Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Montana, 2008. / Title from author supplied metadata. Description based on contents viewed on July 6, 2009. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (February 22, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-51)

Thesis (M.Sc. Biology)--University of Waikato, 2009. / Title from PDF cover (viewed Apr. 22, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-47, 104-120)

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008. / "December, 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-35). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2005. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Feb. 7, 2006). Thesis advisor: Larry D. McKay. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fresh produce irrigation water from Western Cape Rivers carries faecal coliforms (FC) (Escherichia coli) at concentrations which often exceed the suggested limit of 1 000 FC per 100 mL and presents a health risk to consumers. On-farm ultraviolet (UV) irradiation presents several advantages for water disinfection but is an uncommon practice in South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of UV irradiation for river water disinfection prior to irrigation. Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains were exposed to low-pressure (LP) UV (4 mJ.cm-2) and UV/Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (4 mJ.cm-2/20 mg.L-1) treatments in Sterile Saline Solution (SSS). Strain variation in reductions was observed and ranged from 1.58 to 3.68 and 1.34 to 3.60 log for the UV and UV/H2O2 treatments, respectively. The UV/H2O2 treatment (4 mJ.cm-2/20 mg.L-1) was more effective, compared to UV singly, against some of the E. coli strains. Selected strains showed increased sensitivity at higher UV doses (8, 10 and 13 mJ.cm-2) and H2O2 concentrations (100 and 200 mg.L-1 with 4 mJ.cm-2) but a 3 log target reduction was not always reached. For all UV and UV/H2O2 treatments maximum resistance was shown by an environmental strain. Reference strains should, therefore, not be used for the optimisation of UV based disinfection parameters. At 10 mJ.cm-2 an American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) reference strain and an environmental strain (ATCC 25922 and F11.2) were both significantly less inactivated in sterilised river water compared to SSS. Enhanced water quality allowed for improved inactivation of the ATCC strain. Also, the efficiency of LP UV (5, 7 and 10 mJ.cm-2) and medium-pressure (MP) UV (13, 17 and 24 mJ.cm-2) radiation was investigated using water from the Plankenburg River. Water was sampled and treated on three respective days (Trials 1 to 3). Physico-chemical and microbiological water quality was always poor. The FC concentration reached a maximum of 6.41 log cfu.100 mL-1 while UV transmission was always below 38%. For LP and MP UV irradiation increased doses resulted in increased disinfection but a 3 log reduction of FC was only attained when MP UV light was used in Trial 1. Disinfection efficiency was dependent on water quality and on the characteristics of the microbial population in the water. Since FC were never reduced to below 3 log cfu.100 mL-1, the water did not adhere to guidelines for produce irrigation. Photo-repair following irradiation was investigated in river water using MP UV doses of 13 and 24 mJ.cm-2 and 3.5 kLux reactivating light, initially. Ultraviolet transmission was close to 50% and total coliform (TC) reduction exceeded 3 log, even at 13 mJ.cm-2. However, TC were reactivated from below 1 000 cfu.100.mL-1 to 3.93 and 4.41 log cfu.100 mL-1 for the 13 and 24 mJ.cm-2 treatments, respectively. A higher MP dose (40 mJ.cm-2) and a different treatment regime (2 x 20 mJ.cm-2) inhibited photo-repair (compared to 13 and 24 mJ.cm-2) but TC were always recovered to a final concentration surpassing 3 log cfu.100 mL-1, even under lower light intensities (1.0 to 2.0 kLux). In the current study UV irradiation did not produce water of acceptable standards for produce irrigation, mainly as a result of extremely poor water quality. However, on farm-scale, UV efficiency could be enhanced by improving water quality before irradiation. Also, stronger lamps that deliver higher UV doses may result in adequate disinfection, irrespective of water quality. Higher UV doses and the use of combination treatments (such as UV/Chlorine and UV/Peracetic acid) should be further investigated also to determine its disinfection efficiency and possible capability to inhibit post-disinfection repair. