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This thesis comprises three chapters on topics in development economics. The first chapter studies access to maternal healthcare in markets with vertically differentiated public and private providers. The second chapter studies the efficacy of induction stoves in reducing indoor air pollution in rural households when faced with erratic power supply. Finally, the third chapter studies the role of financial incentives in correcting disparities in sex ratios. All three chapters study the context of India but are representative of important development issues in low-income countries. The first chapter titled "Equilibrium Effects of Subsidizing Public Services" studies one of India's largest welfare schemes Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) that incentivized pregnant women in India to access institutional maternal care at public hospitals. We argue that governments can make complementary investments to improve welfare gains from large scale policies. JSY did not improve health outcomes despite a substantial increase in the take-up of institutional care. We document three equilibrium responses that explain this policy failure. First, JSY led to a mismatch of risk across health facilities -- high-risk mothers sorted out of highest quality care at private facilities. Second, in line with the literature, public sector quality deteriorated as a result of congestion. This resulted in lower quality care for both marginal as well as infra-marginal patients at public hospitals. We show that only mothers with high socio-economic status adapted to the worsening quality of care at public hospitals by sorting into more expensive private hospitals. Third, despite increased competition, private hospitals maintained high prices, crowding out riskier and poorer mothers. We do not find evidence that private hospitals improved healthcare quality to justify higher prices. The second chapter titled "Electric Stoves as a Solution for Household Air Pollution" is an interdisciplinary field-based research study that studies the role of reliable electricity in inducing rural Indian households to switch away from dirty cooking fuels towards a clean cooking technology, induction cookstoves, thereby reducing the exposure to high levels of indoor air pollution. We collected minute-by-minute data on electricity availability, electric induction stove use, and kitchen and outdoor particulate pollution in a sample of rural Indian households for one year. Using within household-month variation generated by unpredictable outages, we estimate the effects of electricity availability and electric induction stove use on kitchen PM2.5 concentration at each hour of the day. Electricity availability reduces kitchen PM2.5 by up to 50 ??/?3, which is between 10 and 20 percent of peak concentrations during cooking hours. Induction stove use instrumented by electricity availability reduces PM2.5 in kitchens by 200-450 ??/?3 during cooking hours. The final chapter titled "Can Large-Scale Conditional Cash Transfers Resolve the Fertility-Sex Ratio Trade-off? Evidence from India" studies a large-scale conditional cash transfer (CCT) scheme Ladli Laxmi Yojana that offered cash incentives to households upon the birth of girl children. The policy also offered substantial incentive for investing in girls' education. In my evaluation of the Ladli Laxmi Yojana in Madhya Pradesh, India. I find that financial incentives aimed at the girl child increased average fertility by about 0.15 children per household (on baseline average of 0.93 children) children per household and improved sex-ratio by 3%. This points to the well known fertility-sex ratio trade-off. Moreover, these effects are quite opposite to a similar CCT scheme in Haryana (Anukriti, 2018) suggesting context dependence of such policies.

