Le complexe de Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) a été caractérisé après impregnation sur silice (S1) et a silices modifié avec MAO (4,0, 8,0 et 23,0 wt.% Al/SiO2 appelé S2, S3 et S4, respectivement). Le traitement de ces composés greffé avec MAO produit des catalyseurs actifs pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène. Un haute activité catalytique a été obtenue en utilisant le système supporté 1/S3 (196 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min et pression atmosphérique d'éthylène). Les effets des conditions de la polymérisation ont été testés avec le catalyseur greffé S2 et la meilleure activité catalytique a été obtenue avec le solvant hexane, MAO comme cocatalyseur, la proportion molaire Al/Ni de 1000 et à la température de 30°C (285 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). Quand la réaction a été conduite selon la méthodologie in situ, l'activité a pratiquement doublé et les polymères ont montré des propriétés semblables. Les polymères produits par les catalyseurs supportés ont montré l'absence de température de fusion, resultats senblables à seux obtenus avec les systèms homogène par analyse DSC. En revanche, le polymères obtenus avec les système greffé presentent selon les courbes GPC une (MwD) polydispersité qui varie de 1,7 à 7,0. Un mélange de polyéthylène lineaire et ramifié (BPE/LPE) préparé utilisant les complexes Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- acenaphthenediimine) et {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5- mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) greffés in situ sur silice modifiée avec MAO (4,0 wt. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Les réactions de polymérisation ont été exécutées dans le toluène à deux températures différentes (0 et 30°C), variant la fraction molaires du nickel (xNi), et utilisan MAO comme cocatalyseur externe. A toutes les températures, les activités montrent une tendence de variation linéaire avec xNi et indiquent l´absence d´effet synerque entre les espéces de nickel et du titane. Des activités les plus elèvees ont été trouvées à 0°C. Les températures de fusion pour les mélanges de polyéthylène produits à 0 °C diminuent alors que xNi augmente l'indiquant une bonne compatibilité entre les phases du polyéthylène obtenues avec les deux catalyseurs. La température de fusion des mélanges de polyéthylène dépendre de l'ordre selon lequel les catalyseurs ont été greffés sur la silice modifiée avec MAO. L'immobilisation initiale de 1 sur le support (2/1/S2) produit des polymères avec une temperature de fusion (Tm) inférieure à celle des polymère obtenus lorsque le titane a etè greffé inicialment 1/2/S2. L´observation des polyèthylènes obtenus avec les deux systèms (2/1/S2 et 1/2/S2) par microscopie electronique à balayage (SEM) a montré la formation de polymére sphérique montrant que la morphologie sphérique du support à été reproduite. Sont décrits la synthèse, la caractérisation et les propriètès catalytique pour l'oligomerization de l'éthylène de quatre composés organometalliques du CrIII possèdante les ligands (([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine]chromiun(III)chloride (3a), [bis[2- (3,5-dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl] benzylamine]chromiun(III)chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). Concernent l'oligomerization, exception faite du composè 3a, tous les complexe du chrome se sont montré actif après activation avec MAO et les FR obtenues ont une effet differencie à celles atteintes avec CrCl3(thf)3. La coordination d´un ligand tridentatè sur le centre metallique ne provoque pas de changements considérables sur la formation des C4 et C6, mais la montantè de C8 est diminuèe et celles des C10 et +C12 ont ètè augmentèes. Les polymères produits par le catalyseur 3a à 3 et 20 atm d'éthylène possèdent, selon les analyses par DSC la températures de fusion de 133,8 et 136ºC respectivement. Ceci indique que dans les deux cas la production de polyèthylène de haut densité. Effectivement le masse molar moyenne, obtenus par GPC, est de 46647 g/mol avec Mw/Mn = 2,4 (3 atm). Le système 3c/MAO a montré des valeurs de FR, activité et sélectivité à α-olefins differents selon la pression d´éthylène utilisèe. Se qui montré une grand sensibilitè à la concentration d´éthylène solubilisè. / The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.

