The need to exploit the large fibre bandwidth and increase the reach has seen the application of the Raman fibre amplifier (RFA) become indispensable in modern light wave systems. The success and resilience of RFAs in optical communication is deeply rooted in their unique optical properties and new technologies which have allowed the amplifier to come of age. However, the full potential of RFAs in optical communication and other applications are yet to be realized. More so are its polarization properties which still remain largely unexploited and have not been fully understood. In this work, fundamental issues regarding distributed RFA have been investigated with the aim of acquiring a better understanding of the amplifier polarization characteristics which have potential applications. In particular the effects of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization dependent loss (PDL) have been demonstrated both by simulation and experiment. The possibility of Raman polarization pulling in single mode fibres (SMFs) has also been addressed. Polarization sensitivity of RFA has been known for a long time but the clear manifestation of it has become evident in the advent of modern low PMD fibre. Unlike EDFAs which make use of special doped fibre, RFAs require no special fibre for operation. Besides, RFA uses a very long length of fibre and as such the fibre polarization characteristics come into play during amplification. In the demonstrations presented in this thesis a fibre of PMD coefficient < 0.05 pskm-1/2 was regarded as low PMD fibre while one having coefficient ≥ 0.05 pskm-1/2 was categorized to have high PMD unless otherwise stated. Several experiments were performed to evaluate the RFA gain characteristics with respect to fibre PMD and the system performance in the presence of noise emanating from amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). Analysis of Raman gain statistics was done for fibres of low and high PMD coefficients. The statistics of PDG and on-off gain were eventually used to demonstrate the extraction of PMD coefficients of fibres between 0.01- 0.1 pskm-1/2 using a forward pumping configuration. It was found that, at increasing pump power a linear relationship exists between forward and backward signal gain on a dB scale. The interaction of PDL and Raman PDG in the presence of PMD were observed at very fundamental level. It was found the presence of PDL serves to reduce the available on-off gain. It was also established that the presence of PMD mediates the interaction between PDG/PDL. When PMD is high it reduces PDG but the presence of PDL introduces a wavelength dependent gain tilting for WDM channels. Further analysis revealed that signal polarization is influenced by the pump SOP due to the pulling effect which is present even at moderate pump power.

The field of metabolic engineering focuses on using molecular biology tools to genetically modify the metabolic pathways of cells for the production of chemical compounds. The field of directed evolution can alter the native abilities of proteins by taking inspiration from natural evolution. Both fields bring novel solutions to current problems in energy, the environment, and medicine. However, there is still no general higher throughput screening method for both of these fields. In this dissertation, we apply our designed fluorescence polarization assay to fill this need in the fields of metabolic engineering and directed evolution. Chapter 0 gives background information related to metabolic engineering, directed evolution, tetracyclines, the Tetracycline Repressor protein (TetR), TAN-1612, and fluorescence polarization. Chapter 1 describes our development of a quantitive, sensitive, and fast fluorescence polarization assay which uses the TetR protein to detect the binding of the small molecule tetracycline TAN-1612. Chapter 2 demonstrates that the binding affinity of the TetR protein for TAN-1612 can be improved using directed evolution and by incorporating our assay to screen TetR mutants. Finally, in Chapter 3 we apply our fluorescence polarization assay to the screening of yeast strains biosynthesizing TAN-1612, without the need of time and labor intensive extraction and purification steps.

No description available.

Interference between the modes of an optical fiber generates specific mode (intensity) patterns which get modulated by disturbances in the optical fiber system. Mode-mode interference has been analyzed from first principles and a model based on differential phase modulation presented. Mode-mode interference effects such as intensity modulation of the mode patterns are directly related to differential phase modulation between modes which arises due to the difference between the propagation constants of the constituent modes. Practical implementation of modal methods involves selective launching of modes and processing of the output pattern to demodulate the information. Axial strain has been chosen as the modulating mechanism in experiments designed to quantify mode-mode interference effects. Quasi-statically varying strain as well as vibrational strain was used to study 'dc' and 'ac' mechanisms. Specific mode combinations have been excited and their radiation patterns identified. Mode pattern changes have been described. Experimental observations and results correlate very well with analysis. / Master of Science