As ações decorrentes das atividades econômicas e industriais têm provocado alterações na biosfera, resultando na quase duplicação da concentração de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) na atmosfera durante o período de 1750 a 1998. A alteração da concentração dos GEE poderá desencadear um aumento da temperatura média no planeta entre 1,4 e 5,8°C nos próximos cem anos (IPCC, 2001a). Para tratar do problema do efeito estufa e suas possíveis conseqüências sobre a humanidade foi estabelecida em 1992, durante a Rio 92, a Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas. A Conferência das Partes realizada em Quioto em 1997 destaca-se como uma das mais importantes, uma vez que durante sua realização foi estabelecido um acordo onde se encontram definidas metas de redução da emissão de GEE para os países do ANEXO B (países do ANEXO I com compromissos de redução das emissões de GEE), além de critérios e diretrizes para a utilização dos mecanismos de mercado. Este acordo ficou conhecido como Protocolo de Quioto e estabelece que os países industrializados devem reduzir suas emissões em 5,2% abaixo dos níveis observados em 1990 entre 2008-2012 (primeiro período de compromisso). O Protocolo criou o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). A idéia do MDL consiste em que cada tonelada de CO2 deixada de ser emitida, ou retirada da atmosfera por um país em desenvolvimento, poderá ser negociada no mercado mundial através de Certificados de Emissões Reduzidas (CER). Esta tese teve como objetivo geral caracterizar o "mercado de carbono", em especial a participação do Brasil através do MDL. Para tanto foi feita uma análise de como este mercado está sendo formado e como deverá ser sua evolução até a possível formação de mercados futuros. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) Determinar o tamanho do mercado global e a participação do Brasil (através do MDL) em diversos cenários; e, 2) Analisar se os CER gerados em projetos de MDL, em especial por projetos de seqüestro de carbono, poderiam se tornar uma "commodity ambiental" ou não. Ficou claro que o mercado de carbono já é uma realidade, porém encontra-se em um estágio inicial de sua formação. Para estimar o tamanho do mercado utilizou-se o Modelo CERT (Carbon Emission Reduction Trade). Nos cenários de referência do Modelo a maior participação brasileira no mercado de CER foi de apenas 3,4% (Cenário 7), através da venda de 14,4 milhões de toneladas de carbono, gerando um receita de US$ 237 milhões ao custo de US$ 106,3 milhões. O lucro de todos os projetos de MDL no Brasil foi de US$ 130,7 milhões. Nos cenários alternativos a maior participação foi de 17,8% (Cenário Alternativo 7), através da venda de 32,1 milhões de toneladas de carbono, gerando um receita de US$ 525,6 milhões ao custo de US$ 198 milhões. O lucro de todos os projetos de MDL no Brasil neste caso foi de US$ 327,6 milhões. / The economic and industrial anthropogenic activities are increasing the Green House Gas (GHG) atmospheric concentration. These gases can increase the atmosphere temperature in 1.4 to 5.8°C in the next hundred years (IPCC, 2001a). To solve this problem was created in 1992 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Conference of the Parties held at Kyoto in 1997 was one of the most important, since it created an international agreement about the GHG emission reductions to the ANNEX B countries. This agreement is called the Kyoto Protocol and it determine that the industrialized countries should decrease the GHG emissions in 5,2% below the 1990 levels between 2008-2012 (first period commitment). The Protocol also created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The idea of the CDM is that each tone of CO2 that is reduced or sequestered from the atmosphere by a developing country can be negotiated through Certified Emission Reduction (CER).This thesis had the main objective of understand the "carbon market", in special the Brazilian participation through the CDM. The specific objectives was: 1) Determine the size of the global market and the Brazilian participation (through the CDM) in different scenarios; and, 2) To analyze if the CER created by forest projects can be a environmental commodity. It was clear that the carbon market exists but is in an initial phase. To estimate the size of the market the CERT (Carbon Emission Reduction Trade) Model was used. In the reference scenarios the best Brazilian participation, through the CER, was only 3.4% (Scenario 7), selling 14.4 millions tons of carbon, with a revenue of US$ 237 millions and costs of US$ 106.3 millions. The profits of all CDM projects in Brazil was US$ 130,7 millions. In the alternative scenarios the best Brazilian participation was 17.8% (Alternative Scenario 7), selling 32.1 millions tons of carbon, with a revenue of US$ 525.6 millions and costs of US$ 198 millions. In this case the profits of all CDM projects in Brazil was US$ 327.6 millions.