The united nations from 1950 to 1960

Congress party

This study analyses the politics of knowledge, through the political that was the call to dissolve the Philosophical Society of Southern Africa (PSSA); a call that was made at the 2017 January Annual Conference at Rhodes University, Eastern Cape – South Africa. An analysis of knowledge as political seeks to demonstrate how the philosophical community situates decoloniality in our context, necessitating that social theorists respond meaningfully. The study demonstrates how an analysis of the PSSA, highlights the political and historical machinations that influence the knowledge project. The call to dissolve the PSSA revealed the political and historical machinations of the knowledge project, along with the rationale of the decolonial philosopher, i.e. revealing loci of enunciation(s). The study therefore, locates the discipline of Philosophy within the decolonial debate that presently preoccupies the contemporary scholar and the University, more broadly. I highlight how the call to dissolve the PSSA offers insights into decolonial struggles while substantiating the claim of Knowledge as Political. The speakers’ loci of enunciation reveal the author’s political underpinnings and how these influence their knowledge claims. Revealing the politics of knowledge is aligned with the aims of the decolonial philosopher who attempts to respond to epistemic injustices. In response to epistemic injustices that are both historically situated, while highlighting the political motivations of the knowledge project, I propose the use of the Black Archive. The Black Archive is constitutive of the works of Black/Indigenous literato, poets, musicians and artists who were thinking through and theorising the Fact of Blackness/Indigeneity even as they were excluded from knowledge production institutions; i.e. the South African University. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation / Political Sciences / MA / Unrestricted

This dissertation addresses two central questions: first, does the post-apartheid bureaucracy have the characteristics of a developmental state? Second, which political interests have shaped the character of the post-apartheid bureaucracy? The research questions are addressed by analysing three macroeconomic policies implemented between 1994 and 2009, with a specific focus on ASGISA. Economic policy is essential in this analysis, because it describes the relationship between the state and markets. This investigation is guided by the following key variables: nature of developmental institutions; state-society relations; and economic intervention. The study argued that the post-apartheid government has failed to develop the bureaucratic features of a developmental state. It points out that the state’s bureaucracy has not had the policy synergy, coordination and institutional efficiency found in developmental states. Another crucial argument advanced in this study is the inability of the bureaucracy to create productive state and society relations. The study argues that this lack of social capital can be attributed to the following factors: lack of autonomy, acrimonious relations between key economic actors, political contestation, and marginalization of citizens. Moreover, the dissertation illustrates that the bureaucratic interventions in the economy have not been sufficient for building a developmental state. The post-apartheid government has largely neglected microeconomic policy development. It has over-emphasized liberal macroeconomic policy, whilst paying minimal attention to implementing an effective industrial strategy. Furthermore, the state has not provided sufficient leadership in the economy. It has not succeeded in guiding or coordinating economic activities towards the goals of industrialization, economic restructuring and increasing the levels of human development. This is related to the last shortfall of the bureaucracy: the inability of the state to use state ownership and regulation effectively. The study points out that the lack of policy clarity on state ownership and regulation has hampered efforts to coordinate socioeconomic development. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Political Sciences / MA / Unrestricted

The study conceptualises self-writing through the lived experiences of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and Assata Shakur. The specific focus is on three themes, namely: torture, authorisation, and liberation. These themes are discussed through narrative and thematic analysis that aims at emphasising how the text can be analysed through meaning, symbols and patterns. It is through torture, authorisation, and liberation that the significance of self-writing as a mode of writing engages and facilitates the narrative accounts of Shakur and Madikizela-Mandela. This thesis provides a background of the concept of self-writing and it sets a context of how the concept evolved based on different interpretations by scholars. Foucault (1997) as a key scholar who developed the concept of self-writing highlights that it is about writing the self to freedom and it is an act of being self-intimate. Mbembe (2001) builds on Foucault but presents a different mode of writing. He proposes self-writing through African modes of writing, which he then theorises as African subjectivity. The conceptions and observations of Foucault and Mbembe are fundamental as a point of departure in how self-writing is conceptualised in this thesis. The underpinning similarity of both conceptualisations is centred on how self-writing advocates for the self-attaining a sense of being. Thus, in this, thesis the notion of attaining being emerges as a point of departure in how self-writing is analysed in this thesis. Self-writing justifies as to why the narratives of Shakur and Madikizela-Mandela cannot only be reduced to autobiographical works, but rather expand into texts that have political significance. It also explains the position of the hold, simply defined it is a position in which the black body exists within confinement. It is a captured space that is both in and out of prison which the black body finds itself within. The concept derives from the work of Sharpe (2016). The discussions in this thesis reveal the interconnectedness of the experiences of Shakur and Madikizela-Mandela encounters. Moreover, they illustrate how self-writing is illuminated through political resistance. Self-writing in this thesis is re-imagined as a concept that propagates a political imaginary that is not only for the individual self to attain consciousness, but it is a communal political imaginary. Ultimately, this thesis illustrates how self-writing is a mode of writing that not only occurs through textual evidence but it transcends to a way of life. Additionally, self-writing is a continuous process that awakens one’s consciousness and consequently that of others. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Political Sciences / PhD / Restricted

