais. Verificou-se que a Roxinho do Kênia apresentou precocidade de floração em relação ao outros genótipos, com florescimento durante o ano todo, nas condições de São Manuel-SP / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the development, productivity, flowering and fruiting of the seven genotypes grown passionfruit in São Manuel, SP. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of São Manuel Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, located in the municipality of São Manuel - SP. The experiment was evaluated over the years 2011 to 2013, the design was randomized blocks with planting seven genotypes and four replications, and the useful portion consisting of two plants. The genotypes were: BRS Ouro Vermelho, BRS Sol do Cerrado, BRS Gigante Amarelo, FB 100, FB200, Roxinho do Kênia and Seleção Afruvec. In the first year we assessed the growth of the main stem of the genotypes of passion. In the second year, we evaluated the production, reproductive biology. In the third year, we assessed the second year of production, floral biology and fruit quality, in addition, became the pollination test. In the second year of cultivation of the plants was an increase in the number of fruits, the production and productivity of all plants, and this increase was 16.2 kg pl-1. The BRS Sol do Cerrado produced higher number of fruits per hectare, with 54.8 kg pl-1. The Roxinho do Kênia had the highest number of fruits statistically superior to the other. It was found that the Roxinho do Kênia showed early flowering compared to other genotypes, with flowering throughout the year, under the conditions of São Manuel-SP. / Doutor

The use of plants for cosmeceutical applications is becoming more important since “safer” and more “natural” skin products are gaining popularity. The effect of different drying methods and storage conditions on metabolite changes and biological activity of two species with cosmeceutical application namely Greyia flanaganii and Leucosidea sericea were investigated using 1H-NMR metabolomics. The multivariate analysis (PCA and OPLS-DA), and 1H-NMR sample spectra were used to analyse the significant differences (P<0.05) resulting from the different treatments. The effect of these treatments on anti-tyrosinase and anti-bacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus) activity of G.flanaganii and L.sericea ethanol leaf extracts respectively, was further investigated to assess the quality. Four different drying methods adopted were freeze drying, oven drying at 50°C, air drying at room temperature and sun drying in a greenhouse. The dried leaf extracts were stored in three different conditions of fridge, freezer and shade conditions and samples from each storage condition taken for analysis at three and six months of storage. The chemical constituents of the leaf extracts of both species were not affected by the drying method and the storage condition, but the concentrations of the metabolites changed. The treatments did not show a significant difference (P<0.05) on the biological activity of the extracts. However, G.flanaganii plant material harvested from the University of Pretoria exhibited a higher anti-tyrosinase activity than material harvested from Mothong heritage site. In G. flanaganii freshly freeze and oven dried extracts exhibited a higher anti-tyrosinase activity with fifty percent inhibitory (IC50) activity of 16.8±0.69 μg/ml and 15.73±0.85 μg/ml respectively than the activity of sun and air dried with IC50 values of 33.08±0.78 μg/ml and 36.86±2.01 μg/ml respectively. The metabolite concentrations and anti-tyrosinase activity dropped significantly after storage. Leucosidea sericea oven and freeze dried extracts, exhibited good anti-bacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.25 μg/ml and 0.125 μg/ml respectively as compared to sun and air dried extracts with the same MIC value of 0.5 μg/ml. Freeze dried samples showed the best anti-bacterial activity (MIC 0.125 μg/ml) compared to other drying methods. Fridge and freezer storage conditions enhanced the activity of stored sample. / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Agriculture)