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os compostos carbonílicos na atmosfera da cidade de São Paulo. Para tal medidas de carbonílicos foram feitas empregando metodologia analítica já existente. A influência do ozônio na geração de artefatos durante a amostragem de compostos carbonílicos empregando sorventes sólidos, como C18 e sílica, observada em amostragens diurnas e noturnas ( ausência de O3) permitiu estabelecer um protocolo de amostragem que recomenda a utilização de um coletor de O3 na entrada do cartucho de sílica impregnado com 2,4-dinitro-fenil-hidrazina (DNPH) para evitar possíveis artefatos de amostragem. Os compostos carbonílicos presentes na fase gasosa da atmosfera da cidade de São Paulo foram medidos durante o inverno de 1999, em dois sítios distintos, Cidade Universitária (CID) e Água Funda (AF). Semelhante a outras regiões urbanas do mundo, os carbonílicos majoritários foram formaldeído (0,6-46,7 ppbv) e acetaldeído (1,2-75,3 ppbv). Os carbonílicos de peso molecular maior (>C2) tiveram abundância relativa de 20-40%, sendo acetona (0,3-13,0 ppbv), acroleína (0,1-5,2 ppbv), propionaldeído (0,5-8,5 ppbv), isômeros C4 (0,1-2,4 ppbv), benzaldeído (0,1-5,4 ppbv), valeraldeído (0,1-3,5 ppbv), m-tolualdeído (0,1-2,4 ppbv) e hexaldeído (0,1-4,5 ppbv). As razões de concentração para acetaldeído/formaldeído > l em julho sugerem que a contribuição das emissões diretas é predominante. Já no mês de agosto, foi observada uma diminuição das razões médias, 1,1-1,3 (manhã), 0,7-0,8 (meio-dia) e 0,6 (tarde), indicando que há contribuição de emissões diretas na manhã e nos outros períodos prevalece a formação fotoquímica in situ. Neste trabalho, a influência de parâmetros meteorológicos nos níveis dos compostos carbonílicos foi verificada em alguns eventos. Foram propostas fontes de emissão através de correlações com CO e O3. As correlações no sítio CID em agosto mostraram que a contribuição das emissões veiculares é muito importante pela manhã, mas a influência dos processos fotoquímicos foi observada nos períodos seguintes. Finalmente, considera-se que este trabalho contribuiu para uma compreensão atual sobre o panorama dos carbonílicos na cidade e para o estudo em grande escala que permitirá diagnosticar e prever os episódios de poluição na cidade de São Paulo. / The goals of this study were to evaluate the carbonylic compounds in the atmosphere of São Paulo City. To accomplish this, measures were carried out using the pre-existent analytical methodology. The ozone influence in artifacts generation during carbonyls sampling using solid sorbents such as C18 and silica, observed through day and night samples, allowed to establish a sampling protocol which recommends the utilization of an ozone scrubber at the upstream end of the DNPH-impregnated silica cartridge to avoid eventual sarnpling artifacts. Carbonyl compounds present in the gaseous phase of São Paulo atmosphere were measured during winter, 1999, at two different sites, Cidade Universitária (CID) and Água Funda (AF). As observed in other urban regions of the world, the major carbonyls were formaldehyde (0,6-46, 7 ppbv) e acetaldehyde (1,2-75,3 ppbv). Toe higher molecular weight carbonyls (>C2) showed relative abundances of 20-40%, being acetone (0,3-13,0 ppbv), acrolein (0,1-5,2 ppbv), propionaldehyde (0,5-8,5 ppbv), isomers C4 (0,1-2,4 ppbv), benzaldehyde (0,1-5,4 ppbv), valeraldehyde (0,1-3,5 ppbv), m-tolualdehyde (0,1-2,4 ppbv) and hexaldehyde (0,1-4,5 ppbv). The acetaldehyde/formaldehyde (A/F) ratio >1 in July suggests that direct emissions influence is predominant. In August, a decrease in average concentration was observed, 1,1-1,3 (morning), 0,7-0,8 (midday) and 0,6 (evening), indicating the direct emissions contribution in the morning, while for the other periods the in situ photochemical formation prevails. At the present work, the influence of meteorological parameters in carbonyls levels was also pointed out for some events. The emission sources are proposed by calculating the correlations between carbonyls and CO and O3. The correlations found for the CID site in August showed that the vehicular emissions are very important in the morning, but the influence of photochemical processes was observed in the subsequent periods. Finally, this work contributed to a current comprehension of the carbonyls panorama in the city and for the large scale study that will allow the diagnosis and mimic of the urban chemical environment in São Paulo City.