Appreciation of the natural light, air, and scenery outside the built interior environment spurs the architect's desire to "bring the outside in". (Lately, floor-to-ceiling glazing is the most popular way of doing this.) Appreciation of what can be found "in the wall" also inspires the architect. Neither inside nor outside, being "in the wall" offers unique sensory experiences. Historically, the thick masonry walls of public buildings provided spaces (such as the arched vestibule of a library) within the walls' openings where people could gather to talk or wait out the rain. Another example of space within walls is the window seat, which is the architect's response to many peoples' desire to curl up inside a window to read a book or to watch what's going on outside. Modern materials and technologies have allowed us to build buildings taller and lighter than ever before but they also have led us to cease creating those special spaces, neither inside nor outside, that protect people from the elements without entirely cutting them off from them. It is this third space, neither inside nor outside, that I seek to reclaim in this thesis project. I hope to return to people space of fresh air, indirect, natural light, sense of protection, and openness; a place where stories are traded, secrets are whispered, and stars are wished on. With this project, I seek to develop a third space. / Master of Architecture

Uma das características dos transitórios hidráulicos é a presença de ar aprisionado durante a ocorrência do fenômeno. Se uma tabulação não estiver satisfatorimente projetada ou não for adequadamente cheia e purgada, grandes quantidades de ar poderão ficar aprisionadas. Caso esses bolsões se desloquem de um local para o outro, proporcionarão acelerações locais que resultam em altas velocidades e, subsequentemente, em altas pressões transitórias. As sobrepressões geradas podem ser de 2,2 vezes maiores que a pressão estática dos sistema, conforme verificou-se no estudo experimental. Dessa forma, há a necessidade do estabelecimento de metodologias de aplicação prática e segura (modelos rígido e elástico) que permitam estimar a magnitude das pressões transitórias, pois não há solução analítica para esse problema. No presente trabalho, apresentou-se uma adimensionalização do modelo elástico, com a incorporação de dois números adimensionais independentes (&#960 6 e &#960 7). No entanto, tais metodologias devem ser validas experimentalmente, haja visto que hipóteses simplificadoras de cálculo são necessárias para a modelagem matemática. O modelo rígido de coluna líquida variável (MCLV), além de fácil programação, é viável sem prejuízos nos resultados esperados . No estudo experimental foi também realizada uma análise de sensibilidade com relação aos fatores intervenientes no sistema hidráulico. / One of the reasons for the transient behavior is the presence of air confined during these alterations. When the pipes are not properly designed or if it is not completely full or air bleeding, large amounts of air may be confined in the system. Pockets of air can cause severe transient behavior if such pockets deslocate from one place to the other giving rise to local acceleration and consequently large velocities and pressures. The higher pressure may be of the order of 2,2 times the static pressure in the system, as it was confirmed by the experimental procedure. Thus, this paper considers pratical and safe procedure (rigid or elastic models) that permit calculation of transient pressures given that there is no analytical solution available. On the present study, it was presented a dimensionless form of the elastic model, with the incorporation of two aditional independent numbers (&#960 6 and &#960 7). Besides the easiness of programation, the rigid model of variable fluid column is viable without prejudice to the expected results. This study also conducts a sensitivity analysis on the various factors involved in the problem.