Neste trabalho, foram utilizados catalisadores do tipo MgCl2-DIBP/TiCl4/AlR3/Doador de Elétrons Externo (DE) e MgCl2/TiCl4/AlR3/DE na polimerização de propileno e etileno .Os catalisadores foram analisados por Espetroscopia Fotoeletrônica de Raios-X (XPS) e Espectroscopia de Estrutura Fina Estendida de Absorção de Raios-X (EXAFS). Para caracterização estrutural dos polímeros sintetizados, utilizou-se a técnica de fracionamento por eluição com gradiente de temperatura (TREF), fracionamento por cristalização em solução (CRYSTAF) e 13C-NMR aliadas a outras técnicas de caracterização como GPC e FT-IR. Os resultados obtidos correlacionam as mudanças na estrutura química e eletrônica das espécies ativas com as propriedades microestruturais e estruturais dos polímeros sintetizados. Conclui-se que a utilização doador de elétrons interno, de diferentes doadores de elétrons externos e alquilalumínios, geram modificações no caráter catiônico do centro metálico e alteram as distâncias de ligação deste aos visinhos mais próximos, especialmente o Cl. Essas mudanças de ordem eletrônica e estrutural, geram polímeros com diferentes caraterísticas em termos de composição química e peso molecular. Foi formulada uma proposta de correlação entre essas modificações e a estrutura dos polímeros gerados. / In this work, two catalysts based on MgCl2-DIBP/TiCl4/AlR3/External electron Donor (ED) and MgCl2/TiCl4/AlR3/DE have been used for propylene and ethylene polymerisations. The catalysts were analyzed by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Extended XRay Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). For the structural characterization of polymers, Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (TREF), Crystallization Fractionation (CRYSTAF) and 13C-NMR were used in combination with other advanced techniques like GPC e FT-IR. The results obtained correlate the changes in the chemical and electronic structures of the active species with micro structural and structural changes of the polymers. It has been concluded that the used of internal electron donors, different external electron donors, and alkylaluminum, generate a modification in the cationic character of active center with changes in the bond distances of the nearest neighbors of the titanium, especially the Cl. These electronic and structural changes in the catalysts generate polymers with different chemical and molecular weight distributions. A correlation has been formulated between these changes and the structure of the polymers.

lonômeros constituem-se numa classe de materiais interessantes do ponto de vista tecnológico devido a suas propriedades especiais. No caso de ionômeros elastoméricos, estes materiais apresentam uma combinação de propriedades elastoméricas e termoplásticas, sendo vantajosos do ponto de vista de processamento e reciclagem. Neste trabalho, foram obtidos ionômeros a partir de copolímeros estatísticos e em bloco de isopreno e estireno, com teores de íons variando de 6 à 10 %. Os copolímeros foram preparados através de polimerização aniônica e caracterizados via RMN-1H, FTIR e GPC. As ligações duplas das unidades de isopreno foram reduzidas utilizandose como agente hidrogenante a diimida, gerada in situ pela termólise da ptoluenossulfonilhidrazida. Através de RMN-1 H comprovou-se que houve uma redução de quase 100 % das ligações duplas. Através de GPC verificou-se que não ocorreu alteração dos pesos moleculares dos copolímeros durante a hidrogenaçAo. Uma solução de sulfato de acetila foi utilizada pera introduzir grupamentos -S03H nas unidades de estireno dos copoUmeros hidrogenados. Observou-se que os grupamentos sulfônicos estavam localizados preferencialmente na posição "para" do anel aromático. Também após a sulfonação não foi verificada alteração significativa dos pesos moleculares dos copolímeros. Os grupamentos sulfônicos foram neutralizados com trimetilsilanolato de sódio. Através de DSC verificou-se que ocorreu apenas uma pequena variação nos valores de Tg dos ionômeros em relação aos valores observados para seus copolímeros originais. Ensaios de tensão-deformação mostraram que ocorre um aumento da resistência à deformação e uma diminuição da deformação residual dos ionômeros como o aumento do teor de íons e do peso molecular dos copolímeros. / lonomers are an interesting class of materiais from the technological point of view due to their special properties. In the case of elastorneric ionomers these materiais present a combination of elastomeric and termoplastic properties, interesting from processing and recycling point of view. In this work, ionomers were prepared from isoprene and styrene random and block copolymers, with ion contents varying from 6 to 10 %. The copolymers were prepared by anionic polymerization and characterized by 1 H-NMR, FTIR and GPC. The double bonds of isoprene units were reduced using lhe diimide as an hydrogenating agent, produced in situ by the thermolysis of ptoluenesulfonylhydrazine. It was observed by 1 H-NMR an almost complete reduction of the double bonds. The GPC analysis showed that there was no variation in the molecular weight of the copolymers during the hydrogenation An acetyl sutfate solution was used to introduce -S03H groups in lhe styrene units of the hydrogenated copolymers. It was observed that the sulfonic groups were introduced preferentially in the para position of the aromaticring. AIso, after the sulfonation, no significant variation in the molecular weight of the copolymers was observed. The sulfonic groups introduced were neutralized with sodium trimethylsilanolate. Only a small variation in the Tg values of the ionomers, when compared with the values of their original copolymers, was observed in the DSC traces. Stress-strain experiments showed an improvement in the strain resistance and in the residual strain as the ions content and the molecular weight of the copolymers increase.