The goal of this dissertation is to explore the effects of large agricultural investments on food systems change around Nanyuki, Kenya and in the Nacala corridor, Mozambique. Specifically, the effects of these investments on land, the food supply chains, food environments, and food consumption were studied. In Africa, food systems already change against a backdrop of global food system pressures, such as the inroads of supermarkets, and local drivers, such as demographic and economic changes. The large agricultural investments likely intersect with these changes, but if the investments amplify them, and to what degree, is less known. Methodologically, a postpositivist mixed-methods approach was used for an instrumental case study design with study areas in Kenya and Mozambique. Multiple data collection techniques were used, including (un)structured interviews and a household survey, and data were analysed through inductive thematic analysis and between-groups analysis. The results show myriad effects of the investments to food systems, including to land, self-production, agricultural engagement, food distribution and food environments. Overall, the investments linked with more modern food systems that were characterised by lower self-production and higher diet diversity. This change occurred through ‘hybrid modernity’ rather than linear modernity as certain traditional dynamics strengthen alongside modernisation processes. In the end, more inclusive food governance arrangements, such as food sovereignty, can counteract some of the adverse effects of large agricultural investments. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Political Sciences / PhD / Unrestricted

Mestrado em Direito / Law / O presente trabalho tem como objecto de estudo a Polícia Municipal, um novo modelo de polícia que veicula a almejada descentralização territorial da segurança, consagrada constitucionalmente em 1997 com a IV Revisão à Constituição da República Portuguesa. Para se obter uma maior percepção do desempenho desta polícia no terreno, recorreu-se a uma amostra de estudo que compreende as Polícias Municipais inseridas na área metropolitana do Porto. Pretende-se a concretização de determinados objectivos, sendo o primeiro dar a conhecer os contextos e conceitos históricos/jurídicos subjacentes à sua criação, em seguida demonstrar que a Polícia Municipal, apesar de possuir uma natureza essencialmente administrativa, tem como atribuição a cooperação com as Forças de Segurança na manutenção da tranquilidade pública e protecção das comunidades locais, e deriva da prossecução das suas atribuições e competências o contacto directo e permanente com o crime, ainda que restrito ao flagrante delito, desempenhando a tão afamada subsidiariedade e complementaridade com as Forças de Segurança. Pretende-se, ainda, demonstrar que a limitação imposta por Lei, ao desempenho de competências de órgão de Polícia Criminal, no estrito cumprimento das suas funções, retira operacionalidade e aumenta o volume de trabalho nas Forças de Segurança, dado que são estas últimas que têm que efectuar todo o procedimento processual penal inerente à detenção do autor do crime, e o dever de colaborarem no inquérito promovido pelo Ministério Público. O trabalho encontra-se dividido em três capítulos, sendo o primeiro relativo ao enquadramento teórico da Polícia Municipal no ordenamento jurídico português; o segundo patenteia a materialização desta polícia e os seus serviços em alguns Municípios que compreendem a área metropolitana do Porto; e o terceiro compreende o estudo avaliativo entre as diferentes personalidades jurídicas que cooperam no terreno com a Polícia Municipal e, ainda, a filosofia do policiamento de proximidade, a sua potencialidade na sociedade portuguesa e a sua possível realização através da Polícia Municipal. O estudo permite extrair as principais conclusões de que a legitimidade de actuação e autoridade das Policias Municipais residem não só da letra da Lei, como se encontram ainda justificadas historicamente. Após a análise jurídica, não se vislumbra impedimento ao desempenho de órgão de Polícia Criminal no estrito cumprimento das suas competências. Este modelo existe em mais países Europeus, tendo evoluído em todas as frentes acabando por lhes ser reconhecido o estatuto de polícia mais próxima do cidadão. Já em Portugal, julga-se existir pouca vontade política para que as Polícias Municipais evoluam. Volvidos onze anos da existência de Polícia Municipal em alguns Concelhos, constata-se que, a associação nacional de municípios portugueses, representante dos interesses dos municípios, não pretende uma uniformização do modelo das Polícias Municipais em Portugal e os Ministérios que detém a tutela não promovem a regulamentação da lei na sua plenitude. / The present work has as object of study the Municipal Policy, a new model of policy that propagates the longed for territorial decentralization of the security, consecrated constitutionally in 1997 with IV the Revision to the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. To get a bigger perception of the performance of this policy in the terrain, a sample of study was appealed to it that understands the inserted Municipal Policies in the area metropolitan of the Porto. It is intended concretion of definitive objectives being the first one to give to know the historical contexts and underlying legal concepts to concerning its creation, in followed to demonstrate that the Municipal Policy, although to possess an essentially administrative nature, has as attribution the cooperation with the Forces of Security in the maintenance of the public tranquility and protection of the local communities, and drift of the prosecution of its attributions and abilities the direct and permanent contact with the crime, despite restricted to the crime detected in the act, in performance the so famous subsidiary and complementarities with the Security Forces. One intends, still, to demonstrate that the limitation imposed by Law to the performance of abilities of the group of Criminal Policy, in the strict accomplishment of its functions, removes operationalization and increases the volume of work in the Forces of Security, facts that are these last ones that they have to all effect the inherent criminal procedural, process to the detention of the author of the crime, and the duty to collaborate in the inquiry promoted for the Public prosecution service. The work is divided in three chapters, being the first one relative to the theoretical framing of the Municipal Policy in the Portuguese legal system, the second as its patents the materialization of this policy and it s services in some Cities that understand the area metropolitan of the Porto, and third it understands the evaluated study between the different legal figures that cooperate in the land with the Municipal Policy and, still, the philosophy of the proximity policing, its potentiality in the Portuguese society and its possible accomplishment all throughout the Municipal Policy. The study allows to extract as main conclusions, that the legitimacy of performance and Municipal authority of Policies not only of the letter of the Law, but also is justified historically. After the legal analysis, if does not glimpse obstruction to the performance of the Agency of Criminal Policy in the strict realization of its functions and competences. This model exists in more European countries, having evolved in all the fronts finishing for them to be recognized the statute of policy next to the citizen. Already in Portugal, it is judged to exist little will politics, so that the Municipal Policies do not evolve. After eleven years of the existence of Municipal Policy in some cities, evidences that, the national association of Portuguese cities, representative of the interests of the cities, do not intend the unified of the model of the Municipal Policies in Portugal and the Ministries that the guardianship withholds they do not promote the regulation of the law in its fullness.