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os compostos carbonílicos na atmosfera da cidade de São Paulo. Para tal medidas de carbonílicos foram feitas empregando metodologia analítica já existente. A influência do ozônio na geração de artefatos durante a amostragem de compostos carbonílicos empregando sorventes sólidos, como C18 e sílica, observada em amostragens diurnas e noturnas ( ausência de O3) permitiu estabelecer um protocolo de amostragem que recomenda a utilização de um coletor de O3 na entrada do cartucho de sílica impregnado com 2,4-dinitro-fenil-hidrazina (DNPH) para evitar possíveis artefatos de amostragem. Os compostos carbonílicos presentes na fase gasosa da atmosfera da cidade de São Paulo foram medidos durante o inverno de 1999, em dois sítios distintos, Cidade Universitária (CID) e Água Funda (AF). Semelhante a outras regiões urbanas do mundo, os carbonílicos majoritários foram formaldeído (0,6-46,7 ppbv) e acetaldeído (1,2-75,3 ppbv). Os carbonílicos de peso molecular maior (>C2) tiveram abundância relativa de 20-40%, sendo acetona (0,3-13,0 ppbv), acroleína (0,1-5,2 ppbv), propionaldeído (0,5-8,5 ppbv), isômeros C4 (0,1-2,4 ppbv), benzaldeído (0,1-5,4 ppbv), valeraldeído (0,1-3,5 ppbv), m-tolualdeído (0,1-2,4 ppbv) e hexaldeído (0,1-4,5 ppbv). As razões de concentração para acetaldeído/formaldeído > l em julho sugerem que a contribuição das emissões diretas é predominante. Já no mês de agosto, foi observada uma diminuição das razões médias, 1,1-1,3 (manhã), 0,7-0,8 (meio-dia) e 0,6 (tarde), indicando que há contribuição de emissões diretas na manhã e nos outros períodos prevalece a formação fotoquímica in situ. Neste trabalho, a influência de parâmetros meteorológicos nos níveis dos compostos carbonílicos foi verificada em alguns eventos. Foram propostas fontes de emissão através de correlações com CO e O3. As correlações no sítio CID em agosto mostraram que a contribuição das emissões veiculares é muito importante pela manhã, mas a influência dos processos fotoquímicos foi observada nos períodos seguintes. Finalmente, considera-se que este trabalho contribuiu para uma compreensão atual sobre o panorama dos carbonílicos na cidade e para o estudo em grande escala que permitirá diagnosticar e prever os episódios de poluição na cidade de São Paulo. / The goals of this study were to evaluate the carbonylic compounds in the atmosphere of São Paulo City. To accomplish this, measures were carried out using the pre-existent analytical methodology. The ozone influence in artifacts generation during carbonyls sampling using solid sorbents such as C18 and silica, observed through day and night samples, allowed to establish a sampling protocol which recommends the utilization of an ozone scrubber at the upstream end of the DNPH-impregnated silica cartridge to avoid eventual sarnpling artifacts. Carbonyl compounds present in the gaseous phase of São Paulo atmosphere were measured during winter, 1999, at two different sites, Cidade Universitária (CID) and Água Funda (AF). As observed in other urban regions of the world, the major carbonyls were formaldehyde (0,6-46, 7 ppbv) e acetaldehyde (1,2-75,3 ppbv). Toe higher molecular weight carbonyls (>C2) showed relative abundances of 20-40%, being acetone (0,3-13,0 ppbv), acrolein (0,1-5,2 ppbv), propionaldehyde (0,5-8,5 ppbv), isomers C4 (0,1-2,4 ppbv), benzaldehyde (0,1-5,4 ppbv), valeraldehyde (0,1-3,5 ppbv), m-tolualdehyde (0,1-2,4 ppbv) and hexaldehyde (0,1-4,5 ppbv). The acetaldehyde/formaldehyde (A/F) ratio >1 in July suggests that direct emissions influence is predominant. In August, a decrease in average concentration was observed, 1,1-1,3 (morning), 0,7-0,8 (midday) and 0,6 (evening), indicating the direct emissions contribution in the morning, while for the other periods the in situ photochemical formation prevails. At the present work, the influence of meteorological parameters in carbonyls levels was also pointed out for some events. The emission sources are proposed by calculating the correlations between carbonyls and CO and O3. The correlations found for the CID site in August showed that the vehicular emissions are very important in the morning, but the influence of photochemical processes was observed in the subsequent periods. Finally, this work contributed to a current comprehension of the carbonyls panorama in the city and for the large scale study that will allow the diagnosis and mimic of the urban chemical environment in São Paulo City.

