Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι ο προσδιορισμός των βασικών χαρακτηριστικών των ενεργών ΕΤΑ (Έρευνα και Τεχνολογική Ανάπτυξη) επιχειρήσεων στους κλάδους πλαστικών και μη μεταλλικών ορυκτών στην Ελλάδα. Τα στοιχεία της εργασίας προέρχονται από τους δημοσιευμένους ισολογισμούς των επιχειρήσεων και αναφέρονται στα έτη από το 2001 έως και το 2008. Η επιλογή του δείγματος έγινε με κριτήριο εάν έχουν δηλωθεί έξοδα για ΕΤΑ στους ισολογισμούς των επιχειρήσεων. Για να ερμηνευθούν οι διαφοροποιήσεις σς ένα συγκεκριμένο χαρακτηριστικό των επιχειρήσεων, την ένταση δραστηριοτήτων ΕΤΑ,εκτιμήθηκαν υποδείγματα πολλαπλής γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης με τη μέθοδο Ελαχίστων Τετραγώνων (OLS), τα οποία είναι σε μορφή πάνελ δεδομένων. Τα αποτελέσματα της εμπειρικής ανάλυσης παρουσιάζουν σημαντικές διαφορές στους δύο κλάδους. / This study considers some of the economic issues surrounding determining factors of active R&D (Research and Development) firms. It includes firms belonging in the Greek plastics and non- metallic minerals industry. Data are derived from firms' published balance sheets and are referred to years 2001-2008. The sample has been chosen depending on whether expenses for R&D had been reported in the balance sheets. In order to interpret why differences around R&D intensity exist among firms, there have been estimated multiple linear regression models using the OLS method in panel data. Results from empirical analysis have significant differences among the two sectors.

La exposición de los operarios a TME debido al trabajo hombre-máquina es un factor muy presente en las empresas manufactureras. Esto pone en riesgo la integridad física de estos ocasionando secuelas en la salud y el aumento del ausentismo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo rediseñar los puestos de laminado, troquelado, inspección y empaquetado, en una empresa dedicada a la producción de artículos escolares, entre estos el limpiatipo, bajo un enfoque antropométrico con mobiliarios de altura ajustable, que además consideran la economía de movimientos. Adopta el diseño de línea de producción en forma de U, el aprovechamiento de esquinas y ángulos de inclinación de los mobiliarios para mantener mejores posturas de trabajo; además de incluir un nuevo método de transporte y manipulación de materiales basado en el trabajo por lotes apoyado de la inserción de una faja transportadora y FLD para reducir las distancias recorridas. Los resultados de la aplicación del modelo apuntan a una reducción del índice de exposición a TME de 52.19%, la reducción del índice de ausentismo laboral en 44.72% y el incremento de la productividad del trabajador en aproximadamente 32%, validados mediante el software de simulación humano-digital Delmia V5 y el uso de herramientas de evaluación ergonómica como RULA, NIOSH y OCRA Checklist a través del software Ergoniza. Este rediseño ayuda a minimizar las posturas, manipulación de carga y movimientos repetitivos de trabajo que constituyen un factor de riesgo disergonómico con el fin de reducir el alto índice de ausentismo por motivos relacionados al sistema ergonómico. / The exposure of workers to WSMD due to man-machine work is a very present factor in manufacturing companies. This puts their physical integrity at risk, causing health consequences and an increase in absenteeism. The objective of this study is to redesign workstations such as laminating, punching, inspection and packaging in a company dedicated to the production of school supplies, like sticky tac, under an anthropometric approach with height-adjustable furniture, which also considers the economy of movement. Adopts U-shaped production line design, taking advantage of corners and inclination angles of furniture to maintain better working postures; in addition to including a new method of transport and handling of materials based on batch work supported by the insertion of a conveyor belt and FLD to reduce the distances traveled. The results of the application of the model point to reduce the MSD exposure rate of 52.19%, a reduction in the rate of absenteeism by 44.72% and an increase in worker productivity by approximately 32%, validated by simulation software human digital Delmia V5 and the use of ergonomic evaluation tools such as RULA, NIOSH and OCRA Checklist through the Ergoniza software. This redesign helps to minimize postures, load handling and repetitive work movements that constitute a dysergonomic risk factor in order to reduce the high rate of absenteeism for reasons related to the ergonomic system. / Trabajo de investigación

