No description available.

No description available.

Nesta tese, estudamos a eletrossíntese de polímeros conjugados eletroluminescentes no azul. Filmes de poli(p-fenileno) (PPP), co-poli(p-fenileno-pirrol) (CPPI) e co-poli(p-fenileno-3-metiltiofeno) (CFMET) foram preparados por voltametria cíclica em eletrodos de vidro condutor (ITO) em uma solução não-aquosa de acetonitrila e perclorato de tetrabutilamônio contendo os monômeros e pares de co-monômeros a diferentes concentrações. Durante a síntese dos filmes de PPP, CPPI e CP3MET, a célula eletroquímica foi posicionada dentro de uma caixa seca contendo CaCl2 como agente secante e em atmosfera de N2(g) super-seco com o objetivo de reduzir a umidade do ar no meio de síntese. A baixa umidade do ar obtida durante as medidas permitiu o controle de parâmetros de crescimento dos filmes de PPP e de seus derivados (CPPI e CP3MET). A morfologia dos filmes foi correlacionada aos seus valores de espessura e de rugosidade obtidos por microscopia de força atômica (AFM). As propriedades ópticas dos filmes foram também investigadas por espectroscopia no UV-VSNIR em função do número de ciclos da varredura obtidos durante a eletrossíntese. As respostas eletroquímicas, dos filmes de FPP, CPPI e CP3MET foram obtidas por voltametria cíclica em uma solução livre de monômero. Estes filmes tiveram ainda a confirmação de suas estruturas químicas por meio de resultados obtidos por espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR) e por microespectroscopia e mapeamento Raman / This work describes the electrochemical synthesis of poly(p-phenylene) (PPP), p-phenylene-pyrrole copolynier (GPPIC) and p-phenylene-3methylthiophene copolymer (CP3MET). The main interest in studying these materials comes from its blue-electroluminescent properties, which make them suitable for application in electroluminescent devices. The polymerization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry in an acetonitrile non-aqueous medium containing tetrabutylammonium perchlorate and different concentration of each monomer. All the films were synthesized onto indium-tin-oxide covered glass (EO) electrodes. In order to enhance the film quality, electropolymerization was carried out within a glove box containing CaCl2, which was added as a drying agent, and under N2 atmosphere. The low amount humidity during the measurements allowed us to correlate the morphological, electrochemical and optical properties of the films of PPP and derivatives (CPPI and CP3MET). The optical properties of the films were investigated by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy after varying the number of cyclos reached during the preparation of the films. The electrochemical response of the films was analyzed via cyclic voltammetry using a monomer-free electrolytic solution. The morphology of the films was correlated to their values of thickness and roughness as obtained by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the structural characterization of PPP e their derivatives were obtained by micro-Raman spectroscopy and Raman mapping.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The photochemistry of poly{p-phenylene[1-(tetrahydrothiophen-1-io)ethylene chloride]} (PPTEC), a water soluble precursor of the semiconducting polymer, poly{p-phenylenevinylene} (PPV), has been studied both under atmospheric conditions and in environments devoid of oxygen. UV-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence data has been used to provide a picture of the mechanistic pathways involved in UV irradiation of the PPTEC material. A new quantitative model for the effect of UV irradiation upon film morphology is presented. The technique of near-field scanning optical lithography (NSOL) has been used to produce arbitrary structures of the semi-conducting polymer poly{p-phenylenevinylene} at sizes comparable with optical wavelengths. Structures on this scale are of interest for integrated optical devices and organic solar cells. The structures are characterised using AFM and SEM and examined in the context of the electric field distribution at the NSOM tip. The Bethe-Bouwkamp model for electric field distribution at an aperture has been used, in combination with the developed model for precursor solubility dependence on UV energy dose, to predict the characteristics of lithographic features produced by NSOL. Fine structure in the lithographic features that are characteristic of the technique are investigated and their origins explained. Suggestions for the improvement of the technique are made. Presented here for the first time is a device manufactured by the technique of NSOL functioning as an optical device. The technique of NSOL is used to manufacture an optical transmission phase grating (or phase mask) of PPV, this was done as a proof of concept for device manufacture by this method and to demonstrate the potential usefulness of the unique characteristics of the technique. The phase mask was characterised using AFM and SEM and examined in the context of how well a diffraction pattern matches with theoretical calculations.