This research sought to examine how development occurs when it takes place from a relational approach. The relational approach forms part of a growing body of literature within development studies in search of alternative ways of understanding development. Orthodox theories tend to be resistant to alternatives that threaten their path dependency. Development-related ideological traps have also locked development policy in redundant arguments. Development theories from various disciplines continue to grapple with the multidimensionality of poverty and inequality, but they often fail to consider the central role human relationships play in approaching these issues. This study used Relational Thinking and relational and human economy approaches in search for alternative models and methods to the neoliberal tradition and current development enterprise. Increasing global inequality and deprivations create a vital opportunity to think of new perspectives, interpretive categories and predictive models. A case study approach was used to examine the relational dynamics of a nongovernmental organisation (NGO) called the James 1:27 Trust, which works with children and youth in Pretoria, South Africa. Relational Thinking was utilised within an interpretivist philosophy using a mixed-model approach, including the Relational Proximity Framework survey (quantitative tool) and in-depth qualitative research through semi-structured interviews and a focus group. The research established that development studied from a relational perspective deepens understanding of the varying meanings that people give to development. It informs a relational economy in which development is seen as a circular, “messy” and often unpredictable process where belonging, pain, “family”, forgiveness and learning in an intricate, embedded network of relationships are valued beyond material resources. Development requires philosophies and measures that enable the identification of questions, problems and interventions that are not currently considered in studies on development. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / DAAD-NRF In-Country Scholarship (German Academic Exchange Service and National Research Foundation). University of Pretoria’s Postgraduate Study Abroad Programme. / Political Sciences / PhD / Unrestricted

