This thesis deals with the health system in the Czech Republic, with a focus on the management of health insurance companies in revenue from premiums collected and expenditure on the health care insurance policy holders. The first part deals with the health system in general to get a general idea of the health system. It deals with various types of health systems, participants in health insurance and various types of health care. The second part is devoted to legal legislation, the history of the health system in the Czech Republic, different types of reimbursement of health care and health insurance status in the health system. The last part of thesis deals with analysis of health insurance, which is based on a comparison of the various health insurance companies in terms of insured persons, income from insurance premiums and expenses and health care.

Sjöförsäkring är ett samlingsnamn för en massa försäkringar ett rederi måste ha för att bedriva sjöfartsverksamhet. De två vanligaste som berör själva fartyget och dess framdrift är kasko och P&I. Genom att använda RMS TITANIC fallet ämnar studien att faställa om försäkringstagaren till fartyget har rätt till försäkringsersättning eller inte enligt modern svensk sjöförsäkring. Undersökningen ämnar titta närmare på hur försäkringsbolag tillämpar villkoren för identifikation samt vad som skiljer vårdslöshet från grov vårdslöshet, för att kunna konstatera om ersättning skall betalas ut till ägaren av RMS TITANIC. Studien använder en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer samt litteraturstudie. Resultatet visar att svenska försäkringsbolag tillämpar identifikation i ringa utsträckning som möjliggör att försäkringsskyddet för fartygsägare inte påverkas om en besättningsman agerar vårdslöst ombord men detsamma gäller inte om handlingen var grovt vårdslös. Det innebär att försäkringstagaren till RMS TITANIC har rätt till ersättning enligt modern sjöförsäkring. / Maritime insurance is a collective name for a multiple insurances a shipping company must have in order to conduct maritime operations. The two most common ones that affect the ship itself and its operation are Kasko and P&I. Using the RMS TITANIC case, the study intends to determine whether the policyholder of the vessel is entitled to insurance compensation or not according to modern Swedish maritime insurance. The study looks more closely at how insurance companies apply the terms for identification and what differentiates negligence from gross negligence, in order to determine whether compensation should be paid to the owner of RMS TITANIC. The study uses a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews and literature study. The result shows that Swedish insurance companies apply identification to a small extent, which allows insurance coverage for shipowners not to be affected if a crew acts carelessly on board, but the same does not apply if the act was grossly negligent. This means that the policyholder of RMS TITANIC is entitled to compensation according to modern maritime insurance.

Title: Customer satisfaction research for a company ePojisteni.cz s.r.o. trough the method of Net Promoter Score. Goals: The ain is to analyze satisfaction and loyalty with company ePojisteni.cz s.r.o. and propose measures that would lead to increased satisfaction and loyalty both of the sides - the customer on the one side and company ePojisteni.cz s.r.o. on the other. Methods: Satisfaction and loyalty were measured using the Net Promoter Score. It is a tool that allows rapid measurement of customer loyalty. Question: 'How likely is that you recommend us to your friends?" was sent to 400 respondents. This issue was further extended verbal evaluation. Some shortcomings I sought a solution with the product manager of the company. Results: The company ePojisteni.cz s.r.o. is broker of insurance for czech insurance company. The result of method Net Promoter Score is hopeful. The customers are very contented with this company and they are loyal. In second part of research the customers warm about some shortcomings. On these shortcomings I was looking for a solution with Product manager of the company. Keywords: loyalty, customer, insurance, insurance contract, the policyholder, insurer, insurance company, broker, agent, method, analysis.

The aim of this thesis is to understand the diffusion process of Swedish life insurance during the period c. 1830-1950, with the specific aim to understand financial modernization and social mobilization as reflected in the diffusion of life insurance to less well-to-do classes and women. In contrast to British and American experiences, the results of this thesis show that the rural classes played an important role in the diffusion of Swedish life insurance. The thesis shows that demand-side factors such as income and urbanisation cannot fully explain this diffusion of life insurance, and why additionally, non-quantitative factors need to be addressed. It is shown how cultural preferences assist in understanding the development of industrial life insurance in different countries. It is also stressed that women, in their capacity as policyholders, beneficiaries of life policies, as dependents, and their limited property rights, constituted the conditions under which the life insurance industry had to adjust and operate. In sum, female policyholders, cultural representations of women and legal constraints on women, constituted an important subset of the 'rules of the game' for the life insurance industry. Important results of the thesis are that female policyholders constituted a large part of the policyholders in the largest industrial life insurance company already in the early twentieth century. It is furthermore shown that life insurance representatives were members in organizations of the women's movement and that they acted for married women's property rights in parliament. It is also argued that different notions of 'a good death', as reflected in funeral practices, contributed to different developments of private and public insurance in Sweden and the United States. By widening the concept of 'business' and recognizing the cultural and social contexts under which the industry operated, this thesis highlights the interaction between business and social change. / "Den enskildes risk och det gemensamma åtagandet" Jan Wallanders och Tom Hedelius Stiftelse Tore Browaldhs stiftelse