Objetivo: Comparar dois métodos de aferição da perda de inserção clínica (PI) em pacientes periodontais. Materiais e métodos: Setenta e cinco exames (50,9 ± 8,02 anos, 72,2% mulheres e 49,4% não-fumantes), realizados por examinadores calibrados, com registro do Índice de placa visível (IPV), Índice de Sangramento gengival (ISG), Profundidade de Sondagem (PS), Sangramento à Sondagem (SS), Perda de Inserção Clínica aferida pelo método direto (PID) e Recessão Gengival (RG), em 6 sítios/dente, foram utilizados. Valores para PII (método indireto) resultaram do somatório da PS e RG dos sítios RG+ (sítios com recessão gengival). A PID foi considerada como referência. Os dados foram analisados por “clusters”. A dependência dos dados foi observada em níveis hierárquicos: indivíduo/exame, dente e sítio. Para a comparação entre PID e PII gerou-se o valor de d (diferença entre os métodos). Modelos multivariados foram aplicados para investigar o comportamento das demais variáveis em relação à estimação da PI. O Gráfico de Bland-Altman foi gerado para verificar a distribuição da concordância entre os métodos. Resultados: A média de PID (3,96±2,07) foi significativamente menor que a observada para PII (4,47±2,03). Portanto, o valor de d foi de 0,513±1,23. A análise multivariada revelou que ISG, SS, PS e o fato de ser sítio interproximal exerceram influência significativa nas aferições de PII em relação à PID (p≤0,05). A cada milímetro a mais de PS, a PII aumenta em até 0,38mm. Conclusão: Considerando-se a superestimação do dano periodontal determinada pelo método indireto, sugere-se que a PID seja preferível para a realização de exames periodontais, como uma forma de minimizar vieses de aferição. / Objective: This observational study sought to compare two methods for determination of clinical attachment loss (CAL) in periodontal evaluation. Materials and methods: The sample comprised 75 exams from periodontal patients (50.9±8.02 years; 72,2% female; 49.4% nonsmokers). Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and gingival recession (GR) were assessed at six sites per tooth. Direct clinical attachment level (CALD) measurements were obtained by measuring the distance between the CEJ and the most apical of probe penetration in the gingival sulcus/periodontal pocket. Indirect clinical attachment level (CALI) was calculated by adding the PD and GR measurements of sites with gingival recession (GR+). These measurements were obtained by three calibrated raters. Means were calculated for each indicator. Data were assessed by cluster analysis. Data dependence was observed at the following hierarchical levels: patient/examination, tooth, and site. The methods were compared by means of the difference (d) between CALD and CALI values. Univariate and multivariate mixed models were then applied. A Bland–Altman plot was generated to ascertain the distribution of agreement between the two methods for CAL determination. Results: The mean CALD and CALI values were 3.96±2.07and 4.47±2.03, respectively. Therefore, the indirect method overestimated CAL (d=0.513±1.23). On multivariate analysis, GBI, BOP, PD, and interproximal site location had a significant influence on CALI measurements as compared with CALD (p ≤ 0.05). With each additional 1 mm in PD, CALI increased by up to 0.38 mm. Conclusion: Given the extent to which periodontal damage is overestimated by the indirect method, we suggest that the directly measured clinical attachment level is preferable for periodontal examination, so as to minimize measurement bias.

Objetivo: Comparar dois métodos de aferição da perda de inserção clínica (PI) em pacientes periodontais. Materiais e métodos: Setenta e cinco exames (50,9 ± 8,02 anos, 72,2% mulheres e 49,4% não-fumantes), realizados por examinadores calibrados, com registro do Índice de placa visível (IPV), Índice de Sangramento gengival (ISG), Profundidade de Sondagem (PS), Sangramento à Sondagem (SS), Perda de Inserção Clínica aferida pelo método direto (PID) e Recessão Gengival (RG), em 6 sítios/dente, foram utilizados. Valores para PII (método indireto) resultaram do somatório da PS e RG dos sítios RG+ (sítios com recessão gengival). A PID foi considerada como referência. Os dados foram analisados por “clusters”. A dependência dos dados foi observada em níveis hierárquicos: indivíduo/exame, dente e sítio. Para a comparação entre PID e PII gerou-se o valor de d (diferença entre os métodos). Modelos multivariados foram aplicados para investigar o comportamento das demais variáveis em relação à estimação da PI. O Gráfico de Bland-Altman foi gerado para verificar a distribuição da concordância entre os métodos. Resultados: A média de PID (3,96±2,07) foi significativamente menor que a observada para PII (4,47±2,03). Portanto, o valor de d foi de 0,513±1,23. A análise multivariada revelou que ISG, SS, PS e o fato de ser sítio interproximal exerceram influência significativa nas aferições de PII em relação à PID (p≤0,05). A cada milímetro a mais de PS, a PII aumenta em até 0,38mm. Conclusão: Considerando-se a superestimação do dano periodontal determinada pelo método indireto, sugere-se que a PID seja preferível para a realização de exames periodontais, como uma forma de minimizar vieses de aferição. / Objective: This observational study sought to compare two methods for determination of clinical attachment loss (CAL) in periodontal evaluation. Materials and methods: The sample comprised 75 exams from periodontal patients (50.9±8.02 years; 72,2% female; 49.4% nonsmokers). Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and gingival recession (GR) were assessed at six sites per tooth. Direct clinical attachment level (CALD) measurements were obtained by measuring the distance between the CEJ and the most apical of probe penetration in the gingival sulcus/periodontal pocket. Indirect clinical attachment level (CALI) was calculated by adding the PD and GR measurements of sites with gingival recession (GR+). These measurements were obtained by three calibrated raters. Means were calculated for each indicator. Data were assessed by cluster analysis. Data dependence was observed at the following hierarchical levels: patient/examination, tooth, and site. The methods were compared by means of the difference (d) between CALD and CALI values. Univariate and multivariate mixed models were then applied. A Bland–Altman plot was generated to ascertain the distribution of agreement between the two methods for CAL determination. Results: The mean CALD and CALI values were 3.96±2.07and 4.47±2.03, respectively. Therefore, the indirect method overestimated CAL (d=0.513±1.23). On multivariate analysis, GBI, BOP, PD, and interproximal site location had a significant influence on CALI measurements as compared with CALD (p ≤ 0.05). With each additional 1 mm in PD, CALI increased by up to 0.38 mm. Conclusion: Given the extent to which periodontal damage is overestimated by the indirect method, we suggest that the directly measured clinical attachment level is preferable for periodontal examination, so as to minimize measurement bias.