Nesta tese, estudamos a eletrossíntese de polímeros conjugados eletroluminescentes no azul. Filmes de poli(p-fenileno) (PPP), co-poli(p-fenileno-pirrol) (CPPI) e co-poli(p-fenileno-3-metiltiofeno) (CFMET) foram preparados por voltametria cíclica em eletrodos de vidro condutor (ITO) em uma solução não-aquosa de acetonitrila e perclorato de tetrabutilamônio contendo os monômeros e pares de co-monômeros a diferentes concentrações. Durante a síntese dos filmes de PPP, CPPI e CP3MET, a célula eletroquímica foi posicionada dentro de uma caixa seca contendo CaCl2 como agente secante e em atmosfera de N2(g) super-seco com o objetivo de reduzir a umidade do ar no meio de síntese. A baixa umidade do ar obtida durante as medidas permitiu o controle de parâmetros de crescimento dos filmes de PPP e de seus derivados (CPPI e CP3MET). A morfologia dos filmes foi correlacionada aos seus valores de espessura e de rugosidade obtidos por microscopia de força atômica (AFM). As propriedades ópticas dos filmes foram também investigadas por espectroscopia no UV-VSNIR em função do número de ciclos da varredura obtidos durante a eletrossíntese. As respostas eletroquímicas, dos filmes de FPP, CPPI e CP3MET foram obtidas por voltametria cíclica em uma solução livre de monômero. Estes filmes tiveram ainda a confirmação de suas estruturas químicas por meio de resultados obtidos por espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR) e por microespectroscopia e mapeamento Raman / This work describes the electrochemical synthesis of poly(p-phenylene) (PPP), p-phenylene-pyrrole copolynier (GPPIC) and p-phenylene-3methylthiophene copolymer (CP3MET). The main interest in studying these materials comes from its blue-electroluminescent properties, which make them suitable for application in electroluminescent devices. The polymerization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry in an acetonitrile non-aqueous medium containing tetrabutylammonium perchlorate and different concentration of each monomer. All the films were synthesized onto indium-tin-oxide covered glass (EO) electrodes. In order to enhance the film quality, electropolymerization was carried out within a glove box containing CaCl2, which was added as a drying agent, and under N2 atmosphere. The low amount humidity during the measurements allowed us to correlate the morphological, electrochemical and optical properties of the films of PPP and derivatives (CPPI and CP3MET). The optical properties of the films were investigated by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy after varying the number of cyclos reached during the preparation of the films. The electrochemical response of the films was analyzed via cyclic voltammetry using a monomer-free electrolytic solution. The morphology of the films was correlated to their values of thickness and roughness as obtained by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the structural characterization of PPP e their derivatives were obtained by micro-Raman spectroscopy and Raman mapping.

An unexpected biological removal of phosphorous in IVL Hammarby Sjöstadsverket pilot membrane bioreactor (MBR) wastewater treatment process was investigated by three distinct methods. a) Investigation and quantification of the biological phosphorous uptake (bio-P) capacity by phosphate release tests (PRT), b) validation of bio-P occurrence by granular polyphosphate (poly-P) staining and microscopy and c) metagenomic community structure analysis to map the sludge habitat. Validation of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) was successfully performed using the Neisser Methylene Blue Metachromatic staining protocol. Quantification by a novel staining protocol gave indications of the relative activity of bio-P in the bioreactor process line. The bio-P activity by PRT showed high capacity of phosphate accumulation in the treatment process. Furthermore, the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to induce stressful conditions was successfully shown to increase the release rate and depletion of intracellular poly-P of PAO. Finally, the impact of temperature dependency in PRT was investigated.A metagenomic community structure analysis by 16S rRNA successfully prepared 28 samples for sequencing and analysis. The project has successfully validated and quantified bio-P with an improved methodology as a foundation for upcoming studies of the treatment process. / En oväntad biologisk fosforrening (bio-P) i IVL Hammarby Sjöstadsverkets membranreaktorpilot undersöktes med tre distinkta metoder. Kvantifiering av det biologiska fosforupptaget undersöktes med fosforsläppstest (PRT). Validering av förekomsten av fosfatackumulerande organismer (PAO) via infärgning av polyfosfatgranuler med Neissers protokoll för infärgning med metylenblå. Ett nytt protokoll för kvantifiering av polyfosfatgranulkluster gav indikationer på relativ aktivitet av bio-P i reningsprocessens bioreaktorer. Bio-P aktiviteten som uppmättes med PRT visade på hög kapacitet av biologisk fosforackumulation. Vidare visades framgångsrikt att stresspåslag av PAO med etylendiamintetraättiksyra (EDTA) ökade fosfatsläppshastigheten och uttömningen av intracellulär poly-P. Slutligen undersöktes temperaturberoendet i PRT. En 16S rRNA metagenomikstudie gav 28 st prover redo att sekvensieras och analyseras. Projektet har framgångsrikt validerat och kvantifierat bio-P med en utvecklad metodologi som kan utgöra grunden för kommande studier vid reningsverket.