保戶行動主義，也可以說是保單持有人行動主義，係指為因應保險監理國際化，兩岸監理平台的建立，及長年期保險商品的特殊性，對於積極的保單持有人，經由參與公司治理的方式，保障自身的權利。 保戶行動主義的內涵，為將相互保險公司中，保單持有人參與公司治理的模式引導至股份保險公司之中。其目的為促成保單持有人、監理官及保險公司三贏的局面。對於保單持有人而言，為積極性的權益維護，可分為三個方面：第一，因應投保後所產生的問題；第二，取代現行機制對於保單持有人保障可能的失靈或僅是消極性的事後補救措施；第三，鼓勵保單持有人與公司溝通，符合國際上的治理原則。對於監理官而言，則可降低政府對於保險業的監理成本，也就是，政府為維護保單持有人的權益及維護資金的安全性，對於保險業採用高度監理所衍生的成本。對於保險公司而言，除了經由保戶行動主義，得以降低監理強度，而增加公司的市場競爭力之外，也可藉由與保單持有人的溝通而建立正面形象，設計符合客戶需求的商品，進而創造新業績。 本研究將保戶行動主義的制度設計分為規範與架構兩方面，在制度規範形成上，採用寇恩所倡議的反思法法理；在架構設計上，則採用史特姆所建議的制度公民及觸媒組織的架構。公司治理分為內部治理與外部監理，經由反思法的自反性、同源互生性與原則性，將能加強內部治理的自律性，進而降低外部監理的強制性。然而因自發性或反思性形成規範必須經由多數人的討論，為達對話效率，則輔以電子治理網站為對話平台，並在觸媒組織中提出以「核心專家群」為網站的主導者，且為充分對話後的主要決策者，如此將可有效率的形成與廣大保單持有人的對話機制，並尋求多數人的共識，並可增加資訊揭露的透明度。 保戶行動主義中，保戶公民選任保戶董事作為代表，而對話機制則為整體制度成效的關鍵，總共分為四個層面，第一稱為保戶行動主義與法律的對話，論述保戶董事委任關係的法律性質，以及對核心專家群委任的法律性質；第二為保戶公民間的對話，著重對話品質的管理；第三為為保戶行動主義與監理的對話，藉由監理策略形成監理法規的二元規範；最後以保戶董事與股東董事間的對話機制，作為保戶行動主義與股東行動主義對話的代理行為。 為驗證保戶行動主義的有效性，本研究建構其對於治理效率與治理賽局的實證模型以用於未來的實證研究，最後並以兩岸間的弱體保險公司為個案作為說明保戶行動主義應用上的利益實效，為質性上的說明。 / Policyholder activism is to cope with the globalization of insurance supervision, the establishment of the supervision platform between Taiwan and Mainland China, and the special features of the long term insurance, in order for the active policyholders protecting their rights by participating the corporate governance. The connotation of policyholder activism refers to introduce the role of policyholders in mutual life company into the corporate governance for the stock life insurance company. It is of the all-win purpose among the policyholders, the regulator, and the insurance company. For the policyholders, it is to actively safeguard the interests of policyholders, and could be achieved by three aspects, first of all is to avoid the arguments after issuing policy; secondly is to provide an alternative to current mechanisms for the policyholders which might be failure or just a passive response afterwards; the final is to comply the global governance principle by encouraging policyholders to communicate with the corporate. For the regulator, it is to reduce the supervision costs which mainly maintain the rights of policyholders, and the security of the funds. For the insurance company, it is not only by reducing supervision power, in order to increase the market competitiveness, but also by communicating with the policyholders, in order to create the positive image, to know the needs of customers and then to increase the performance. In this study, the structure of policyholder activism is divided into the aspects of norms and framework. This study adopts the reflexive law proposed by Jean Cohen for the norms strategy, and the concepts of institutional citizenship and catalyst group proposed by Susan Sturm for the framework design. Basically, the corporate governance system can be separated into internal governance and external supervision. By three properties of the reflex law, the reflexive, the co-original and the principled, will strengthen the regulated self-regulation of internal governance into norms, thereby reducing the enforcement of external supervision. However, reflex law requires through the democracy process from people discussion to complete the norms, to improve efficacy of discussion, the platform of electronic governance (e-governance) is supposed to be applied. For this purpose, this study introduces “core expert group” in the organizational catalysts as a manager and the decision maker after fully discussion. Then it will become an efficient dialogue mechanism for the consensus with the majority of policyholders, and for the more transparency of the disclosed information. For policyholder activism, the policyholder-director(s), on behalf of the institutional citizenship of policyholders, is(are) elected, therefore the dialogue mechanism is the key of the all, it can be separated into four levels; the first level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and the law” which discourses the issues of the legal nature for policyholder-director who appointed by two parties, and the core expert group; the second level is called the “dialogue among policyholders” which focuses on the management of quality; the third level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and supervisors” to build the duality of norms by regulation strategy; and the final level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and shareholder activism” which represented by the dialogue mechanism between the policyholder-director and the shareholder-director. To validate the effectiveness of policyholder activism, this study constructs the models of performance and game theory for future empirical study. This study finally selects two cases of the impaired insurance companies each in Taiwan and Mainland China, and then discusses the qualitative benefits for the application of policyholder activism.

1.Summary - review in English The above-mentioned work comprises of two basic issues that are connected together, namely commentary on Insurance Policy Act as general introduction into the field of insurance policies and consequent and special issue of legal expenses insurance interpretation. The basic meaning of it was to introduce not only the provisons concerning insurance policies, but also to show one of the insurance policies type in details, what could be hardly possible or satisfactory without preceding description of the Insurance Policy Act. Thus, complete summary of this work will be divided into two parts; first would be the part concerning Insurance Policy Act and second would be the part concerning legal expenses insurance. 1.1.Insurance Policy Act - Summary The first part of this work concerned, as mentioned above, the Insurance Policy Act, whereas my primary aim was to interpret provisions of this act that were worth it and point out namely on imperfections of the existing legislature. It wasn't and wouldn't be of any significant value just to copy and paste individual provisions of the act, therefore, this work aimed primarily on introduction of new ideas and as a basis for that served a confrontation with the actual wording and its interpretation, whereas plain consent with what was...