Objetivo: Comparar dois métodos de aferição da perda de inserção clínica (PI) em pacientes periodontais. Materiais e métodos: Setenta e cinco exames (50,9 ± 8,02 anos, 72,2% mulheres e 49,4% não-fumantes), realizados por examinadores calibrados, com registro do Índice de placa visível (IPV), Índice de Sangramento gengival (ISG), Profundidade de Sondagem (PS), Sangramento à Sondagem (SS), Perda de Inserção Clínica aferida pelo método direto (PID) e Recessão Gengival (RG), em 6 sítios/dente, foram utilizados. Valores para PII (método indireto) resultaram do somatório da PS e RG dos sítios RG+ (sítios com recessão gengival). A PID foi considerada como referência. Os dados foram analisados por “clusters”. A dependência dos dados foi observada em níveis hierárquicos: indivíduo/exame, dente e sítio. Para a comparação entre PID e PII gerou-se o valor de d (diferença entre os métodos). Modelos multivariados foram aplicados para investigar o comportamento das demais variáveis em relação à estimação da PI. O Gráfico de Bland-Altman foi gerado para verificar a distribuição da concordância entre os métodos. Resultados: A média de PID (3,96±2,07) foi significativamente menor que a observada para PII (4,47±2,03). Portanto, o valor de d foi de 0,513±1,23. A análise multivariada revelou que ISG, SS, PS e o fato de ser sítio interproximal exerceram influência significativa nas aferições de PII em relação à PID (p≤0,05). A cada milímetro a mais de PS, a PII aumenta em até 0,38mm. Conclusão: Considerando-se a superestimação do dano periodontal determinada pelo método indireto, sugere-se que a PID seja preferível para a realização de exames periodontais, como uma forma de minimizar vieses de aferição. / Objective: This observational study sought to compare two methods for determination of clinical attachment loss (CAL) in periodontal evaluation. Materials and methods: The sample comprised 75 exams from periodontal patients (50.9±8.02 years; 72,2% female; 49.4% nonsmokers). Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and gingival recession (GR) were assessed at six sites per tooth. Direct clinical attachment level (CALD) measurements were obtained by measuring the distance between the CEJ and the most apical of probe penetration in the gingival sulcus/periodontal pocket. Indirect clinical attachment level (CALI) was calculated by adding the PD and GR measurements of sites with gingival recession (GR+). These measurements were obtained by three calibrated raters. Means were calculated for each indicator. Data were assessed by cluster analysis. Data dependence was observed at the following hierarchical levels: patient/examination, tooth, and site. The methods were compared by means of the difference (d) between CALD and CALI values. Univariate and multivariate mixed models were then applied. A Bland–Altman plot was generated to ascertain the distribution of agreement between the two methods for CAL determination. Results: The mean CALD and CALI values were 3.96±2.07and 4.47±2.03, respectively. Therefore, the indirect method overestimated CAL (d=0.513±1.23). On multivariate analysis, GBI, BOP, PD, and interproximal site location had a significant influence on CALI measurements as compared with CALD (p ≤ 0.05). With each additional 1 mm in PD, CALI increased by up to 0.38 mm. Conclusion: Given the extent to which periodontal damage is overestimated by the indirect method, we suggest that the directly measured clinical attachment level is preferable for periodontal examination, so as to minimize measurement bias.