Le complexe de Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) a été caractérisé après impregnation sur silice (S1) et a silices modifié avec MAO (4,0, 8,0 et 23,0 wt.% Al/SiO2 appelé S2, S3 et S4, respectivement). Le traitement de ces composés greffé avec MAO produit des catalyseurs actifs pour la polymérisation de l'éthylène. Un haute activité catalytique a été obtenue en utilisant le système supporté 1/S3 (196 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min et pression atmosphérique d'éthylène). Les effets des conditions de la polymérisation ont été testés avec le catalyseur greffé S2 et la meilleure activité catalytique a été obtenue avec le solvant hexane, MAO comme cocatalyseur, la proportion molaire Al/Ni de 1000 et à la température de 30°C (285 kg de PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). Quand la réaction a été conduite selon la méthodologie in situ, l'activité a pratiquement doublé et les polymères ont montré des propriétés semblables. Les polymères produits par les catalyseurs supportés ont montré l'absence de température de fusion, resultats senblables à seux obtenus avec les systèms homogène par analyse DSC. En revanche, le polymères obtenus avec les système greffé presentent selon les courbes GPC une (MwD) polydispersité qui varie de 1,7 à 7,0. Un mélange de polyéthylène lineaire et ramifié (BPE/LPE) préparé utilisant les complexes Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- acenaphthenediimine) et {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5- mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) greffés in situ sur silice modifiée avec MAO (4,0 wt. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Les réactions de polymérisation ont été exécutées dans le toluène à deux températures différentes (0 et 30°C), variant la fraction molaires du nickel (xNi), et utilisan MAO comme cocatalyseur externe. A toutes les températures, les activités montrent une tendence de variation linéaire avec xNi et indiquent l´absence d´effet synerque entre les espéces de nickel et du titane. Des activités les plus elèvees ont été trouvées à 0°C. Les températures de fusion pour les mélanges de polyéthylène produits à 0 °C diminuent alors que xNi augmente l'indiquant une bonne compatibilité entre les phases du polyéthylène obtenues avec les deux catalyseurs. La température de fusion des mélanges de polyéthylène dépendre de l'ordre selon lequel les catalyseurs ont été greffés sur la silice modifiée avec MAO. L'immobilisation initiale de 1 sur le support (2/1/S2) produit des polymères avec une temperature de fusion (Tm) inférieure à celle des polymère obtenus lorsque le titane a etè greffé inicialment 1/2/S2. L´observation des polyèthylènes obtenus avec les deux systèms (2/1/S2 et 1/2/S2) par microscopie electronique à balayage (SEM) a montré la formation de polymére sphérique montrant que la morphologie sphérique du support à été reproduite. Sont décrits la synthèse, la caractérisation et les propriètès catalytique pour l'oligomerization de l'éthylène de quatre composés organometalliques du CrIII possèdante les ligands (([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine]chromiun(III)chloride (3a), [bis[2- (3,5-dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl] benzylamine]chromiun(III)chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). Concernent l'oligomerization, exception faite du composè 3a, tous les complexe du chrome se sont montré actif après activation avec MAO et les FR obtenues ont une effet differencie à celles atteintes avec CrCl3(thf)3. La coordination d´un ligand tridentatè sur le centre metallique ne provoque pas de changements considérables sur la formation des C4 et C6, mais la montantè de C8 est diminuèe et celles des C10 et +C12 ont ètè augmentèes. Les polymères produits par le catalyseur 3a à 3 et 20 atm d'éthylène possèdent, selon les analyses par DSC la températures de fusion de 133,8 et 136ºC respectivement. Ceci indique que dans les deux cas la production de polyèthylène de haut densité. Effectivement le masse molar moyenne, obtenus par GPC, est de 46647 g/mol avec Mw/Mn = 2,4 (3 atm). Le système 3c/MAO a montré des valeurs de FR, activité et sélectivité à α-olefins differents selon la pression d´éthylène utilisèe. Se qui montré une grand sensibilitè à la concentration d´éthylène solubilisè. / The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.

