The artistic tradition of the Middle East is under attack. While sensationalized media and fear-mongering politicians seem to dominate the discussion on ISIS, researchers are racing against time to work on conservation and education efforts to try and preserve what is left of the artistic heritage of Iraq and Syria. This paper seeks to present a factual and understandable view on cultural destruction in the Middle East at the hands of ISIS. This paper is divided into several parts discussing; the history of ISIS, why ISIS attacks art and architecture, the scope of their destruction and the long and short term effects this destruction has on local and global communities, as well as current and proposed conservation efforts. From this discussion it is clear that ISIS' propaganda does not always align with the group’s actions and that there needs to be a global awareness of the ongoing situation if current and future conservation efforts are going to be truly successful. This paper is part of a growing academic field studying ISIS and a larger community-based movement for accessible and accurate information. It is the hopes of the author that this paper accurately addresses the severity of this destruction within communities and encourages more discussion about conservation efforts in the Middle East, the importance of the artistic tradition of the Middle East, and the importance of global solidarity against this destruction.

Le scribe royal de la Tombe Boutéhamon est un personnage thébain de première importance dont les témoignages couvrent les dernières années de la XXe dynastie et les premières de la Troisième Période intermédiaire (de Ramsès XI à Smendès Ier). Fils du scribe de la Tombe Djéhoutymès, Boutéhamon est mentionné dans de nombreuses sources épigraphiques (lettres, graffiti et dipinti de la nécropole thébaine, ostraca, phylactère, étiquette de momie) et archéologiques (vestiges architecturaux à Médinet Habou, sarcophages dispersés, mention possible de son inhumation à Deir el-Medineh). L’examen de cette documentation permet, d’une part, de restituer la carrière de ce haut fonctionnaire dans son temps. D’autre part, elle sert à exprimer de nouveau la chronologie incertaine des règnes des pharaons concernés ainsi que la période dite de « la Renaissance ». / The royal scribe of the Tomb Butehamun is an outstanding Theban character, evidence for whom spans the last years of the 20th dynasty and the first years of the Third Intermediate Period (from Rameses XI to Smendes I). Butehamun was the son of the scribe of the Tomb Djehutymes. He is mentioned in numerous epigraphic (letters, graffiti and dipinti from the Theban necropolis, ostraca, phylactery, mummy label) and archaeological sources (architectural remains at Medinet Habu, dispersed coffins, a possible reference to his burial at Deir el-Medineh). Close examination of this body of documents allows reconstructing the career of this high ranking civil servant within his own time. Furthermore, it serves the reassessment of the uncertain chronology of the relevant pharaohs’ reigns and of the period known as “the Renaissance”.

The objective of this essay is to look at two cases where the debate rages regarding whether or not to restitute stolen art back to the states from which it was originally stolen. By looking at the debate in each country the essay focuses on gaining understanding in how one state might decide upon returning the cultural treasures and the other refuses to. In assisting the analysis of the debate, theories from social constructivism, norms and ideas of different national identities are assessed. More closely, this essay tries to examine the different ideas of national identity (Imperial Cosmopolitanism and Egalitarian Cosmopolitanism) and analyze the domestic interpretations of the international norm on restitution of plundered treasures that follow from these identities. In doing so, states of interest, Sweden and Great Britain, are chosen and the theoretical model for analysis developed by Bacchi (2010) will be used in order to present ―the problem‖, the causes to the problem and the solutions provided to solve the problem. Thereby, the essay aims to show how the actions, behavior and arguments of these states, in the question of restitution, are greatly dependant on the differences in the ideas of national identity that each state might possess or have inherited from past.