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Varsproduk besproeiingswater vanuit Wes-Kaapse riviere bevat fekale kolivorme (FK) (Escherichia coli) in konsentrasies wat dikwels die voorgestelde limiet van 1 000 FK per 100 mL oorskry en hou `n gesondheidsrisiko vir verbruikers in. Plaasvlak ultraviolet (UV) bestraling bied verskeie voordele met verwysing na water dekontaminering, maar word selde aangewend in Suid-Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die gebruik van UV bestraling vir die dekontaminering van rivierwater, voor besproeiing, te ondersoek. Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolate is blootgestel aan lae-druk (LD) UV (4 mJ.cm-2) en UV/Waterstofperoksied (H2O2) (4 mJ.cm-2/20 mg.L-1) behandelings in Steriele Sout Oplossing (SSO). Isolaat variasie in reduksies is waargeneem en het gewissel tussen 1.58 tot 3.68 en 1.34 tot 3.60 log vir die UV en UV/H2O2 behandelings, onderskeidelik. In vergelyking met UV bestraling alleen was die UV/H2O2 behandeling (4 mJ.cm-2/20 mg.L-1) meer effektief teen sommige E. coli isolate. Geselekteerde isolate was meer sensitief tot hoër UV dosisse (8, 10 en 13 mJ.cm-2) en H2O2 konsentrasies (100 en 200 mg.L-1 met 4 mJ.cm-2), maar `n 3 log teikenreduksie was nie altyd haalbaar nie. Vir alle UV en UV/H2O2 behandlinge was die meeste weerstand deur `n omgewingsisolaat gebied. Verwysingsisolate behoort daarom nie aangewend te word vir die optimisering van UV-gebaseerde behandelingsparameters nie. By 10 mJ.cm-2 was beide `n ATCC verwysingsisolaat en `n omgewingsisolaat (ATCC 25922 en F11.2) betekenisvol minder gedeaktiveer in rivierwater as in SSO. Verbeterde waterkwaliteit het verhoogde inaktivering van die ATCC isolaat toegelaat. Die doeltreffendheid van LD UV (5, 7 en 10 mJ.cm-2) en medium-druk (MD) UV (13, 17 en 24 mJ.cm-2) bestraling is ook ondersoek deur watermonsters vanuit die Plankenburg Rivier te gebruik. Watermonsters was getrek en behandel op drie verskillende dae (Proewe 1 tot 3). Fisies-chemiese en mikrobiologiese kwaliteit van die water was deurentyd swak. Die FK konsentrasie het `n maksimum van 6.41 log kve.100 mL-1 bereik terwyl UV transmissie altyd laer as 38% was. Vir beide LD en MD UV bestraling het verhoogde dosisse gelei tot verbeterde dekontaminering, maar `n 3 log reduksie is slegs bereik toe MD UV lig gebruik is in Proef 1. Die effektiwiteit van die behandelings was afhanklik van waterkwaliteit en die eienskappe van die mikrobiese populasie in die water. Aangesien FK nooit tot onder 3 log kve.100 mL-1 verminder is nie het die water nie voldoen aan riglyne vir varsproduk-besproeiing nie. Fotoherstel na bestraling was ondersoek in rivierwater deur aanvanklik gebruik te maak van MD UV dosisse van 13 en 24 mJ.cm-2 en 3.5 kLux heraktiverende lig. Ultraviolettransmissie het byna 50% bereik en reduksie van totale kolivorme (TK) het 3 log oorskry, selfs by 13 mJ.cm-2. Totale kolivorme was egter geheraktiveer van onder 1 000 kve.100.mL-1 tot 3.93 en 4.41 log kve.100 mL-1 vir die 13 en 24 mJ.cm-2 behandelings, onderskeidelik. In vergelyking met 13 en 24 mJ.cm-2 het `n hoër MD dosis (40 mJ.cm-2) en `n veranderde bestralingstegniek (2 x 20 mJ.cm-2) fotoherstel onderdruk, maar TK was in elke geval geheraktiveer tot `n finale konsentrasie hoër as 3 log kve.100 mL-1, selfs onder laer intensiteit lig (1.0 tot 2.0 kLux). In hierdie ondersoek het UV bestraling nie water van aanvaarbare standaarde vir varsproduk besproeiing gelewer nie, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van swak waterkwaliteit. Nietemin, op plaasvlak mag die effektiwiteit van UV bestraling verhoog word deur waterkwaliteit voor bestraling te verbeter. Die gebruik van sterker lampe, om hoër UV dosisse te produseer, mag verder bydra tot voldoende dekontaminasie, ongeag van waterkwaliteit. Hoër UV dosisse en die gebruik van kombinasie behandelinge (soos UV/Chloor en UV/Perasynsuur) moet ook verder ondersoek word om die dekontaminasie effektiwiteit, en vermoë daarvan om heraktivering na dekontaminering te onderdruk, vas te stel.