Liang Tak-keung. / "June 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Structural organization refers to the particular ordering of scatterers. Probing structural organization by imaging polarized spectral scatter provides insight into the composition of a medium, and can aid in remote sensing, the identification of tissue pathologies, and material characterization and differentiation. The vector nature of polarized light enables it to interact with optical anisotropies within a medium, while the spectral aspect of polarization is sensitive to small-scale structure. However, many polarization studies have limitations, as they provide qualitative image analysis, incomplete anisotropy information, or both. The ability to image the effects of anisotropy and small-scale structure at multiple wavelengths is key for parameterizing structural organization. The Stokes/Mueller formalism is a framework that quantifies a medium's complete spectral polarization response, and allows for the parameterization of structural organization. Additionally, advances in liquid crystal (LC) technology have resulted in new polarimetric devices. These computer-controlled devices impart spectral polarization effects on the millisecond timescale with no mechanically moving hardware, providing the ability for making rapid polarimetric measurements. This dissertation describes a methodology for revealing structural organization by exploiting the Stokes/Mueller formalism and by utilizing measurements from a spectral imaging polarimeter constructed from variable retardance LC devices, such as liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs) and a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF). The methodology includes developing the system, the Stokes/Mueller model, and all of the procedures, calibrations, and data interpretation. Developing the system also consists of component and system calibration, a system sensitivity and performance analysis, and finally test measurements for system validation. The final validation measurement is made on a mineral sample for inferring structural organization.

One of the obstacles to coherent fiber-optic communications is the unpredictable polarization drift which necessitates the use of an active polarization controlling system to match the polarizations of the signal and local oscillator. The polarization match must be maintained during the reset of any of the finite range components to prevent loss of data. We present a novel and practical system which uses three liquid crystal devices for the polarization matching process. Also, the required reset control algorithm and its derivation are described in detail.

An J=1→J=1 atomic system in Samarium with incident laser resonant radiation has been investigated. A linearly polarized laser at 686nm excites atoms from the level 4ƒ[superscript]66s[superscript]2 [superscript]7F[subscript]1 to a excited level 4ƒ[superscript]66s6p [superscript]9F[subscript]1 via the process of optical pumping. When an external magnetic field is applied to the atom-laser interaction and the decay fluorescence collected, a level-crossing profile appears. Theoretical predictions of the level-crossing profile can be made using spherically irreducible tensors to describe the density matrix which take advantage of the symmetry of the atomic system. By comparing theory with experimental data, a discussion is made of the various parameters and external factors that can affect this system, which show that Doppler broadening is the major influence. An additional investigation is made into the evolution of the J=1→J=1 atomic system with increasing laser exposure. Comparisons of the experimental data with theoretical predictions are made by analyzing the FWHM of the overall level-crossing profile, the FWHM of the dip about B = 0 and the relative depth of the dip. By charting the progress of these parameters with increasing laser exposure, it can be seen that the theory and experimental data agree qualitatively. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1320338 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2008