Neste trabalho, foram utilizados catalisadores do tipo MgCl2-DIBP/TiCl4/AlR3/Doador de Elétrons Externo (DE) e MgCl2/TiCl4/AlR3/DE na polimerização de propileno e etileno .Os catalisadores foram analisados por Espetroscopia Fotoeletrônica de Raios-X (XPS) e Espectroscopia de Estrutura Fina Estendida de Absorção de Raios-X (EXAFS). Para caracterização estrutural dos polímeros sintetizados, utilizou-se a técnica de fracionamento por eluição com gradiente de temperatura (TREF), fracionamento por cristalização em solução (CRYSTAF) e 13C-NMR aliadas a outras técnicas de caracterização como GPC e FT-IR. Os resultados obtidos correlacionam as mudanças na estrutura química e eletrônica das espécies ativas com as propriedades microestruturais e estruturais dos polímeros sintetizados. Conclui-se que a utilização doador de elétrons interno, de diferentes doadores de elétrons externos e alquilalumínios, geram modificações no caráter catiônico do centro metálico e alteram as distâncias de ligação deste aos visinhos mais próximos, especialmente o Cl. Essas mudanças de ordem eletrônica e estrutural, geram polímeros com diferentes caraterísticas em termos de composição química e peso molecular. Foi formulada uma proposta de correlação entre essas modificações e a estrutura dos polímeros gerados. / In this work, two catalysts based on MgCl2-DIBP/TiCl4/AlR3/External electron Donor (ED) and MgCl2/TiCl4/AlR3/DE have been used for propylene and ethylene polymerisations. The catalysts were analyzed by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Extended XRay Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). For the structural characterization of polymers, Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (TREF), Crystallization Fractionation (CRYSTAF) and 13C-NMR were used in combination with other advanced techniques like GPC e FT-IR. The results obtained correlate the changes in the chemical and electronic structures of the active species with micro structural and structural changes of the polymers. It has been concluded that the used of internal electron donors, different external electron donors, and alkylaluminum, generate a modification in the cationic character of active center with changes in the bond distances of the nearest neighbors of the titanium, especially the Cl. These electronic and structural changes in the catalysts generate polymers with different chemical and molecular weight distributions. A correlation has been formulated between these changes and the structure of the polymers.

Foram preparados três tipos de precursores catalíticos homogêneos a base de zirconocênos: os complexos estereorrígidos Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 e iPrCpFluZrCh 2 contendo simetria C2 e Cs, respectivamente, e o complexo Ind2ZrCh 3. Estes complexos, em presença de metilaluminoxanas (MAO), polimerizam propeno conduzindo a três diferentes tipos de polipropileno. Os complexos estereorrígidos 1 e 2 conduzem a polímeros estereorregulares, iso e sindiotáticos, respectivamente, enquanto o complexo 3 produz polipropileno atático. O grau de estereorregularidade do polímero é dependente da temperatura de polimerização, assim, a baixas temperaturas foram obtidos polímeros altamente estereorregulares, com maiores peso moleculares, Tm eTc. A microestrutura dos polímeros foi determinada por RMN de 13C. / We have carried out three different kinds of homogeneous catalyst based on zirconocenes: stereorigid complexes Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 ,and iPrCpFluZrCb 2 with symmetry C2 e Cs respectively and the complex Ind2ZrCh 3. These complexes together with methylaluminoxane (MAO) can polymerise propene leading to three different kinds of polypropylene. These stereorigid complexes (1 and 2) lead to stereoregular polymers iso and syndiotatic respectively while the complex 3 lead to atatic polypropylene. The polymer stereorigid degree is related with the polymer temperature thus we have obtained high stereoregular polymers with high molecular weight, Tm and Te. The polymers microstructure were obtained by 13C NMR.