La industria de plásticos se encuentra en un crecimiento progresivo a comparación de otros sectores, ya que la gran mayoría de las empresas tienen procesos automatizados. Es por esto que las empresas del sector se vuelven más competitivas cada día. Esta investigación se realiza en una empresa peruana en la que se detecta como problema principal la alta tasa de productos defectuosos, que impacta a su vez negativamente en un 4.37% del costo fabricación. Por ello y en base a diversos estudios sobre la implementación de herramientas y metodologías de solución y mejora, se propone la implementación de un modelo basado en la filosofía Lean Manufacturing con el método Taguchi para la reducción de estos, obteniendo como resultado un decremento del 60.41% en la tasa de defectos. Si bien el objetivo del proyecto es posicionar la empresa dentro del porcentaje estándar, se logra estar por debajo de este. / The plastics industry is in progressive growth compared to other sectors since the vast majority of companies have automated processes. This is why the companies in the sector become more competitive every day. This investigation is carried out in a Peruvian company in which the high rate of defective products is detected as the main problem, which in turn negatively impacts 4.37% of the manufacturing cost. For this reason and based on various studies on the implementation of tools and methodologies for solution and improvement, the implementation of a model based on the Lean Manufacturing philosophy with the Taguchi method is proposed to reduce these, resulting in a decrease of 60.41 % in defect rate. Although the objective of the project is to position the company within the standard percentage, it is possible to be below this. / Trabajo de investigación

El caso de estudio es una empresa productora y comercializadora de envases plásticos, mediante un diagnóstico de los tiempos de producción, se pudo identificar como principal problema la baja Disponibilidad de las máquinas inyectoras, obteniendo un valor de 80.19%. Se representa como un problema relevante, ya que el estándar de clase mundial es 90%. La baja disponibilidad se debe principalmente a las paradas de máquina, las cuales representan un 9.87% de costos perdidos para la empresa. Para la mejora de la disponibilidad de máquina, se planteó un modelo de mejora el cual integra principalmente la aplicación de herramientas de Lean Manufacturing con Kaizen, el cual hace referencia a la mejora continua de los procesos. El modelo también está integrado con conceptos de Ergonomía, los cuales permitirán la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo para los operarios. De manera que, si se logra mejoras respecto al capital humano, esto permitirá la mejora de la disponibilidad de máquina. Finalmente, luego de la implementación del modelo piloto en la empresa, se logró incrementar la disponibilidad de máquina en un 6.8%, la disminución de costos perdidos en un 3.9% e incremento de la utilidad de la empresa en un 13.12%. / The case study is a producer and marketer of plastic containers, through a diagnosis of production times, the low availability of injection machines was identified as the main problem, obtaining a value of 80.19%. It is represented as a relevant problem, as the world class standard is 90%. Low availability is mainly due to machine stoppages, which represent 9.87% of lost costs for the company. To improve machine availability, an improvement model was proposed which mainly integrates the application of Lean Manufacturing tools with Kaizen, which refers to the continuous improvement of processes. The model is also integrated with Ergonomics concepts, which will allow the improvement of working conditions for operators. So, if improvements are achieved with respect to human capital, this will allow the improvement of machine availability. Finally, after the implementation of the pilot model in the company, it was possible to increase the availability of the machine by 6.8%, the reduction of lost costs by 3.9% and an increase in the company's profit by 13.12%. / Trabajo de investigación