Europos Sąjungos integracija – tai naujų narių priėmimo į ES procesas, kuris apima valstybių kandidačių pasirengimą narystei ir atitinkamą pačios Sąjungos prisitaikymą prie didesnio valstybių narių skaičiaus. Pradžioje integraciją suvokė kaip suvienytos ekonominės erdvės praplėtimą. Todėl pirmaisiais plėtros etapais nebuvo daug dėmesio skiriama narystės kriterijams. Valstybėms kandidatėms buvo keliama tik viena sąlyga – perimti jau anksčiau suderintas bendrosios rinkos taisykles. Tačiau jau į Pietus etape, išryškėjo politinė plėtros proceso dalis. Tai jau reiškė, kad šių šalių priėmimas yra ir jų politinių sistemų stabilizacija. Šalys susidūrė tik su politinėmis ir ekonominėmis problemomis. Po Šaltojo karo paaiškėjo, kad ES yra ne tik išsivadavusių iš komunistinio jungo Vidurio ir Rytų Europos valstybių ekonominė partnerė, bet ir vienareikšmis politinis tikslas. VRE šalims ši narystė buvo tokia svarbi, kad jos pačios savo noru buvo pasiryžę peržiūrėti savo konstitucijas, perrašyti įstatymus, reformuoti rinkos priežiūros taisykles, steigti kovos su korupcija institucijas ar įgyvendinti kitas ES sugestijuojamas ekonomines, teisines ir socialines reformas. Suteikdama šalims kandidatėms narystės perspektyvą, ES reikalavo įvykdyti apibrėžtus narystės kriterijus. Sėkminga didžioji VRE plėtra lėmė tai, kad ES nusprendė šią patirtį pritaikyti Vakarų Balkanams. Jos galės tapti narėmis, kai tik įvykdys būtinas sąlygas. / European Union development is the process of involving new members into EU, which takes the preparation and appropriate adaptility to bigger country member rating. At the very beginning the development wasn’t understood as specific trend of politics, but as extend of incorporated economical space. Therefore the membership creteria wasn’t at the focus of attention during first years of development. The only condition for countries was to take over already cordinated marked instructions. Though the part of political development process stood out during the south way-station. The acceptance of these countries means the stabilization of political systems. Countries faced just to political and economical problems. After the Cold War EU struggled free the communist party and proved not only the partnership of in the Middle and East Europe but also the unambiguous political purpose. The membership to the countries from Middle and East Europe was so important that they were ready to revise the Constitution themselves, rewrite the law, reform market supervision rules, establish institutions against corruption and implement other economical, juridical or social reforms presented by EU. Vesting the membership prospects to countries memebers EU requires prosecuting specific membership criteria. Successful development of Middle and East Europe influenced the EU decision to adjust this experience to West Balkans. They can become the member as soon as they implemement conditions.

Magistro baigiamasis darbas skirtas aptarti vietos savivaldos ir biudžetinių įstaigų bendradarbiavimo teorinius ir teisinius aspektus, tiriant Anykščių r. savivaldybės ir rajone veikiančių biudžetinių įstaigų atvejį. Siekiant įgyvendinti šio darbo tikslą- ištirti praktinį teorinių ir teisinių bendradarbiavimo principų įgyvendinimą Anykščių r. savivaldybėje ir nustatyti veiksnius, turinčius įtakos bendradarbiavimo plėtrai rajone- buvo analizuojama mokslinė ir teisinė literatūra. Praktiniai bendradarbiavimo aspektai Anykščių r. atskleisti naudojant interviu metodą. Tyrimo metu apklausta 10 Anykščių r. savivaldybės darbuotojų ir 10 rajone veikiančių biudžetinių įstaigų darbuotojų. Autorė analizuoja vietos savivaldos ir bendradarbiavimo vietą viešosios politikos kontekste. Sujungdama viešojo administravimo ir naujosios viešosios vadybos principus, autorė tiria kokie veiksniai ir kokios sąlygos būtinos, norint užtikrinti sėkmingus bendradarbiavimo rezultatus. Akcentuojant tai, kad Lietuva ES nare tapo jau nuo 2007 m., darbe atskleidžiama teisniai, bendradarbiavimą vietos savivaldoje reglamentuojantys, aspektai. Analizuojami tarptautiniai, nacionaliniai ir Anykščių r. savivaldybės išleisti teisės aktai, vertinamas jų adekvatumas vienas kitam. Tyrimo metu gauti duomenys rodo, kad bendradarbiavimo praktikoje Anykščių r. ypatingai pasigendama teorinės bendradarbiavimo apibrėžties, teisinio reglamentavimo ir skatinimo sistemos vykdyti bendradarbiavimo projektus. Buvo patvirtinta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of the master's thesis is about the budgetary institutions and municipal cooperation analyzed in theoretical and legal aspects by studing the case of Anyksciai district. In order to achieve the objective of the work - to analyze theoretical and legal principles of cooperation in Anyksciai district and to identify the factors affecting the development of cooperation in the area - were analyzed the scientific and legal literature. Practical aspects of cooperation in Anyksciai district were disclosed by use interview method. The study surveyed 10 employees in Anyksciai municipal and 10 budgetary institutions employees operating in the area. The author analyzes the cooperation and local government place in the context of public policy. Combining the public administration and new public management principles, the author examines the factors and conditions which are necessary to ensure the successful results of the cooperation. The emphasis on the fact that Lithuania became an EU member since 2007, author Analyzes the international, national and Anyksciai municipalities to issue laws, evaluates the adequacy of one another. The study showed that in Anyksciai district particularly lack theoretical definition of cooperation, legal and regulatory framework to promote co-operation projects. It was confirmed the hypothesis that the legal regulation and also the incentive system would promote the initiation of cooperation projects. The results show that Anyksciai municipal... [to full text]