In this diploma thesis, there are described different types of soil tillage and options of their use. The thesis focuses on comparision selected plow in comparable conditions. Plows were compared by efficiency, possibilities of the type of rotation on headlands, fuel consumption and durability of wearing parts. For measuring were chosen lands with a slope as small as possible and with furrow that should be as long as possible to minimize distortion of the results.

Orientador: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Rita de Cássia Félix Alvarez / Banca: Salatiér Buzetti / Resumo: A utilização de resíduos vegetais no solo é uma prática cultural antiga, que propicia melhoria nas condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. No entanto, com o passar dos anos, em função da utilização de fertilizantes químicos, esta prática foi perdendo interesse, porém recentemente tem despertado novamente a atenção por parte dos produtores e pesquisadores. Assim, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental, localizada no município de Selvíria (MS), com o objetivo de verificar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do feijoeiro de inverno irrigado, cultivado após diferentes culturas de verão (arroz, milho, milho + capim braquiária, milho + mucuna preta, soja e Crotalaria juncea), bem como as possíveis interações dessa prática com sistemas de preparo do solo (escarificador + grade niveladora, grade aradora + grade niveladora, e plantio direto) e a influência dos mesmos sobre as características físicas do solo e, a viabilidade econômica. A semeadura das culturas de verão foi realizada nos meses de novembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004, e a adubação levou em conta as características químicas do solo e as exigências mínimas de cada cultura. A semeadura do feijão foi realizada no mês de maio de 2004, mecanicamente. Tanto as culturas de verão como o feijoeiro foram irrigados por um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualisados dispostos em esquema de faixas, com 4 repetições. Com relação às culturas de verão, foram realizadas avaliações de porcentagem de recobrimento pelas culturas de verão e produção de matéria seca. Para a cultura do feijão, foram realizadas avaliações de florescimento pleno e ciclo, teor de macronutrientes nas folhas, população de plantas inicial e final... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The utilization of vegetable residues on soil is an old cultural practice, which propitiates improvement in the physical, chemical and biological soil properties. However, with the years, lost interest, because the results introduced by the mineral fertilization, recently this issue has come back again. This study was carried out in the municipal district of Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, aiming to evaluate the development and grain yield of common bean irrigated on winter season, cultivated after different summer crops (corn, rice, corn - braquiaria grass, corn + black velvet bean, soybean and sunnhep), as well as the possible interactions with different systems of soil management (moldboard-plow + leveling disk, disk-plow + leveling disk and, notillage) and the influence of the same about soil physical characteristics, as well economic viability. The summer crops sowing were in November/2003 and January/2004, and the fertilization based on soil chemical characteristics. The common bean sowing was in April/2004, mechanically. The summer crops and common bean were irrigated by a conventional waterspraying system. The experimental design was a randomized block design in stripes scheme, with 4 repetitions. To the summer crops, were evaluate the percentage of vegetable recovering and shoot dry matter yields. To common bean crop was evaluated days from seedling emergence to full-flowering, macronutrients content in the leaves, initial and final stand, yield components (number of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed mass) and grains yield. Moreover, other evaluations were appraised soil physical (macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil density and soil resistance to the penetration) and also an economic analysis... (Complete abstract click electronic address below). / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-01-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:59:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mg_me_ilha.pdf: 2133017 bytes, checksum: bf2f6fe9e20941b779d264eec99961cf (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A utilização de resíduos vegetais no solo é uma prática cultural antiga, que propicia melhoria nas condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. No entanto, com o passar dos anos, em função da utilização de fertilizantes químicos, esta prática foi perdendo interesse, porém recentemente tem despertado novamente a atenção por parte dos produtores e pesquisadores. Assim, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental, localizada