No description available.

Poly-p-xylylene is a basic polymer of parylene family. It was discovered in 50s of the 20th century. In practical applications, there are used several derivates. Most of them are discussed in this thesis. Poly-p-xylylene has many utility properties, like barrier, thermal and mechanical properties. It can be used for conservation and protection of electronic equipments, medical tools and devices or museum exhibits. The most important property of parylene is its low dielectric constant which enables parylene to have good insulating properties in form of very thin layer. The most common precursor used for parylene coatings by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is [2,2]paracyclophane. Special device invented for this process was described in this thesis, including every part and assembly. The main aim of this thesis was to test properties of thin parylene layers on metal samples. High degree of polymer crystallinity was confirmed by confocal laser microscopy and optical microscopy in the polarized light measurements. Problems in the conventional method of production of parylene layers were found during the measurement of thickness of layers. Purity of deposited films was determined using Infrared spectroscopy (IR). Parylene barrier properties were quantified by the measurement of Oxygen Transmission Rate through a layer deposited on the surface of PP foil. Because the research has been mainly focused on protection of museum exhibits, the corrosion resistance test is the most important. Metal samples with thin parylene film were compared to samples with conventional restoration coating. The samples with parylene protection were slowly corroded by point corrosion. In contrast to them, the samples conserved by conventional restoration method were almost destroyed by corrosion.

Durante este trabalho foram sintetizados e caracterizados três derivados dialcoxilados do poli(p-fenileno-vinileno) que diferem entre si pelo tamanho de uma das cadeias laterais: o poli(2-metoxi-5-hexiloxi-p-fenileno-vinileno), MH-PPV, o poli(2-metoxi-5-dodecoxi-p-fenileno-vinileno), MD-PPV e o poli(2-metoxi-5-hexadecoxi- p-fenileno-vinileno), MHd-PPV. Esses polímeros apresentam propriedades eletroluminescentes e podem ser utilizados em dispositivos emissores de luz. A síntese consiste de três etapas: síntese do éter aromático; bisclorometilação do éter aromático, gerando o monômero; e polimerização. A maior diferença no processo de síntese foi observada na obtenção do monômero, sendo necessário um maior excesso de reagente e maiores tempos de reação para a obtenção do monômero do MD-PPV e do MHd-PPV do que para o MH-PPV. Todos os produtos foram caracterizados principalmente por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, FTIR, e por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de próton e carbono 13. A estrutura química dos polímeros foi confirmada por FTIR e as massas moleculares foram determinadas por Cromatografia de Exclusão por Tamanho, revelando uma alta polidispersividade e valores de massa molecular ponderal média (Mw) da ordem de 105. A análise térmica revelou valores de temperatura de transição vítrea, Tg e amolecimento, Ts, acima de 100oC, e ainda temperaturas de decomposição acima de 400oC para os três polímeros. O MHd-PPV, apresentou, além da Tg, uma transição em tomo de 50oC que pode estar relacionada à fusão das cadeias laterais. Filmes dos três polímeros preparados a partir de diferentes solventes apresentaram diferentes morfologias, observadas por Microscopia de Força Atômica, posições de máxima absorção (500-520 nm) e emissão (585-600 nrn) com pequenas variações e processos de fotodegradação com diferentes características, em função do solvente utilizado. Assim, as diferentes cadeias laterais apresentaram efeitos principalmente sobre características como temperatura de transição vítrea e morfologia dos filmes poliméricos, e, em consequência desta última, sobre o formato dos espectros de emissão e sobre o processo de degradação / In this work, three dialkoxy derivatives of poly(p-phenylenevinylene),which differs from each other by the size of the side chain, were synthesized and characterized: the poly(2-methoxy-5-hexyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene), MH-PPV, the poly(2-methoxy-5-dodecoxy-p-phenylene-vinylene), MD-PPV and the poly(2-methoxy- 5-hexadecoxi-p-phenylene-vinyleno), MHd-PPV. These polymers have electroluminescent properties and can be used in light emitting devices. The synthesis consists in three steps: synthesis of aromatic ether, bischloromethylation of the ether yielding the monomer, and polymerization. The major difference regarding the synthesis processes lies on the monomer synthesis. A larger excess of reagents and longer reaction times were necessary to obtain the MD-PPV and MHd-PPV than that used to obtain the MH-PPV. All the products of the two first steps were characterized mainly by FTIR and NMR (proton and carbon 13). The chemical structures of the polymers were confirmed by FTIR and the molar masses determined by characterized by Size Exclusion Chromatography, revealing a high polydispersity and values of mean mass molecular weight (Mw) around 105. The thermal analysis presented values of glass transition temperatures, Tg, and softening, Ts, above 100 oC, and decomposition temperatures above 400oC for the three polymers. The MHd-PPV, presented, besides the Tg, a transition in 50oC, which may be related to the melting of the side chain. Films of the three polymers prepared from different solvents presented different morphologies, as observed by Atomic Force Microsocopy, slightly different absorptions (500-520 nm) and emission (585-600 nm) maxima and different photo-degradation processes depending on the solvent used to prepare the films. Therefore, the different size of the side chain presented effects mainly on characteristics as thermal transitions and film morphologies, and, in consequence of the late, on the shape of the emission and on the degradation properties