Uma das propostas deste trabalho é a investigação da Polimerização, por Transferência de Grupo (GTP) de monômeros metacrílicos contendo anel aromático p-substituído. Os momômeros estudados foram os metacrilatos de: (a) p-nitrofenila (P-N02PhMA), (b) p-bromofenila (p-BrPhMA) que contêm grupos retiradores de elétrons diminuindo a densidade eletrônica no anel aromático e (c) p-metilfenila (p-MPhMA) e (d) p-metoxifenila (p-MOPhMA) que contêm grupos doadores de elétrons aumentando assim a densidade eletrônica no anel. A GTP é realizada em solução de tetraidrofurano (TH F), tendo como iniciador o [( 1-metoxi-2-metil)-1-propeniloxi] trimetilsilano (MTS) e como catalisador o fluoreto de tetrabutilamônio (TBF). O comportamento do monômero frente à polimerização é então explicado através das propostas de mecanismo existentes, levando-se em conta a predominância do efeito eletrônico. A não obtenção de polímero via GTP foi justificada por despolarização da dupla ligação do metacrilato, no caso de substituintes doadores de elétrons. E no caso de substituintes retiradores de elétrons pela estabilização do intermediário de reação, um enolato, através de uma deslocalização da carga negativa que diminui a nucleofilia do oxigênio da carbonila do éster. Outra proposta é o estudo da polimerização radicalar do metacrilato de p-metoxifenila (p-MOPhMA). A homopolimerização foi executada a diferentes tempos para obtenção de dados cinéticos. Ficou evidenciado a ausência de efeito Trommsdorff para este monômero bem como uma predominância da etapa de propagação sobre a de terminação. A análise termogravimétrica (TGA) evidenciou a presença de ligações fracas, resultado indicativo de que a terminação é predominantemente por desproporcionamento. A calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) indica que estes defeitos ou são poucos ou estão na extremidade da cadeia, já que o valor da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) é mais ou menos constante em 135°C. Um estudo da copolimerização do p-MOPhMA com o metacrilato de metila (MMA), através da determinação das razões de reatividade pelo método de Kelen-Tüdõs, indicou que há uma predominância de incorporação do p-MOPhMA no copolímero, com valores de rp-MOPhMA = 1,9 e rMMA = 0,5. Também foi testada a introdução de 4-feniltriazolinadiona (4-PTD) no homopolímero de p-MOPhMA, com o objetivo de usar a 4-PTD como agente reticulante na obtenção de redes poliméricas interpenetrantes. A reação de introdução da 4-PTD na funcionalidade latente do homopolímero ocorre lentamente, fornecendo ao final um produto de cor amarelada. Esta cor é um indicativo de que o grupo urazola se ligou ao anel aromático rico em elétrons. A incorporação deste grupo na cadeia polimérica foi verificada por análise elementar e espectroscopias de infra-vermelho e de RMN-H1 . / This work presents two main goals centered on the synthesis of polymers with well defined structures. First, it provides additional information on the investigation of the mechanism for group transfer polymerization (GTP), by looking at the electronic effects of substituent groups on para-substituted phenyl methacrylates as monomers for GTP. Electron acceptor and donor groups, with different strength, were introduced; namely, para-bromo, para-nitro, para-methyl, para-methoxy. GTP was carried out using MTS as initiator and TBF as catalyst. The behaviour of monomers is rationalized through the prevailing mechanistic proposals. Due to the highly extended 1t-system, electronic effects originating at the phenyl ring can affect the charge density at two sites, the carbonyl and the vinyl groups; thus changing the balance between nucleophilic and electrophilic requirements for the establishment of the activated complex in the GTP. Our evidences support an ionic mechanism. Secondly, the free radical polymerization of para-methoxyphenyl methacrylate was studied. Homopolymerization was accomplished to generate kinetic data, to generate samples for further investigations on the thermal behaviour of this polymer and, also, to verify the potential of the electron rich para-methoxyphenyl pendent group as specific site for controlled formation of architectural controlled networks through reaction with bistriazolinediones crosslinking agents. Kinetic results revealed absence of Trommsdorff effect and definitive predominance of propagation over termination, showing that this monomer may have a good potential for living radical polymerization. TGA and DSC studies on homopolymer samples pointed out to the existence of diferent weak bonds and its probable locations, which can be correlated to the nature of the termination step. Low thermal stabilities of these architectural deffective samples jeopardized their technological potential. A free radical copolymerization study with methyl methacrylate was also done; showing a predominance on the incorporation of p-MOPhMA, since reatcivity ratios are: rp-MOPhMA = 1.9 and rMMA = 0.5 . Evidences pointed out to occurrence of block segments of aromatic repeating unit. Reaction of 4-phenyltriazolinedione (4-PTD) with homo poly(p-MOPhMA) was rather slow, although quantitative in character. Reaction carried out in chlorobenzene, at room temperature, took several hours to go to completion and a quantitative modification of 10%mol of repeating unit was achieved. Adduct was characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis and NMR-H1 . A carbonyl group direct linked to the electron rich aromatic ring led to a drastic reduction on the reaction rate, insertion of a spacing group will allow this pendant group to be used as specific site for triazolinedione-based crosslinkers or main chain modifiers.