no município de Selvíria (MS), com o objetivo de verificar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do feijoeiro de inverno irrigado, cultivado após diferentes culturas de verão (arroz, milho, milho + capim braquiária, milho + mucuna preta, soja e Crotalaria juncea), bem como as possíveis interações dessa prática com sistemas de preparo do solo (escarificador + grade niveladora, grade aradora + grade niveladora, e plantio direto) e a influência dos mesmos sobre as características físicas do solo e, a viabilidade econômica. A semeadura das culturas de verão foi realizada nos meses de novembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004, e a adubação levou em conta as características químicas do solo e as exigências mínimas de cada cultura. A semeadura do feijão foi realizada no mês de maio de 2004, mecanicamente. Tanto as culturas de verão como o feijoeiro foram irrigados por um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualisados dispostos em esquema de faixas, com 4 repetições. Com relação às culturas de verão, foram realizadas avaliações de porcentagem de recobrimento pelas culturas de verão e produção de matéria seca. Para a cultura do feijão, foram realizadas avaliações de florescimento pleno e ciclo, teor de macronutrientes nas folhas, população de plantas inicial e final... . / The utilization of vegetable residues on soil is an old cultural practice, which propitiates improvement in the physical, chemical and biological soil properties. However, with the years, lost interest, because the results introduced by the mineral fertilization, recently this issue has come back again. This study was carried out in the municipal district of Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, aiming to evaluate the development and grain yield of common bean irrigated on winter season, cultivated after different summer crops (corn, rice, corn – braquiaria grass, corn + black velvet bean, soybean and sunnhep), as well as the possible interactions with different systems of soil management (moldboard-plow + leveling disk, disk-plow + leveling disk and, notillage) and the influence of the same about soil physical characteristics, as well economic viability. The summer crops sowing were in November/2003 and January/2004, and the fertilization based on soil chemical characteristics. The common bean sowing was in April/2004, mechanically. The summer crops and common bean were irrigated by a conventional waterspraying system. The experimental design was a randomized block design in stripes scheme, with 4 repetitions. To the summer crops, were evaluate the percentage of vegetable recovering and shoot dry matter yields. To common bean crop was evaluated days from seedling emergence to full-flowering, macronutrients content in the leaves, initial and final stand, yield components (number of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed mass) and grains yield. Moreover, other evaluations were appraised soil physical (macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil density and soil resistance to the penetration) and also an economic analysis... (Complete abstract click electronic address below).

Among the numerous taphonomic influences that can impact biological remains, agricultural activity has one of the most widespread effects. The present research examines the impacts of agricultural activities on buried skeletal remains, both in archaeological and medicolegal contexts. Juvenile pig (Sus scrofa) skeletons were utilized to simulate buried juvenile human aged 3 to 5 years to test the influence of original burial depths and different plowing intervals on the dispersal and the degree of damage caused by an offset disk plow. Ten juvenile pig skeletons were buried in relatively anatomical position, five at a bottom depth of 15 cmbs (cm below the surface) and five at 22 cmbs. They were subjected to different intervals of plowing with one burial at each depth subjected to a single, three, five, seven, or ten plow passes. The disturbed area was surveyed for surface material, and the plow furrows were excavated in 1 m by 1 m units. The excavated soil was screened using a ¼" mesh screen, except for two burials that were screened using a nested ¼" and ⅛" mesh screen to test the differences in recovery between the two screen sizes. The recovered skeletal material was inventoried and assessed for damage. The results of this research showed that while original burial depth had some effect on distribution of bone and the degree to which bone was damaged, the relationship was not statistically significant. The number of plowing intervals did have a significant effect on the distribution and degree of damage. The damage caused to bone by the offset disk plow would be distinguishable from perimortem trauma in dry bone. Comparison of the recovery rates of ¼" and ⅛" mesh found that ⅛" contributed to a higher recovery of juvenile remains at least 3 to 5 years of age in soil with a high gravel content.