Uma das características dos transitórios hidráulicos é a presença de ar aprisionado durante a ocorrência do fenômeno. Se uma tabulação não estiver satisfatorimente projetada ou não for adequadamente cheia e purgada, grandes quantidades de ar poderão ficar aprisionadas. Caso esses bolsões se desloquem de um local para o outro, proporcionarão acelerações locais que resultam em altas velocidades e, subsequentemente, em altas pressões transitórias. As sobrepressões geradas podem ser de 2,2 vezes maiores que a pressão estática dos sistema, conforme verificou-se no estudo experimental. Dessa forma, há a necessidade do estabelecimento de metodologias de aplicação prática e segura (modelos rígido e elástico) que permitam estimar a magnitude das pressões transitórias, pois não há solução analítica para esse problema. No presente trabalho, apresentou-se uma adimensionalização do modelo elástico, com a incorporação de dois números adimensionais independentes (&#960 6 e &#960 7). No entanto, tais metodologias devem ser validas experimentalmente, haja visto que hipóteses simplificadoras de cálculo são necessárias para a modelagem matemática. O modelo rígido de coluna líquida variável (MCLV), além de fácil programação, é viável sem prejuízos nos resultados esperados . No estudo experimental foi também realizada uma análise de sensibilidade com relação aos fatores intervenientes no sistema hidráulico. / One of the reasons for the transient behavior is the presence of air confined during these alterations. When the pipes are not properly designed or if it is not completely full or air bleeding, large amounts of air may be confined in the system. Pockets of air can cause severe transient behavior if such pockets deslocate from one place to the other giving rise to local acceleration and consequently large velocities and pressures. The higher pressure may be of the order of 2,2 times the static pressure in the system, as it was confirmed by the experimental procedure. Thus, this paper considers pratical and safe procedure (rigid or elastic models) that permit calculation of transient pressures given that there is no analytical solution available. On the present study, it was presented a dimensionless form of the elastic model, with the incorporation of two aditional independent numbers (&#960 6 and &#960 7). Besides the easiness of programation, the rigid model of variable fluid column is viable without prejudice to the expected results. This study also conducts a sensitivity analysis on the various factors involved in the problem.

Many methods of analyzing both the physical and chemical behavior of proteins require information about its structure and stability. Also various other parameters such as energy function, solvation, hydrophobic/hydrophilic effects, surface area and volumes too play an important part in such analysis. The contribution of cavities to these parameters are very important. Existing methods to compute and measure cavities are limited by the inherent inaccuracies in the method of acquisition of data through x-ray crystallography and uncertainities in computation of radii of atoms. We present a topological framework that enables robust computation and visualization of these structures. Given a fixed set of atoms, voids and pockets are represented as subsets of the weighted Delaunay triangulation of atom centers. A novel notion of (ε,π)-stable voids helps identify voids that are stable even after perturbing the atom radii by a small value. An efficient method is described to compute these stable voids for a given input pair of values (ε,π ). We also provide an implementation to visualize, explore (ε.π)-stable voids and also calculate various properties such as volumes, surface areas of the proteins and also of the cavities.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Pressure wave supercharger is an application of wave rotor technology that utilizes compression waves produced by high-pressure engine exhaust gas to compress the fresh intake air within the channels. The phenomena within the wave rotor channels are governed by compression and expansion waves initiated when the channel ends are periodically exposed to differing pressure ports. Two incoming fluids are brought into contact for a very short amount of time to facilitate efficient energy and momentum transfer, thereby exchanging pressure dynamically between the fluids by means of unsteady pressure waves. Since the energy transfer is based on unsteady pressure waves, correct matching of waves and ports is essential for optimum results. Mistiming of the waves in the channels is detrimental to the efficient exchange of pressure and low-pressure exhaust scavenging, which ensures minimum exhaust gas recirculation. Due to varying speed and load conditions of the unit to be supercharged, it is not always possible to maintain the rotor speed constant at the design point. To mitigate the effects of wave mistiming due to varying speed, a well-designed combination of wall-pockets was used in Comprex® pressure wave supercharger. The wall-pockets are the recesses provided in the endplates of pressure wave superchargers to create necessary pressure zones at desired locations. This thesis details an extensive qualitative and computational investigation of the performance of pressure wave superchargers with pockets. Numerical simulations of pressure wave superchargers have been performed using