Foram preparados três tipos de precursores catalíticos homogêneos a base de zirconocênos: os complexos estereorrígidos Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 e iPrCpFluZrCh 2 contendo simetria C2 e Cs, respectivamente, e o complexo Ind2ZrCh 3. Estes complexos, em presença de metilaluminoxanas (MAO), polimerizam propeno conduzindo a três diferentes tipos de polipropileno. Os complexos estereorrígidos 1 e 2 conduzem a polímeros estereorregulares, iso e sindiotáticos, respectivamente, enquanto o complexo 3 produz polipropileno atático. O grau de estereorregularidade do polímero é dependente da temperatura de polimerização, assim, a baixas temperaturas foram obtidos polímeros altamente estereorregulares, com maiores peso moleculares, Tm eTc. A microestrutura dos polímeros foi determinada por RMN de 13C. / We have carried out three different kinds of homogeneous catalyst based on zirconocenes: stereorigid complexes Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 ,and iPrCpFluZrCb 2 with symmetry C2 e Cs respectively and the complex Ind2ZrCh 3. These complexes together with methylaluminoxane (MAO) can polymerise propene leading to three different kinds of polypropylene. These stereorigid complexes (1 and 2) lead to stereoregular polymers iso and syndiotatic respectively while the complex 3 lead to atatic polypropylene. The polymer stereorigid degree is related with the polymer temperature thus we have obtained high stereoregular polymers with high molecular weight, Tm and Te. The polymers microstructure were obtained by 13C NMR.

Foram preparados três tipos de precursores catalíticos homogêneos a base de zirconocênos: os complexos estereorrígidos Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 e iPrCpFluZrCh 2 contendo simetria C2 e Cs, respectivamente, e o complexo Ind2ZrCh 3. Estes complexos, em presença de metilaluminoxanas (MAO), polimerizam propeno conduzindo a três diferentes tipos de polipropileno. Os complexos estereorrígidos 1 e 2 conduzem a polímeros estereorregulares, iso e sindiotáticos, respectivamente, enquanto o complexo 3 produz polipropileno atático. O grau de estereorregularidade do polímero é dependente da temperatura de polimerização, assim, a baixas temperaturas foram obtidos polímeros altamente estereorregulares, com maiores peso moleculares, Tm eTc. A microestrutura dos polímeros foi determinada por RMN de 13C. / We have carried out three different kinds of homogeneous catalyst based on zirconocenes: stereorigid complexes Et(Ind)2ZrCh 1 ,and iPrCpFluZrCb 2 with symmetry C2 e Cs respectively and the complex Ind2ZrCh 3. These complexes together with methylaluminoxane (MAO) can polymerise propene leading to three different kinds of polypropylene. These stereorigid complexes (1 and 2) lead to stereoregular polymers iso and syndiotatic respectively while the complex 3 lead to atatic polypropylene. The polymer stereorigid degree is related with the polymer temperature thus we have obtained high stereoregular polymers with high molecular weight, Tm and Te. The polymers microstructure were obtained by 13C NMR.