Particles mobilized by stormwater negatively affect receiving surface waters. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) can reduce solids along with associated pollutants in runoff but engineers and environmental managers have been long vexed by the problem of choosing the optimal BMP for a given situation. A common BMP process for solids removal is sedimentation. This thesis addresses the question of whether the effectiveness (and thus choice) of a sedimentation device can be estimated (and thus optimized) from the particle size properties of runoff, which, in turn, could be associated with specific runoff zones or land uses. Presented here is a series of experiments to determine the solids-removal capabilities of a manufactured oil-water separator that also removes solids via sedimentation. A statistical model developed from the experimental data shows that, under normal operating conditions, influent particle size can be used to accurately estimate effluent total suspended solids (TSS) for BMPs of this type. Relationships between particle size and particle-bound metal concentrations for Cu, Zn and Pb were then obtained from the literature and incorporated into the model to allow estimates of metal removal efficiencies based on TSS and PSD. The model can be used with an arbitrary particle size distribution (PSD); this allows effluent quality predictions to be made considering that particle sizes entering stormwater BMPs could vary due to anthropogenic, hydraulic or hydrologic factors. To place these experimental and modeling results in the context of an urban environment, samples of deposited stormwater solids were collected from residential areas, commercial areas and an industrial zone in Portland, Oregon, and the PSD of each sample was determined using light obstruction particle sizing. PSDs ranging over sizes from 3μm to 200μm vary among these locations. Areas with high anthropogenic impact were found to have PSDs skewed toward the smallest particle sizes. The statistical model developed here was then used to show that the effluent quality of the BMP tested would differ depending on the locations where solids were collected. The evidence presented in this thesis thus indicates that device performance will correlate with geographic locations or land use zone and validates further investigation into delineating the City of Portland's characteristic runoff zones and using the runoff characteristics of each zone to map it to the most desirable treatment practices.

本研究欲針對我國所有縣市之地方環保機關在污染防治業務方面，縣市之間的相對績效良窳排序，鑒於多投入多產出的同儕之間相對績效的分析情境，選擇以資料包絡分析法(Data envelopment analysis, DEA)，作為本研究之主要分析方法，藉之以分析2008年至2012年5個會計年度間所出版之《中華民國環境保護統計年報》中，所揭露記載2007年至2011年5年間，有關空氣污染、水污染、廢棄物管理、環境衛生與毒化物管理等污染防治業務相關數據，此前先輔以皮爾森相關分析法，先行過濾剃除DEA效率分析所需之投入項與產出項之間，非呈正相關之數據項目。 　　分析結果發現，不同的污染防治情境有不同的特色：空氣污染無論是在空污防治效率或是空氣品質兩者排名，都顯示出鄰近縣市之間，或有相互影響排名的可能性，而其中最具影響性之環境因素之一乃每(萬)人所分配之汽車輛數；水污染防治效率排名前段班的縣市，大多在人口、工廠、車輛等環境負荷項目數量或密度上，低於全國平均，但數據也顯示環境負荷量低的縣市不一定就有能在水污染防治效率排名上擁有優勢；廢棄物管理效率排名，北部縣市居中，中部與南部區域內排名呈現M型化；環衛毒化物管理的效率排序，只有離島地區有區域性排名不佳的問題；整合上述四種污染防治效率排序後，臺灣本島東半部名次優於西半部，西半部的中部地區及其鄰近縣市的污染防治效率有普遍性不佳的趨勢，但污染防治效率的排序前後與環境品質的排名的相關性相當微弱，因此在污染防治的整體排名上的軒輊，完全不意味著當地環境品質現況之良窳。 　　在選擇投入產出項目過程中，本研究根據唐先楠(1995)與黃旭男(1996、1999)的作法，將產出根據行政機關可控制程度，粗分為兩類，可控制程度較高者，本研究稱之為「行政產出」，反之稱為「行政效果」，「行政效果」與投入資源的關係，在污染防治方面的數據上，大多呈現顯著的負相關，因此無法列入一般DEA效率分析；在DEA效率中所計之投入資源，建議採「歲出決算」方面數據，方能符合DEA投入產出項之邏輯觀－投入影響產出，反之，有鑑於預算於行政機關之編列程序，不建議採計「預算」方面的數據，恐不符合投入影響產出之因果關係，影響DEA效率分析之品質與解釋力。 / The aim of this paper is to rank the pollution prevention performance of the local environmental protection authorities in Taiwan, and ranking of the Data envelopment analysis, the solution for measure productive efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) with multi-input and multi-output. The Ranking and analysis database were 《Yearbook of Environmental Protection Statistics, Republic of China》, published by Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, published in 2008-2012, recording about pollution prevention and control business related data of air pollution, water pollution, solid waste management, environmental sanitation, toxic chemicals and so on during 2007-2011. 　　