Neste trabalho estudou-se a síntese fotoquímica do Poli(pfenilenovinileno) (PPV) e a transferência de energia deste polímero para corantes iônicos tais como Basic Blue 3 (BB), Safranina-O (Sf), Eosina-Y (Eoy) e Resazurina (Rz). Na síntese do precursor do PPV, observou-se que o prolongamento do tempo de adição de NaOH no processo de polimerização resultou na inibição do mecanismo SN1, evitando a propagação dos polímeros hidrolisados. Medidas de FTIR e emissão de fluorescência mostraram que o processo de conversão do PTHT em PPV por via fotoquímica também gera polímeros oxidados, assim como na conversão térmica. Espectros de absorção eletrônica do polímero-corante aniônico mostraram que as bandas do corante estão deslocadas para regiões de menor energia, sugerindo a formação de um complexo no estado fundamental. No caso do polímero-corante catiônico, nenhuma mudança espectral é observada, indicando que o efeito de supressão pode estar ocorrendo no estado excitado. Os espectros de fluorescência estacionária e resolvida no tempo indicaram que a transferência de energia ocorre do estado excitado do polímero para o estado fundamental do corante via mecanismo de Förster. No caso do sistema polímero-corante aniônico, a transferência de energia ocorre no estado fundamental das espécies. A constante de supressão dinâmica do sistema PPV-BB foi determinada e comparada com a constante de supressão estática, demonstrando que a supressão do PPV pelo corante não ocorre apenas pelo mecanismo do tipo Förster, mas também pela supressão estática. / The aim of this work was to study the photochemical synthesis of poly(pphenylene vinylene) (PPV) and the energy transfer process evolving PPV and ionic dyes, such as Basic Blue-3, Resazurin, Eosin-Y, Safranin. It was observed that, in the synthesis of PPV precursor, the addition of NaOH in lager time intervals resulted in the inhibition of SN1 mechanism, avoiding the propagation of hydrolyzed polymers. FTIR and fluorescence emission measurements showed that the photochemical conversion from PTHT to PPV also generated oxidized polymers, as in thermal conversion. Electronic absorption of the system polymer-anionic dye revealed a red shift, suggesting the presence of complex species in the ground state. No structural changes or shifts were observed in the system polymer-cationic dye. Steady-state and time resolved fluorescence revealed that energy transfer occurs from the polymer excited-state to dye ground state, by Förster mechanism. For polymeranionic dye system, energy transfer occurs in ground state of both species. Dynamic quenching constant of PPV-Basic Blue-3 was determinated and compared with the static quenching constant. In this case, the quenching of fluorescence occurs by Förster energy transfer and also static quenching.