Uma das propostas deste trabalho é a investigação da Polimerização, por Transferência de Grupo (GTP) de monômeros metacrílicos contendo anel aromático p-substituído. Os momômeros estudados foram os metacrilatos de: (a) p-nitrofenila (P-N02PhMA), (b) p-bromofenila (p-BrPhMA) que contêm grupos retiradores de elétrons diminuindo a densidade eletrônica no anel aromático e (c) p-metilfenila (p-MPhMA) e (d) p-metoxifenila (p-MOPhMA) que contêm grupos doadores de elétrons aumentando assim a densidade eletrônica no anel. A GTP é realizada em solução de tetraidrofurano (TH F), tendo como iniciador o [( 1-metoxi-2-metil)-1-propeniloxi] trimetilsilano (MTS) e como catalisador o fluoreto de tetrabutilamônio (TBF). O comportamento do monômero frente à polimerização é então explicado através das propostas de mecanismo existentes, levando-se em conta a predominância do efeito eletrônico. A não obtenção de polímero via GTP foi justificada por despolarização da dupla ligação do metacrilato, no caso de substituintes doadores de elétrons. E no caso de substituintes retiradores de elétrons pela estabilização do intermediário de reação, um enolato, através de uma deslocalização da carga negativa que diminui a nucleofilia do oxigênio da carbonila do éster. Outra proposta é o estudo da polimerização radicalar do metacrilato de p-metoxifenila (p-MOPhMA). A homopolimerização foi executada a diferentes tempos para obtenção de dados cinéticos. Ficou evidenciado a ausência de efeito Trommsdorff para este monômero bem como uma predominância da etapa de propagação sobre a de terminação. A análise termogravimétrica (TGA) evidenciou a presença de ligações fracas, resultado indicativo de que a terminação é predominantemente por desproporcionamento. A calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) indica que estes defeitos ou são poucos ou estão na extremidade da cadeia, já que o valor da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) é mais ou menos constante em 135°C. Um estudo da copolimerização do p-MOPhMA com o metacrilato de metila (MMA), através da determinação das razões de reatividade pelo método de Kelen-Tüdõs, indicou que há uma predominância de incorporação do p-MOPhMA no copolímero, com valores de rp-MOPhMA = 1,9 e rMMA = 0,5. Também foi testada a introdução de 4-feniltriazolinadiona (4-PTD) no homopolímero de p-MOPhMA, com o objetivo de usar a 4-PTD como agente reticulante na obtenção de redes poliméricas interpenetrantes. A reação de introdução da 4-PTD na funcionalidade latente do homopolímero ocorre lentamente, fornecendo ao final um produto de cor amarelada. Esta cor é um indicativo de que o grupo urazola se ligou ao anel aromático rico em elétrons. A incorporação deste grupo na cadeia polimérica foi verificada por análise elementar e espectroscopias de infra-vermelho e de RMN-H1 . / This work presents two main goals centered on the synthesis of polymers with well defined structures. First, it provides additional information on the investigation of the mechanism for group transfer polymerization (GTP), by looking at the electronic effects of substituent groups on para-substituted phenyl methacrylates as monomers for GTP. Electron acceptor and donor groups, with different strength, were introduced; namely, para-bromo, para-nitro, para-methyl, para-methoxy. GTP was carried out using MTS as initiator and TBF as catalyst. The behaviour of monomers is rationalized through the prevailing mechanistic proposals. Due to the highly extended 1t-system, electronic effects originating at the phenyl ring can affect the charge density at two sites, the carbonyl and the vinyl groups; thus changing the balance between nucleophilic and electrophilic requirements for the establishment of the activated complex in the GTP. Our evidences support an ionic mechanism. Secondly, the free radical polymerization of para-methoxyphenyl methacrylate was studied. Homopolymerization was accomplished to generate kinetic data, to generate samples for further investigations on the thermal behaviour of this polymer and, also, to verify the potential of the electron rich para-methoxyphenyl pendent group as specific site for controlled formation of architectural controlled networks through reaction with bistriazolinediones crosslinking agents. Kinetic results revealed absence of Trommsdorff effect and definitive predominance of propagation over termination, showing that this monomer may have a good potential for living radical polymerization. TGA and DSC studies on homopolymer samples pointed out to the existence of diferent weak bonds and its probable locations, which can be correlated to the nature of the termination step. Low thermal stabilities of these architectural deffective samples jeopardized their technological potential. A free radical copolymerization study with methyl methacrylate was also done; showing a predominance on the incorporation of p-MOPhMA, since reatcivity ratios are: rp-MOPhMA = 1.9 and rMMA = 0.5 . Evidences pointed out to occurrence of block segments of aromatic repeating unit. Reaction of 4-phenyltriazolinedione (4-PTD) with homo poly(p-MOPhMA) was rather slow, although quantitative in character. Reaction carried out in chlorobenzene, at room temperature, took several hours to go to completion and a quantitative modification of 10%mol of repeating unit was achieved. Adduct was characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis and NMR-H1 . A carbonyl group direct linked to the electron rich aromatic ring led to a drastic reduction on the reaction rate, insertion of a spacing group will allow this pendant group to be used as specific site for triazolinedione-based crosslinkers or main chain modifiers.