Uma das principais fontes de poluição dos recursos hídricos são os efluentes líquidos industriais. Dentre esses, destacam-se os efluentes de refinaria de petróleo, pois geram efluentes bastante complexos e de difícil tratabilidade. Desta forma, evidencia-se a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo da qualidade desses efluentes, uma vez que são considerados de alto risco. Além do monitoramento físico-químico, o monitoramento biológico é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação da qualidade de efluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de quatro ensaios na determinação da toxicidade de efluente tratado de refinaria de petróleo. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia magna e com bactérias aeróbias heterotróficas (Teste D), e ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia e Caenorhabditis elegans. Os ensaios com D. magna seguiram a NBR 12713 (ABNT, 2004) e tiveram como endpoint a mortalidade. O Teste D foi baseado em Krebs (1985) e avaliou efeitos de estímulo ou inibição do consumo bioquímico de oxigênio (CBO). Ensaios com C. dubia avaliaram a mortalidade e a reprodução dos organismos, segundo a NBR 13373 (ABNT, 2005). Os ensaios com C. elegans foram realizados de acordo com a ISO/DIS 10872 (2009), e tiveram o crescimento e a reprodução como endpoints. As cinco amostras avaliadas foram provenientes de refinaria de petróleo do estado do Paraná. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que C. elegans foi o organismo mais sensível ao efluente, apresentando concentração de efeito observado (CEO) a partir de 12,5%, sendo classificado como organismo moderadamente sensível. Os ensaios com C. elegans e o Teste D apresentaram estímulo na concentração mais baixa, fenômeno conhecido como hormese. Esse fenômeno deveria ser considerado em avaliações ambientais uma vez que toda alteração na composição e estrutura de comunidades interfere na integridade dos ecossistemas. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T19:11:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Taisa Fedrizzi Maffazzioli.pdf: 2620358 bytes, checksum: 1827f2f93568f37620ece6d1a95c3559 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T19:11:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Taisa Fedrizzi Maffazzioli.pdf: 2620358 bytes, checksum: 1827f2f93568f37620ece6d1a95c3559 (MD5) / One of the main sources of water pollution is industrial wastewater. Among these, stands the waste of oil refinery effluents because is quite complex and of difficult tractability. Therefore, it is evident the need for continuous monitoring of the quality of these effluents, since they are considered high risk waste. In addition to monitoring physical and chemical, biological monitoring is an important tool for assessing the quality of effluents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of four tests in determining the toxicity of treated wastewater of oil refinery. Were performed acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (D Test), and chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Caenorhabditis elegans. Tests with D. magna followed the NBR 12713 (ABNT, 2004) and had the mortality as endpoint. The D Test was based on Krebs (1985) and assessed the effects of stimulation or inhibition of biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD). Tests with C. dubia evaluated the mortality rate and reproduction of organisms, according to NBR 13373 (ABNT, 2005). Tests with C. elegans were performed according to ISO / DIS 10872 (2009), and had the growth and reproduction as endpoints. The five evaluated samples were from an oil refinery in the state of Parana, Brazil. The statistical analysis showed that C. elegans was the most sensitive organism to the effluent, presenting the observed effect concentration (OEC) from 12.5%, which classified it as moderately sensitive organism. Tests with C. elegans and the D Test showed low-dose stimulation, a phenomenon known as hormesis. This phenomenon should be considered in environmental assessments because every change in communities composition and structure interferes in the ecosystems integrity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_m_me_ilha.pdf: 1670833 bytes, checksum: 640485840194ec9443ada92277057df3 (MD5) / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros da qualidade de água em duas lagoas e um riacho situado na microbacia hidrográfica Córrego da Onça, no município de Ilha Solteira, noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. As amostras foram realizadas mensalmente entre janeiro a agosto de 2008, período compreendido entre os maiores índices de seca e de chuvas, sendo coletadas amostras de água em cinco pontos para avaliação dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos, buscando-se a aplicação do índice de qualidade de água, a fim de se identificar as variáveis que afetam a qualidade desses corpos d’água. As variações dos parâmetros analisados ocorreram em função da estação climática, a qual corresponde ao período de alta e baixa pluviosidade, e em conseqüência de atividades antrópicas, como o uso da terra por lavouras e pastagens, constituindo-se a ocupação da microbacia e, em grande parte apresentando ausência de matas ciliares, ocasionando, dessa forma, processos erosivos com arreamento de resíduos orgânicos e inorgânicos, que podem comprometer a qualidade das águas desse corpo hídrico ao longo do tempo, tornando-a imprópria para o consumo humano e para a vida aquática / This study aimed to evaluate the parameters of water quality in two ponds and a creek located in the watershed of the Córrego da Onça in the