En el contexto actual, las pymes peruanas pertenecientes al sector plástico tienen un indicador de utilización de la capacidad instalada de alrededor del 71,45%. Este indicador mide el grado de aprovechamiento del potencial productivo, que se ve disminuido por problemas de eficiencia. En la empresa en estudio este indicador se encuentra por debajo de la media del sector, con una baja eficiencia del 78%, que se debe a averías, reprocesos y tiempo setup generados en las extrusoras. En este sentido, el presente trabajo propone un modelo para mejorar la eficiencia en el área de extrusión, el cual consiste en la aplicación integrada de herramientas Lean Manufacturing: 5s, SMED y mantenimiento autónomo. El primero se utiliza como herramienta de soporte para la ejecución de SMED y mantenimiento autónomo. La herramienta SMED puede reducir el tiempo setup mientras que el mantenimiento autónomo la cantidad de reprocesos y averías en el proceso de extrusión. Este modelo fue validado mediante la implementación de un piloto de la propuesta de solución. Los resultados obtenidos fueron el aumento de la disponibilidad en un 3% y la calidad en un 3%. Estos resultados juntos representan un aumento en la eficiencia del 78% al 83.7%. / In the current context, Peruvian SMEs that belong to the plastic sector have an indicator of installed capacity utilization of around 71.45%. This measures the degree of use of production potential, which is diminished by efficiency problems. In the company under study this indicator is below the sector average, with a low efficiency of 78%, which is caused by breakdowns, reprocesses and setup times generated in the extruder machines. In this sense, this article proposes a model to improve efficiency in the extrusion area consisting of the integrated application of Lean Manufacturing tools: 5s, SMED and autonomous maintenance. The first one is used as a support tool for the execution of SMED and autonomous maintenance. The SMED tool can reduce the configuration time while the autonomous maintenance had as a reduction the amount of reprocesses and breakdowns in the extrusion process. This model was validated by implementing a pilot of the solution proposal. The results obtained were the increase in availability in 3% and quality in 3%. These results together represent an increase in efficiency from 78% to 83.7%. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2017-03-10T14:39:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 22066.pdf: 9119613 bytes, checksum: 0b28a0c36e553b4d7b70c8a8a0d8d601 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T14:39:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 22066.pdf: 9119613 bytes, checksum: 0b28a0c36e553b4d7b70c8a8a0d8d601 (MD5) / O polímero Acrilonitrila Butadieno Estireno (ABS) é um dos polímeros mais versáteis disponíveis nos dias de hoje. Atualmente o Brasil não produz o ABS, o que limita a indústria brasileira de plásticos a utilizar as variações deste polímero importadas, ofertadas no mercado nacional por distribuidores locais. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da adição das argilas Cloisite Na® e Branca de Cubati na matriz polimérica ABS e também os efeitos decorrentes do tratamento por radiação ionizante no ABS e nos compósitos ABS/Argila como formas de modificação de um ABS convencional. Visando avaliar a diferença entre uma argila organofílica e uma organofóbica, a argila Branca de Cubati foi organofilizada e a argila Cloisite Na® foi utilizada como recebida. Foram preparados, utilizando uma extrusora dupla rosca, concentrados a 30 % em massa da argila Branca de Cubati, previamente organofilizada e da Cloisite Na® em Estireno Acrilonitrila (SAN). Os concentrados foram adicionados ao ABS a 1, 3 e 5 % em massa das argilas e foram injetados corpos de prova. Parte dos corpos de prova foi submetida à irradiação por feixe de elétrons à uma dose de 600 kGy. Os compósitos irradiados e não irradiados foram caracterizados por meio de ensaios de resistência a tração, resistência a flexão, resistência ao impacto, temperatura de distorção térmica, ponto de amolecimento Vicat, análise de termogravimétrica (TG), difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (MEVFEG) e a correlação entre os resultados foi discutida. Foram observadas melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas, exceto resistência ao impacto, nos materiais aditivados com as argilas, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com a argila Branca de Cubati. O tratamento por radiação ionizante favoreceu o processo de reticulação do ABS. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Capes / No contexto atual do setor industrial onde a competitividade é cada vez maior, reduzir as incertezas presentes durante o desenvolvimento de novos produtos se torna essencial. Para isso podem ser utilizados os modelos de referência do PDP (Processo de Desenvolvimento do Produto), os quais visam uma melhoria de projeto, facilitando seu desenvolvimento e reduzindo as incertezas. Alguns segmentos industriais exigem grandes investimentos iniciais para a produção do produto, podendo-se destacar o de injeção polimérica. Neste processo há uma aquisição inicial do molde de injeção, o qual é responsável por grande parcela dos custos finais do produto, sendo este indispensável à realização da etapa. Visto isso, a utilização de ferramentas que propiciem uma redução de incertezas torna-se de grande valia. Uma destas ferramentas é o software CAM, que rotineiramente é utilizado nas fases do projeto detalhado e preparação da produção. Utilizá-lo de maneira não tradicional, em auxílio a estimativa de custos, já nas fases iniciais do PDP pode trazer algumas vantagens ao desenvolvimento do projeto. Com isso busca-se identificar a contribuição do software CAM como ferramenta de auxílio na estimativa de custos para tomada de decisão na fase inicial do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos poliméricos injetados. Para a realização do trabalho, buscou-se avaliar as fases iniciais dos modelos de referência do PDP a fim de identificar as atividades dadas como essenciais ao processo. Com a identificação das fases, foram correlacionadas quais funcionalidades do software CAM auxiliam na realização das atividades na fase inicial do PDP. Com isso propôs-se uma metodologia para estimar os custos de fabricação do molde de injeção para a fase inicial do PDP. Realizou-se então um estudo de caso, variando-se o design do produto, no qual buscou-se identificar a contribuição do software CAM na estimativa dos custos de fabricação. Após a realização do estudo de caso, percebe-se que a ferramenta CAM pode auxiliar na fase inicial do projeto, pois a mesma favorece a seleção do design do produto a ser fabricado, visto que pode-se através do software CAM estimar os tempos e as ferramentas de usinagem necessárias à fabricação do molde de injeção. Nota-se ainda que esta ferramenta favorece a definição do portfólio de produtos através da estimativa dos custos para fabricação do molde. / In the current context of the industrial sector where competitiveness is increasing, reducing the uncertainties present during the development of new products becomes essential. For this reference model of the PDP, which aim to improve the design, facilitating their development and reducing uncertainty can be used. Some industries require large initial investment for the production of the product and may highlight the polymer injection. In this process, there is an initial purchase of injection mold, which is responsible for a large portion of the final cost of the product, which is essential to carry out the step. Seen that the use of tools that may reduce the uncertainties become very valuable. One of these tools is the CAM software, which is routinely used in the stages of detailed design and production preparation. Use it for non-traditional way, aid in the cost estimate, since in the early stages of the PDP can bring some advantages to the project development. Thus, we seek to identify the contribution of CAM software tool to aid in estimating costs for decision-making early in the development process injected polymer products. To conduct the study sought to evaluate the early stages of the reference models of the PDP in order to identify activities as essential given the process. With the identification of the phases of CAM, software features, which assist in performing the activities in the initial phase of the PDP, were correlated. With this proposed a methodology for estimating the costs of manufacturing injection mold for the initial phase of the PDP. Then performed a case study, varying the design of the product, in which we attempted to identify the contribution of CAM software in estimates of manufacturing costs. After the completion of the case study, it can be seen that the CAM tool can assist in the initial design stage, because it favors the selection of the design of the product being manufactured, as it can be through the CAM software to estimate the times and machining tools needed to manufacture the injection mold. Note also that this tool favors the definition of the product portfolio by estimating costs for mold manufacturing.