Tradiciškai naudojamas dirvos arimas yra daugiausia darbo reikalaujantis ir nenašiausias procesas, kuriam tenka apie 40% ir daugiau visų žemės dirbimo išlaidų. Dėl ilgalaikio žemės arimo ir nuolatinio sunkiųjų žemės ūkio mašinų naudojimo gali atsirasti gilių sukietėjusių ir tankių dirvožemio sluoksnių. Giliai purenant dirvožemį siekiama atkurti prarastas dirvožemio savybes ir išpurenti sutankėjusius dirvos sluoksnius, esančius žemiau už ariamą gylį, jų neapverčiant. Darbo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti tradicinio arimo ir gilaus purenimo įtaką dirvos fizikinėms savybėms, cukrinių runkelių morfometriniams, produktyvumo ir kokybiniams rodikliams. Atlikti tyrimai dirvos kiečio, struktūros ir patvarumo tyrimai. Padarytas dirvos pjūvis, kurio metu analizuota augalų ir dirvos būsena, taip pat nustatyti cukrinių runkelių morfometriniai rodikliai bei jų augimo priklausomybė nuo meteorologinių sąlygų. Giluminis dirvos purenimas sumažins armens sluoksnio ir podirvio kietumą bei struktūrą, taip pat pagerins cukrinių runkelių pasėlio vystymosi sąlygas, produktyvumo ir kokybinius rodiklius. / Traditionally used for plowing the soil is mostly time consuming and least efficient process, which accounts for about 40% or more of the total cultivation costs. The long standing agricultural plowing and heavy machinery use can lead to deep and hardened soil layers thick. Deep loosening of soil to restore the lost soil and loosen compacted soil layers below the depth of the arable, the an invension. The aim was to examine the traditional plowing and hoeing a deep impact on soil physical properties of sugar beet morphometric, productivity and quality indicators. The research on soil hardness and durability of the structure. Incision made in the soil, which analyzed the status of plant and soil, as well as the morphometric characteristics of sugar beet and their growing dependence on weather conditions. Deep soil loosening reduce topsoil and subsoil layer hardness and structure, as well as improve the sugar beet crop conditions for development, productivity and quality indicators.

Organic corn (Zea mays L.) producers generally use intensive tillage for weed control. No-till methods reduce soil erosion, conserve water, maintain soil structure and reduce CO2 emissions. The objective of this study was test different cover crops, tillage systems, N sources and N rates for organic corn production. Two tillage systems (no-till and moldboard plow), two cover crops [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and rye (Secale cereale)] and two organic N sources [Louisville Green (LG) and Nature Safe (NF)] at four N rates (45, 90, 135, 180 kg N ha-1) were evaluated during 2008 and 2009 at three sites. A roller crimper device was used for the no-till operations. A long term aerobic incubation was conducted. Hairy vetch improved yield, ear leaf N and grain N content compared with rye in all sites. Nature Safe increased ear leaf N more than LG in all three sites and yield in two out of three sites. Both sources stopped mineralizing at 28 days after application. Inorganic N production was about 50 kg N ha-1 for LG and 60 kg N ha-1 for NF. The combination moldboard plow and hairy vetch resulted in the highest yields at all experimental sites.

The use of techniques aiming soil decompression have been increasing year after year in a planet where food demand is greater every day. In this sense, Brazil have been standing out as one of the main producers in order to meet this increasing demand. Soybean is the main crop and it is among the biggest responsible factors behind economically success of the Brazilian agribusiness. Aiming at increasing production of this important crop, soil decompression techniques have been used constantly. Soil compaction occurs due to the crop-livestock integration, intensification of crops, use of large and heavy machines and agricultural operations with inadequate soil moisture level. The sum of these factors results in an increase in soil density, which restricts water infiltration and storage, leading to flooding, and limiting root development. By promoting soil decompression either through biological or mechanical methods, soil physical conditions become more suitable for crop development what increases soil water infiltration and storage root distribution, increasing the plant’s ability to tolerate periods of water stress. In the test in question, a quadricycle was used wich counted on the measurement of soil compaction through the automated system for measurement. Based on this information, scarification management was performed in area that presented high resistance to soil penetration and scarified an area that presented low resistance to penetration. It was possible to observe that this management brought a 3.2% increase of grain yield of the area of high resistance to penetration and of 12.3% in the area of low resistance to penetration, but without statistical difference. When observing the effect of the scarification in each zone of resistance to different soil penetration, the most positive