town of Ilha Solteira, northwest of State São Paulo. Samples were taken monthly from January to August 2008 period the highest rates of dry and rainy, and collected water samples from five points to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological agents, seeking the application of the index water quality, in order to identify the variables that affect the quality of these water bodies. Variations of the parameters analyzed occurred between seasons change, which corresponds to the high and low rainfall, and as a result of human activities, such as the use of land for crops and pastures, becoming the occupation of the watershed, and most showed absence of riparian vegetation, leading thus to erosion with trappings of organic and inorganic waste, which can compromise the quality of that water body over time, making it unfit for human consumption and for life water

Uma das principais fontes de poluição dos recursos hídricos são os efluentes líquidos industriais. Dentre esses, destacam-se os efluentes de refinaria de petróleo, pois geram efluentes bastante complexos e de difícil tratabilidade. Desta forma, evidencia-se a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo da qualidade desses efluentes, uma vez que são considerados de alto risco. Além do monitoramento físico-químico, o monitoramento biológico é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação da qualidade de efluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de quatro ensaios na determinação da toxicidade de efluente tratado de refinaria de petróleo. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia magna e com bactérias aeróbias heterotróficas (Teste D), e ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia e Caenorhabditis elegans. Os ensaios com D. magna seguiram a NBR 12713 (ABNT, 2004) e tiveram como endpoint a mortalidade. O Teste D foi baseado em Krebs (1985) e avaliou efeitos de estímulo ou inibição do consumo bioquímico de oxigênio (CBO). Ensaios com C. dubia avaliaram a mortalidade e a reprodução dos organismos, segundo a NBR 13373 (ABNT, 2005). Os ensaios com C. elegans foram realizados de acordo com a ISO/DIS 10872 (2009), e tiveram o crescimento e a reprodução como endpoints. As cinco amostras avaliadas foram provenientes de refinaria de petróleo do estado do Paraná. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que C. elegans foi o organismo mais sensível ao efluente, apresentando concentração de efeito observado (CEO) a partir de 12,5%, sendo classificado como organismo moderadamente sensível. Os ensaios com C. elegans e o Teste D apresentaram estímulo na concentração mais baixa, fenômeno conhecido como hormese. Esse fenômeno deveria ser considerado em avaliações ambientais uma vez que toda alteração na composição e estrutura de comunidades interfere na integridade dos ecossistemas. / One of the main sources of water pollution is industrial wastewater. Among these, stands the waste of oil refinery effluents because is quite complex and of difficult tractability. Therefore, it is evident the need for continuous monitoring of the quality of these effluents, since they are considered high risk waste. In addition to monitoring physical and chemical, biological monitoring is an important tool for assessing the quality of effluents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of four tests in determining the toxicity of treated wastewater of oil refinery. Were performed acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (D Test), and chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Caenorhabditis elegans. Tests with D. magna followed the NBR 12713 (ABNT, 2004) and had the mortality as endpoint. The D Test was based on Krebs (1985) and assessed the effects of stimulation or inhibition of biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD). Tests with C. dubia evaluated the mortality rate and reproduction of organisms, according to NBR 13373 (ABNT, 2005). Tests with C. elegans were performed according to ISO / DIS 10872 (2009), and had the growth and reproduction as endpoints. The five evaluated samples were from an oil refinery in the state of Parana, Brazil. The statistical analysis showed that C. elegans was the most sensitive organism to the effluent, presenting the observed effect concentration (OEC) from 12.5%, which classified it as moderately sensitive organism. Tests with C. elegans and the D Test showed low-dose stimulation, a phenomenon known as hormesis. This phenomenon should be considered in environmental assessments because every change in communities composition and structure interferes in the ecosystems integrity.

The uptake, distribution and depuration of a water soluble, mono-aromatic hydrocarbon contained in petroleum and refined products was studied in two species of marine fish, Nature northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and juvenile striped bass (Horone saxatilis) were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of 14c benzene for 48 hours. Residues in tissues exhibiting a high lipid content (non-metabolic pathway) or representing apparent major metabolic sites were measured during the exposure and afterwards when the fish were transferred to clean seawater. Fish exhibited a rapid uptake over a wide range of benzene concentrations in the water column. Accumulation in anchovy was considerably greater than in striped bass. Results indicate that the pathway of hydrocarbons through the liver, gall bladder, intestines and colon is a major depuration route. Residues were depurated rapidly after cessation of exposure; in striped bass tissues. most residues were undetectable by seven days,