Capes / No contexto atual do setor industrial onde a competitividade é cada vez maior, reduzir as incertezas presentes durante o desenvolvimento de novos produtos se torna essencial. Para isso podem ser utilizados os modelos de referência do PDP (Processo de Desenvolvimento do Produto), os quais visam uma melhoria de projeto, facilitando seu desenvolvimento e reduzindo as incertezas. Alguns segmentos industriais exigem grandes investimentos iniciais para a produção do produto, podendo-se destacar o de injeção polimérica. Neste processo há uma aquisição inicial do molde de injeção, o qual é responsável por grande parcela dos custos finais do produto, sendo este indispensável à realização da etapa. Visto isso, a utilização de ferramentas que propiciem uma redução de incertezas torna-se de grande valia. Uma destas ferramentas é o software CAM, que rotineiramente é utilizado nas fases do projeto detalhado e preparação da produção. Utilizá-lo de maneira não tradicional, em auxílio a estimativa de custos, já nas fases iniciais do PDP pode trazer algumas vantagens ao desenvolvimento do projeto. Com isso busca-se identificar a contribuição do software CAM como ferramenta de auxílio na estimativa de custos para tomada de decisão na fase inicial do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos poliméricos injetados. Para a realização do trabalho, buscou-se avaliar as fases iniciais dos modelos de referência do PDP a fim de identificar as atividades dadas como essenciais ao processo. Com a identificação das fases, foram correlacionadas quais funcionalidades do software CAM auxiliam na realização das atividades na fase inicial do PDP. Com isso propôs-se uma metodologia para estimar os custos de fabricação do molde de injeção para a fase inicial do PDP. Realizou-se então um estudo de caso, variando-se o design do produto, no qual buscou-se identificar a contribuição do software CAM na estimativa dos custos de fabricação. Após a realização do estudo de caso, percebe-se que a ferramenta CAM pode auxiliar na fase inicial do projeto, pois a mesma favorece a seleção do design do produto a ser fabricado, visto que pode-se através do software CAM estimar os tempos e as ferramentas de usinagem necessárias à fabricação do molde de injeção. Nota-se ainda que esta ferramenta favorece a definição do portfólio de produtos através da estimativa dos custos para fabricação do molde. / In the current context of the industrial sector where competitiveness is increasing, reducing the uncertainties present during the development of new products becomes essential. For this reference model of the PDP, which aim to improve the design, facilitating their development and reducing uncertainty can be used. Some industries require large initial investment for the production of the product and may highlight the polymer injection. In this process, there is an initial purchase of injection mold, which is responsible for a large portion of the final cost of the product, which is essential to carry out the step. Seen that the use of tools that may reduce the uncertainties become very valuable. One of these tools is the CAM software, which is routinely used in the stages of detailed design and production preparation. Use it for non-traditional way, aid in the cost estimate, since in the early stages of the PDP can bring some advantages to the project development. Thus, we seek to identify the contribution of CAM software tool to aid in estimating costs for decision-making early in the development process injected polymer products. To conduct the study sought to evaluate the early stages of the reference models of the PDP in order to identify activities as essential given the process. With the identification of the phases of CAM, software features, which assist in performing the activities in the initial phase of the PDP, were correlated. With this proposed a methodology for estimating the costs of manufacturing injection mold for the initial phase of the PDP. Then performed a case study, varying the design of the product, in which we attempted to identify the contribution of CAM software in estimates of manufacturing costs. After the completion of the case study, it can be seen that the CAM tool can assist in the initial design stage, because it favors the selection of the design of the product being manufactured, as it can be through the CAM software to estimate the times and machining tools needed to manufacture the injection mold. Note also that this tool favors the definition of the product portfolio by estimating costs for mold manufacturing.

Skills development is one of the major challenges faced by South Africans, with more than 60 percent of the labour force being unskilled. This affects many industries around the country as are they forced to employ unskilled employees a development which has a negative bearing on the quality of products having a negative bearing on the quality of products. The Plastic Manufacturing Industry in the Eastern Cape Province is a prime example of firms that are affected by the short supply of skilled personnel on the labour market. Required skills range from business skills that are essential for the operating of a business, to technical skills that are essential for the employees who are involved in the production of goods and services. Training in skills has been proven to be a key to success. The primary objective of this study was to undertake an analysis concerning the significance of business skills and training needs for business success. Secondary objectives were to determine whether training in business skills as well as technical skills for the employees, could bring on success to the business. The study further went on to investigate the importance of training programmes for businesses. Research methodology included literature review and an empirical study, making use of the survey method through self-administered questionnaires. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, frequencies, Chi-square tests and linear regression and ANOVA. The Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure reliability of the research results. The research findings established that training in business skills and related types of skills was essential for the success of a business. The findings further showed that, due to training, there was improvement in sales, annual turnover, and product quality and employee skills. Recommendations included advice to invest in human capital through training which then should improve the quality of products. Further studies in other regions other than the Eastern Cape Province were recommended.