Un réseau de Bragg fibré est un tronçon de fibre optique dont le coeur présente une modification périodique et permanente de l’indice de réfraction. Dans sa structure la plus simple, il se comporte, en réflexion, comme un miroir sélectif en longueur d’onde, ne réfléchissant qu’une plage de longueurs d’onde autour de la longueur d’onde de Bragg. Le signal transmis est alors débarrassé des composantes spectrales réfléchies par le réseau de Bragg. Ce composant fibré correspond donc à un filtre optique pour lequel il est important de caractériser les évolutions, en fonction de la longueur d’onde, des réponses en amplitude et en phase. En pratique, les réseaux de Bragg fibrés sont largement utilisés pour la réalisation de différents composants utiles dans le domaine des télécommunications par fibres et des capteurs optiques. De manière générale, il s’avère de plus en plus important de caractériser les propriétés de polarisation induites par la présence de biréfringence des composants optiques ; il en est de même pour les réseaux de Bragg fibrés. En effet, avec l’augmentation des débits de transmission, les communications par fibres optiques sont de moins en moins tolérantes aux effets associés à la polarisation de la lumière. L’utilisation des réseaux de Bragg pour des applications de télécommunications requiert donc de connaître leurs propriétés de polarisation. De même, dans le domaine des capteurs, l’information offerte par l’évolution de ces propriétés en fonction des contraintes extérieures peut être utile pour améliorer les performances et les potentialités des capteurs à réseaux de Bragg. Dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat, nous présentons une étude des propriétés spectrales des réseaux de Bragg fibrés en y incluant l’analyse des propriétés de polarisation de la lumière causées par la présence de biréfringence au sein du réseau. Cette étude est menée pour deux catégories de réseaux de Bragg présentant de la biréfringence. Une première catégorie concerne les réseaux inscrits dans des fibres hautement biréfringentes. Pour ces fibres, étant donné les valeurs importantes de biréfringence considérées, ses effets sont directement visibles sur la réponse classique en amplitude. Dans ce cas, nous démontrons qu’il est possible de modéliser complètement les évolutions, en fonction de la longueur d’onde, des paramètres permettant de caractériser les propriétés de polarisation des réseaux de Bragg. Une étude théorique et expérimentale est présentée pour les paramètres de Stokes, le paramètre de PDL (Polarisation Dependent Loss - perte dépendante de la polarisation) et le paramètre de DGD (Differential Group Delay - délai de groupe différentiel). Une seconde étude est menée pour les réseaux de Bragg inscrits dans des fibres standards. Pour ces réseaux, la biréfringence est relativement faible si bien que ses effets sont difficilement perceptibles sur la réponse en amplitude du réseau. Elle n’est donc généralement pas prise en considération lors de l’analyse des propriétés spectrales des réseaux. Nous montrons cependant dans cette thèse de doctorat qu’elle conduit à des valeurs importantes des paramètres de polarisation (paramètres de Stokes, PDL et DGD). Compte tenu des différentes origines possibles de la biréfringence des réseaux, nous exposons deux modèles caractérisant la présence de la biréfringence. Les résultats théoriques obtenus pour ces deux modèles sont alors systématiquement comparés. Nous rapportons finalement des résultats expérimentaux en adéquation avec les résultats théoriques. Pour ces réseaux de Bragg faiblement biréfringents, nous établissons également la relation qui existe entre les paramètres utilisés pour caractériser les propriétés de phase du réseau (courbes de délai et de dispersion) et les paramètres de Stokes et de DGD. En particulier, nous démontrons théoriquement et expérimentalement que les évolutions en fonction de la longueur d’onde de la dispersion chromatique et du DGD ne diffèrent que dans leur valeur absolue, le rapport de ces valeurs étant proportionnel à la biréfringence. En outre, nous discutons la possibilité d’appliquer cette relation à d’autres types de réseaux fibrés et présentons des résultats expérimentaux dans le cas d’un réseau à longs pas. Une application intéressante de la connaissance des paramètres de polarisation des réseaux de Bragg est la détermination de la biréfringence. Nous considérons d’une part le cas d’une biréfringence causée par une contrainte transverse appliquée sur une fibre optique. Nous montrons qu’un réseau de Bragg est utilisable à l’endroit de la contrainte pour obtenir la quantité de biréfringence induite localement. D’autre part, les propriétés de polarisation sont utilisées pour étudier l’évolution de la biréfringence induite lors du processus d’inscription d’une série de réseaux de Bragg de caractéristiques différentes. La reconstruction de la biréfringence de cette série permet alors d’analyser l’impact des paramètres de l’inscription sur la biréfringence photoinduite. Nous proposons finalement une technique originale permettant de réduire les effets de la biréfringence des réseaux. Cette technique est basée sur l’application d’une torsion de la fibre lors de l’inscription, ce qui permet d’introduire du couplage de modes de polarisation au niveau du réseau de Bragg. L’analyse théorique des propriétés spectrales des réseaux menée dans le cas classique est alors adaptée pour tenir compte de l’effet du couplage de modes. Les résultats de simulation obtenus montrent qu’il est en effet possible de réduire la PDL et le DGD de cette manière, ce qui peut s’avérer intéressant dans le cadre d’applications de télécommunications à haut débit.

The successful applications of nanoparticles require the ability to tune their properties by controlling size and shape at the nanoscale. In metal nanomaterial research, the optical properties have been of interest especially because of the applications to medical diagnostics and nanooptics. It is important to prepare nanoparticles of well-defined shape and size for properly characterizing the optical properties. We describe improved seed mediated synthesis of gold nanorods (GNRs) producing a high yield of NRs with low polydispersity and few byproducts. The efficient separation of GNRs from mixture of shapes is achieved by understanding the hydrodynamics of nanoparticles undergoing centrifugation. The optical properties of resulting refined GNRs are compared to predictions of existing theories, and the main parameters affecting them are discussed. GNRs with well defined aspect ratios are introduced into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix by means of solution-casting techniques. The film is drawn to induce the uniaxial alignment of GNRs to be used as color polarizing filters. We prepare GNR polarizing filter with different peak positions ranging from visible to near infra red by using different aspect ratio of NRs. To utilize GNRs to make nanoscale devices, spatial organization is required. We characterize the self-assembly of GNRs observed on a TEM grid. The drying process is accompanied by complex hydrodynamic and thermodynamic events, which create rich range of patterns observed. Being anisotropic in shape, the rods can form liquid crystal (LC) assemblies above a certain concentration. We observed LC phase of GNRs by resorting to an evaporation of aqueous NR solution. The convective flow caused by the solvent evaporation carries NRs from the bulk solution to solid-liquid-air interface, which makes the solution locally very concentrated driving the phase transition of NRs. We calculate the order parameter from various assemblies observed, and compare the observed phase behavior to the one expected on the basis of theory.