After those analyses, these results are showing some trend in different sort pollution prevention performance. About air pollution, both of the ranking for efficiency of air pollution prevention and for air quality are showing that the ranking close between neighboring counties, and one of the most probable factors is that the number of automobile vehicles been allocated for per 10,000 people. About the water pollution efficiency ranking, most of those top class cities and counties are having lower than the national average volume or density in population, factories, vehicles and other environmental load. While integration of all 4 kinds rank of efficiency of pollution prevention, the score of Eastern Taiwan is better than Western Taiwan, and those most worst ranking concentrated in Central Western Taiwan, but the rank of efficiency of pollution prevention does not mean those cities and counties’ environmental quality are good or bad. 　　In this paper, output is distinguished from the degree of control by administrative organ: if the degree is high, the output has been sorted as “Administrative Outputs”, on the contrary, the output has been sorted as “Administrative Effect”. Most of the relationship between “Administrative Effect” and input are in negative correlation obviously, so, if the output been sorted as “Administrative effect”, Most of them could not be included in the general DEA efficiency analysis. In the other hand, the input item about money, must be adopt the Final Annual Expenditure Accounts, not Budget, that make sure the causal relationship between input and output is consistent with the DEA’s assumption.

This dissertation consists of three empirical analyses examining the interactive and evolving nature of government regulations and how the regulated industries respond to the changes in the regulatory climate. Using the U.S. pulp and paper mills as an example, the three essays bring together a number of strands of literature in environmental economics and policy studies discussing how changes in the U.S. environmental policy are shaped by industry concerns and which strategies firms choose in order to adjust to the changes in policy. Essay 1 examines if, in addition to the standard input factors, indirect costs associated with tax and environmental policies affect papermakers’ ‘stay put’ investment decisions. The findings suggest that state environmental stringency has a negative impact on investments, but it is statistically insignificant and higher taxes do not deter investments. The Essay 2 studies whether voluntary abatement and prevention efforts at pulp and paper mills affects regulatory stringency they face. The analysis tests the hypotheses of ‘responsive regulation’ and whether regulators are driven by numerical pollution targets or budgetary constraints. The findings suggest that voluntary pollution abatement and prevention have greater impact on regulatory stringency than government budgets. Finally, Essay 3 analyzes the relationship between pollution prevention (P2) policy instruments and adoption of P2 modifications. The study tests the hypotheses of whether P2 policy instruments have positive impact on P2 adoptions. The results suggest that the policy instruments have different effects on different types of P2 modifications and that regulatory and political threat is a strong predictor of P2 adoptions.

Thesis (M. En.)--Miami University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], v, 101 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).