Submitted by Guilherme Marini Perpétua null (geomarini@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-29T18:54:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Guilherme Marini Perpetua_Final.pdf: 7304127 bytes, checksum: 19caede8e6f62b2963332efe102acb12 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-02T14:58:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 perpetua_gm_dr_prud.pdf: 7304127 bytes, checksum: 19caede8e6f62b2963332efe102acb12 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T14:58:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 perpetua_gm_dr_prud.pdf: 7304127 bytes, checksum: 19caede8e6f62b2963332efe102acb12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo compreender o processo de territorialização recente da produção de celulose associada ao monocultivo arbóreo (eucalipto) no Brasil, com ênfase em suas implicações para a segurança e a saúde dos trabalhadores(as). Com este intuito, foram analisados os mais novos megaempreendimentos do segmento no país, localizados em diferentes espaços regionais (Extremo Sul da Bahia, Oeste do Maranhão e Nordeste de Mato Grosso do Sul), os quais compuseram o recorte empírico da pesquisa. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa buscou combinar o uso de procedimentos quantitativos (levantamento e análise de dados secundários) àqueles de natureza qualitativa (análise documental, diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas), de modo a considerar os aspectos estruturais sem deixar de enfocar o papel exercido pelos sujeitos sociais concretos. Os resultados alcançados permitem defender a tese de que, em função de suas características estruturais inerentes e nos moldes atuais, a produção de celulose só pode se dar na exata medida em que for capaz de se apropriar e exercer controle vertical e autoritário sobre territórios contíguos e de grande extensão, de modo a fruir de maneira monopolista dos recursos existentes. Para tanto, o capital tem lançado mão de uma estratégia deliberada e sistemática composta por um conjunto de táticas que, observadas à luz do materialismo dialético, revelam a combinação entre distintas formas de acumulação (primitiva, por espoliação e ampliada), dando corpo ao que chamamos de pilhagem territorial. Além da escassa geração de empregos mal remunerados e instáveis, para os trabalhadores o resultado não poderiam ser outro senão um trabalho visceralmente precário e degradante, contraditoriamente e até certa medida adequado às exigências de mercado (certificações internacionais) conformadoras das políticas internas de saúde e segurança do trabalho das grandes corporações do segmento. Tudo isso, no período analisado, foi ampla e generosamente assegurado de diversas formas (concessão de financiamentos, incentivos fiscais, investimentos em infraestrutura, flexibilização da legislação ambiental etc.) pelo modelo novo-desenvolvimentista fundado num verdadeiro pacto conciliatório de classes e adotado pelos governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores. / This study aimed to understand the recent territorialization process of pulp production associated to tree monoculture (eucalyptus) in Brazil, with emphasis on the implications for the safety and health of workers. To this end, the newest mega-enterprises of the segment in the country were analyzed, located in different regional areas (southernmost Bahia, West Maranhao and Northeast of Mato Grosso do Sul), which formed the empirical object of the research. In terms of methodology, the research sought to combine the use of quantitative procedures (survey and analysis of secondary data) to those of a qualitative nature (document analysis, field diary, semi-structured interviews), in order to consider the structural aspects while focusing on the role of concrete social subjects. The results obtained allow to make the case that, due to their inherent structural characteristics and current patterns, pulp production can only take place on the exact extent that it is able to appropriate and exert vertical and authoritarian control over contiguous territory and large extension, in order to enjoy the existing resources in a monopolist mode. Thus, the capital has made use of a deliberate and systematic strategy consisting of a set of tactics that, seen in the light of dialectical materialism, reveal the combination of different forms of accumulation (primitive by dispossession and expanded), forming what we called territorial plunder. In addition to the low generation of low-paid and unstable jobs to workers the result could not be other than a viscerally precarious and degrading, contradictory and even to a certain extent appropriate to market demands (international certifications) conforming internal health and safety policies of work of the large corporations of the segment. All this, in the analyzed period, was widely and generously provided in various forms (funding grant, tax incentives, infrastructure investments, easing of environmental legislation etc.) by the new development model based on a true conciliatory pact of classes and adopted by governments of the Workers' Party. / Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el reciente proceso de territorialización de la producción de pulpa asociado con monocultivos de árboles (eucaliptos) en Brasil, con énfasis en sus implicaciones para la seguridad y salud de los trabajadores. Con este fin, se analizaron las mega-empresas más recientes del segmento en el país, que se encuentra en diferentes áreas regionales (extremo sur de Bahia, oeste de Maranhão y noreste de Mato Grosso do Sul), que formaron el objeto empírico de la investigación. En cuanto a la metodología, la investigación trató de combinar el uso de procedimientos cuantitativos (encuestas y análisis de datos secundarios) a los de carácter cualitativo (análisis de documentos, diario de campo, entrevistas semiestructuradas), a fin de considerar los aspectos estructurales mientras se centra en el papel ejercido por los sujetos sociales concretos. Los resultados obtenidos permiten defender la tesis de que, debido a sus características estructurales inherentes y los patrones actuales, la producción de pasta sólo puede ocurrir a la medida exacta que es capaz de apropiarse y ejercer el control vertical y autoritario sobre territorios contiguos y de gran extensión, con el fin de disfrutar de manera monopolista de los recursos existentes. De este modo, el capital ha usado una estrategia deliberada y sistemática compuesta de un conjunto de tácticas que, visto a la luz del materialismo dialéctico, revelan la combinación de diferentes formas de acumulación (primitivas por desposesión y ampliada), dando cuerpo a lo llamamos despojo territorial. Además de la baja generación de puestos de trabajo con salarios bajos e inestables a los trabajadores, el resultado no podría ser otro que un trabajo visceralmente precario y degradante, contradictoriamente y hasta cierto punto adecuado a los requisitos del mercado (certificaciones internacionales) conformadoras de las políticas de salud y seguridad del trabajo de las grandes corporaciones del segmento. Todo esto, en el período analizado, fue ampliamente y generosamente verificado de diversas formas (subvenciones, incentivos fiscales, inversiones en infraestructuras, flexibilización de la legislación ambiental, etc.) por el nuevo modelo de desarrollo basado en un verdadero pacto de conciliación de clases y adoptado por los gobiernos del Partido de los Trabajadores. / FAPESP: 2013/04638-0

Sources de convoitises, les ressources naturelles font parfois l'objet d’actes de prédation tels que la biopiraterie. Le phénomène, de plus en plus médiatisé, mais encore largement sous-étudié, est souvent dénoncé comme un véritable pillage des ressources naturelles. En fait, même si elle recouvre une réalité plurielle, la pratique de la biopirateriepeut être caractérisée comme un accaparement des ressources naturelles. Saisie comme telle, il est permis de comprendre comment elle est née et a évolué, ce qui est du plus grand intérêt pour son appréhension. Aussi, parce que la biopiraterie interroge les modalités de partage des ressources naturelles, elle contribue à un renforcement des dimensions solidaristes du statut juridique de ces ressources. Cependant, si des règles existent, elles ne sont pas pleinement satisfaisantes. Cette situation invite à une réflexion plus globale sur le statut juridique de l'environnement et conduisant à le considérer, juridiquement, comme un bien commun. / Because they are highly desired, natural resources are subjected to acts of predation, like biopiracy. The phenomenon draws more and more attention but is still not much studied. It is often condemned as real plundering of natural resources. Indeed, even if it covers a pluralist reality, the biopiracy practice can be characteristic of a monopolizing of naturalresources. Thus, it is possible to understand how it emerged and developed, which is important to comprehend it. Furthermore, biopiracy raises the question of the sharing conditions of natural resources and thereby contributes to strengthen the solidarist dimensions of the natural resources legal status. However, current rules are insufficient. This situation is inviting for a general reflection about the legal status of the environment that leads to consider it as a common good.