the wave rotor analysis codes employed at the Combustion and Propulsion Research Laboratory at IUPUI. This work also pays close attention to inspecting the numerical schemes and modeling of different physical phenomena used in each code. A comparative verification of the wave rotor analysis codes has been conducted to ensure that the same fundamental numerical scheme is correctly implemented in each code. The issue of low-pressure scavenging has been demonstrated by simulating the four-port (pocketless) pressure wave supercharger operating at lower speeds. The wall-pockets have been modeled using a simple lumped volume technique. The gas state in the lumped volume of pockets is estimated using the continuity and energy equations such that the net mass and energy fluxes between each pocket and the wave rotor channels are close to zero. The lumped volume models of pockets have been implemented in the four-port wave rotor configurations to simulate the pressure wave superchargers with pockets. The simulation results show that the pockets assist to maintain sufficient pressure in the desired zones to facilitate proper low-pressure scavenging during lower rotor speed operations. The Comprex simulation results have been observed to be in good agreement with experimental data and qualitative analysis. Specific observations on the performance of each code and comprehensive simulation results have been presented.

No / Municipalities and recycling and environmental authorities are concerned about the growing amount of carpet waste produced by household, commercial and industrial sectors. It is reported that 500,000 tonnes of carpet waste fibre are plunged into landfills annually in the UK. In the United States of America, around 10 million tonnes of textile waste was generated in 2003. In geotechnical engineering, expansive clay soils are categorised as problematic soils due to their swelling behaviour upon increase in the moisture content. The problematic nature of such soils is intensified with the increase in the plasticity index. This paper presents results of a comprehensive investigation into utilisation of carpet waste fibres in order to improve the swelling characteristics of compacted cohesive soils. Therefore, two different clay soils with markedly different plasticity indices (i.e. 17.0 and 31.5 %) were treated with two different types of carpet waste fibre. Waste fibres were added to prepare specimens with fibre content of 1, 3 and 5 % by dry weight of soil. Soil specimens with different dry unit weights and moisture contents were prepared so as to the swelling behaviour of fibre reinforced compacted clays is completely attained under various scenarios. The results indicated that the behaviour of the fibre reinforced soils seems highly dependent on the initial compaction state and secondary on the moisture content. It was found that the swelling pressure drops rapidly as the percentage of fibre increases in samples prepared at the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content. Reducing the dry unit weight, while maintaining constant moisture content or increasing the moisture content at constant dry unit weight was found to reduce the swelling pressure.

The purposes of this study were to determine if petite women have a positive or negative body cathexis, to see if petite women perceive themselves as having garment fit and style proportion problems, and to explore the relationships between these variables and selected demographic information. The sample was made up of 132 Spiegel catalog shoppers. The sample ranged in height from 4'9" to 5'6" with 670/0 being 5'2" and under. Results for the 5'2" and under were looked at separately. The total sample was satisfied with all the body cathexis variables except for thighs and stomach. The 5'2" and under petites were satisfied with all the variables except four, leg length, hips, stomach, and height. Most of the fit problems were associated with length. The majority of the sample 5'2" and under reported available clothing too long in the sleeves, skirts, pants, and crotch depth. Most of the style proportion problems reported in this research were associated with the length of garments and garment components. The miscellaneous items that created the most problems for this sample were pocket location and dart location. These problems were more predominate for the 5'2" and under sample. Over 50% of 5'2" and under sample reported problems with lengths and pocket location. And at least 25% of them reported problems in 22 other areas. There did not appear to be any relationship between the perceived garment fit variables and style proportion problems and the body cathexis variables, nor between the demographics and the perceived garment fit and the style proportion problems The majority of the sample shopped at mail order stores (catalogs) and department stores. The department most often shopped was the petite department. The majority of the women had their ready-to-wear clothing altered to achieve a better fit and solve their style proportion problems. The majority (74%) was not satisfied with the current petite clothing available. The most conclusive data in this study pertained to the implication of problems with dart location and pocket placement. The garment proportion in relation to darts and pocket placement were inappropriate for some of these petite subjects. / Master of Science