yield effect in the zone of low resistance to penetration is due to the preferential water flow of the area as well as a larger area of water abstraction, concluding that for a site-specific scarification, the mapping of accumulated water flow to the soil penetration resistance mapping must be linked to perform a really efficient work. / O uso de técnicas para a descompactação de solos tem crescido ano a ano em um planeta onde a demanda de alimentos é maior a cada dia. Nesse contexto, o Brasil vem se consolidando como um dos principais produtores de alimentos para atender a essa demanda, sendo a soja a principal cultura de grãos cultivada no país e uma das grandes responsáveis pelo resultado econômico e pelo destaque do agronegócio brasileiro. Visando cada vez mais uma produção crescente dessa importante cultura, técnicas de descompactação de solo têm sido utilizadas constantemente. A compactação do solo ocorre em decorrência de vários fatores: integração da lavoura-pecuária, intensificação de cultivos, utilização de máquinas cada vez maiores e mais pesadas, realização de operações com nível inadequado de umidade do solo. A soma desses fatores resulta em um adensamento do solo, o qual restringe a infiltração e armazenamento de água, ocasiona enxurradas e limita o desenvolvimento da estrutura radicular das culturas implantadas. Ao promover a descompactação do solo seja através de métodos biológicos ou mecânicos, as condições físicas do solo tornam-se mais adequadas ao desenvolvimento das culturas, possibilitando uma melhor infiltração de água no solo e uma melhor distribuição da estrutura radicular da planta no solo, aumentando a capacidade da planta de tolerar períodos de estresses hídricos. No ensaio em questão, foi utilizado um quadriciclo que contava com a medição da compactação de solo através do sistema automatizado para medição. Com base nesta informação foi realizado manejo de escarificação em uma área que apresentava alta resistência a penetração do solo e escarificada uma área que apresentava baixa resistência a penetração. Tornou-se possível observar que esse manejo trouxe um incremento de 3,2% de produtividade de grãos na área de alta resistência a penetração e de 12,3% na área de baixa resistência a penetração, porém sem diferença estatística. Ao observar o efeito da escarificação em cada zona de resistência a penetração de solo distinta, o efeito produtivo mais positivo na zona de baixa resistência a penetração se deve ao fluxo preferencial de água da área assim como uma maior área de captação de água, concluindo que para uma escarificação sítio-específica deve ser atrelado o mapeamento de fluxo acumulado de água ao mapeamento de resistência a penetração do solo para assim realizar um trabalho realmente eficiente.

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Various technologies can be used to process soil. In ZOD "Blata", plow technology is utilized by the plow and the technology is grooved using a deep cultivator. For each technology, a time frame was processed and their performance calculated. In addition, both soil cultivation technologies were compared in winter wheat and winter rape production between 2016 and 2017.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tabile_ra_me_jabo.pdf: 511175 bytes, checksum: 951c067d362572e1a6ebb3d04eb4bf21 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A grande demanda de recursos energéticos pelos sistemas de produção aliados à escassez dos combustíveis fósseis tem motivado o desenvolvimento e a produção do Biodiesel, que é um combustível produzido de fontes renováveis. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o desempenho operacional e a opacidade da fumaça do motor de um trator agrícola, operando com diesel metropolitano e interior misturados ao Biodiesel de mamona, em sete proporções. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da UNESP/Jaboticabal - SP. Os resultados mostraram que o tipo de diesel influenciou no consumo de combustível e na opacidade da fumaça, sendo o diesel metropolitano de melhor qualidade. Observou-se, também, que à medida que a proporção de Biodiesel aumentou, o mesmo ocorreu para o consumo de combustível, entretanto, a opacidade da fumaça reduziu com acréscimo da proporção de Biodiesel até B75. / The great demand for energy resources by production systems allied to scarcity of fossil fuels has driven the development and production of Biodiesel, a fuel produced from renewable sources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the performance and smoke opacity from a farm tractor, operating with interior and metropolitano diesel mixed with mamona Biodiesel in seven proportions. The tests were conducted in Departamento de Engenharia Rural of UNESP / Jaboticabal - SP. The results showed that the kind of diesel influenced consumption of fuel and smoke opacity, and the metropolitano diesel showed better quality, it was observed as well that as Biodiesel proportion increased, comsumption of fuel increased too, however, the opacity of smoke decreased with an increase of Biodiesel proportions by B75.