As ações decorrentes das atividades econômicas e industriais têm provocado alterações na biosfera, resultando na quase duplicação da concentração de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) na atmosfera durante o período de 1750 a 1998. A alteração da concentração dos GEE poderá desencadear um aumento da temperatura média no planeta entre 1,4 e 5,8°C nos próximos cem anos (IPCC, 2001a). Para tratar do problema do efeito estufa e suas possíveis conseqüências sobre a humanidade foi estabelecida em 1992, durante a Rio 92, a Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas. A Conferência das Partes realizada em Quioto em 1997 destaca-se como uma das mais importantes, uma vez que durante sua realização foi estabelecido um acordo onde se encontram definidas metas de redução da emissão de GEE para os países do ANEXO B (países do ANEXO I com compromissos de redução das emissões de GEE), além de critérios e diretrizes para a utilização dos mecanismos de mercado. Este acordo ficou conhecido como Protocolo de Quioto e estabelece que os países industrializados devem reduzir suas emissões em 5,2% abaixo dos níveis observados em 1990 entre 2008-2012 (primeiro período de compromisso). O Protocolo criou o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). A idéia do MDL consiste em que cada tonelada de CO2 deixada de ser emitida, ou retirada da atmosfera por um país em desenvolvimento, poderá ser negociada no mercado mundial através de Certificados de Emissões Reduzidas (CER). Esta tese teve como objetivo geral caracterizar o "mercado de carbono", em especial a participação do Brasil através do MDL. Para tanto foi feita uma análise de como este mercado está sendo formado e como deverá ser sua evolução até a possível formação de mercados futuros. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) Determinar o tamanho do mercado global e a participação do Brasil (através do MDL) em diversos cenários; e, 2) Analisar se os CER gerados em projetos de MDL, em especial por projetos de seqüestro de carbono, poderiam se tornar uma "commodity ambiental" ou não. Ficou claro que o mercado de carbono já é uma realidade, porém encontra-se em um estágio inicial de sua formação. Para estimar o tamanho do mercado utilizou-se o Modelo CERT (Carbon Emission Reduction Trade). Nos cenários de referência do Modelo a maior participação brasileira no mercado de CER foi de apenas 3,4% (Cenário 7), através da venda de 14,4 milhões de toneladas de carbono, gerando um receita de US$ 237 milhões ao custo de US$ 106,3 milhões. O lucro de todos os projetos de MDL no Brasil foi de US$ 130,7 milhões. Nos cenários alternativos a maior participação foi de 17,8% (Cenário Alternativo 7), através da venda de 32,1 milhões de toneladas de carbono, gerando um receita de US$ 525,6 milhões ao custo de US$ 198 milhões. O lucro de todos os projetos de MDL no Brasil neste caso foi de US$ 327,6 milhões. / The economic and industrial anthropogenic activities are increasing the Green House Gas (GHG) atmospheric concentration. These gases can increase the atmosphere temperature in 1.4 to 5.8°C in the next hundred years (IPCC, 2001a). To solve this problem was created in 1992 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Conference of the Parties held at Kyoto in 1997 was one of the most important, since it created an international agreement about the GHG emission reductions to the ANNEX B countries. This agreement is called the Kyoto Protocol and it determine that the industrialized countries should decrease the GHG emissions in 5,2% below the 1990 levels between 2008-2012 (first period commitment). The Protocol also created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The idea of the CDM is that each tone of CO2 that is reduced or sequestered from the atmosphere by a developing country can be negotiated through Certified Emission Reduction (CER).This thesis had the main objective of understand the "carbon market", in special the Brazilian participation through the CDM. The specific objectives was: 1) Determine the size of the global market and the Brazilian participation (through the CDM) in different scenarios; and, 2) To analyze if the CER created by forest projects can be a environmental commodity. It was clear that the carbon market exists but is in an initial phase. To estimate the size of the market the CERT (Carbon Emission Reduction Trade) Model was used. In the reference scenarios the best Brazilian participation, through the CER, was only 3.4% (Scenario 7), selling 14.4 millions tons of carbon, with a revenue of US$ 237 millions and costs of US$ 106.3 millions. The profits of all CDM projects in Brazil was US$ 130,7 millions. In the alternative scenarios the best Brazilian participation was 17.8% (Alternative Scenario 7), selling 32.1 millions tons of carbon, with a revenue of US$ 525.6 millions and costs of US$ 198 millions. In this case the profits of all CDM projects in Brazil was US$ 327.6 millions.