Les céramiques de type non-oxyde à base de silicium (SiC, Si3N4, Si-C-N) ont été très largement étudiées comme matrice dans le domaine des Composites à Matrices Céramiques (CMCs) en raison de leurs propriétés thermostructurales généralement très supérieures à celles des matériaux plus conventionnels comme les métaux et les céramiques de type oxyde. Ces matériaux proposent par ailleurs des propriétés mécaniques (dureté, résistance au fluage et à la rupture) et une résistance à l’oxydation de premier plan. Comme matrices, ils sont généralement produits en voie gazeuse par la méthode CVI (Chemical Vapor Infiltration). Dans le cadre de la présente thèse, nous nous intéressons à leur élaboration en voie liquide à travers la méthode PDCs (Polymer Derived Ceramics), qui pourra être éventuellement couplée à terme à la méthode CVI, dont la mise en œuvre est plus aisée et les coûts de production des CMCs plus faibles. L’objectif principal est de travailler la chimie de polymères précéramiques commerciaux afin, d’une part, d’optimiser les étapes d’imprégnation des préformes fibreuses et de pyrolyse des composites ‘crus’ obtenus (Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis (PIP)) et d’autre part d’améliorer les propriétés thermostructurales des composites SiC et Si-C-N pour un fonctionnement à des températures de l’ordre de 1500°C. Après une étude bibliographique sur la thématique abordée (chapitre 1) et un chapitre 2 dédié à la partie expérimentale et à la description des outils de caractérisation, les travaux de thèse se sont orientés dans les chapitres 3 et 4 vers la modification de polymères précéramiques commerciaux comme l’allyhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS, précurseur SiC) et le poly(vinylméthyl)-co-(hydridométhyl)silazane (HTT1800, précurseur Si-C-N) par l’élément bore. L’idée générale est de diminuer les températures de gélification de ces polymères tout en augmentant leur rendement céramique et d’obtenir, après pyrolyse, des céramiques amorphes de type Si-B-C-(N) avec une meilleure stabilité thermique à haute température. Dans le chapitre 5, les travaux se sont dirigés vers la préparation de mélange HTT1800-perhydridopolysilazane (PHPS, précurseur Si3N4) pour s’affranchir de la présence de carbone libre dans les matériaux finaux. Une caractérisation complète, allant de la structure chimique des polymères jusqu’à l’évolution de la microstructure des matériaux finaux traités à haute température, a été conduite dans chacun des chapitres. La fabrication de pièces denses, par la méthode dite de casting, à partir des polymères sélectionnés a permis d’accéder aux propriétés mécaniques des matériaux. Des essais préliminaires de fabrication de composites sont présentés en fin de chaque chapitre. / Non-oxide Si-based ceramics (SiC, Si3N4, Si-C-N) have been extensively studied as matrices in Fiber-Reinforced Ceramics Matrix Composites (CMCs) because of their thermostructural properties which are generally significantly higher than those displaying by more conventional materials such as metals and oxide ceramics. These materials also offer superior mechanical properties (hardness, resistance to creep and rupture) and excellent resistance toward oxidation. As a matrix, they are produced in gas phase by the well-known Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) process. Within the framework of the thesis, we focus on their synthesis in liquid phase through the PDCs (Polymer Derived Ceramics) route because of its easier access and lower production cost. The main objective is to focus on the chemistry of preceramic polymers to 1) optimize each step of the PIP (Infiltration and Pyrolysis Polymer) process and 2) improve the thermostructural properties of SiC, Si-C-N matrix composites prepared from commercially-available preceramic polymers. After a state-of-the art part (Chapter 1) on the targeted topic and an experimental part completed by the description of the characterization tools (Chapter 2), the manuscript focused on the modification of commercial preceramic polymers such as allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS, SiC precursor) and poly(vinylmethyl)-co-(hydridomethyl)silazane (HTT1800, Si-C-N precursor) with boron elements. The idea behind this work was to reduce the gelification temperature of these polymers while to increase their ceramic yield. Thus, after pyrolysis, we obtain amorphous Si-B-C-(N) ceramics with better thermal stability at high temperature. This work is described in the chapters 3 and 4 of the manuscript. In chapter 5, the work concerned the preparation of polymer blends based on HTT1800 and perhydridopolysilazane (PHPS, precursor Si3N4). The idea behind the chapter 5 was to avoid the presence of free carbon in the final materials. A complete characterization, ranging from the chemical structure of the polymers to the evolution of the microstructure of the final materials, is done in each chapter. Dense pieces were prepared by the casting method from the selected polymers and their mechanical properties have been investigated. Composite materials have been also prepared to evaluate the quality of interface between the matrix and the surface of the fibers which is presented at the end of each chapter.

Orientador: Mario Antonio Bica de Moraes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:56:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gelamo_RogerioValentim_D.pdf: 1517991 bytes, checksum: fd93a7ffa508ced1257f9474d2674aed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Filmes finos de polisiloxanos, polisilazanos e policarbosilanos, sintetizados por Deposição Química de Vapor Assistida por Plasma (PECVD), foram irradiados com os íons He +, Ne +, Ar +e Kr +, com energia de 170 keV, e fluências de 1x10 14 , 5x10 14 , 1x10 15 , 5x10 15e 1x10 16 íons/cm 2 . A irradiação iônica promoveu modificações significativas na composição elementar, na estrutura química, e consequentemente nas propriedades físicas dos filmes. Com o uso de espectroscopias de retro-espalhamento Rutherford (RBS) e de recuo frontal (FRS), observou-se que as razões atômicas C/Si, O/Si, N/Si e H/Si sofreram modificações. Em especial, a razão H/Si foi drasticamente diminuída, devido à perda de hidrogênio causada pela irradiação. Oxigênio foi quimicamente incorporado aos filmes, devido à recombinação das ligações pendentes, formadas durante a irradiação, com o ar ambiente. Com relação à estrutura química dos filmes, extinção e formação de novos grupos e de ligações químicas foram observadas com o uso de espectroscopias infravermelha no modo reflexão-absorção (IRRAS) e de fotoelétrons excitados por raios-X (XPS). A densidade volumétrica dos filmes aumentou significativamente com a irradiação. As constantes ópticas, medidas através de espectroscopia ultravioleta-visível e elipsometria, foram também afetadas. Com o aumento da fluência dos íons, o coeficiente de absorção e o índice de refração aumentaram e o gap óptico diminuiu. Medidas de nanoindentação mostraram notáveis aumentos nas durezas dos filmes. Nas mais altas fluências utilizadas, a dureza chegou a valores comparáveis e até maiores que a dos aços ferramenta. Os filmes são convertidos de polímero para a fase cerâmica e a intensidade da conversão é dependente da fluência dos íons. Observou-se ainda que, de modo geral, as modificações são fortemente dependentes das massas dos íons, já que as modificações mais significativas são obtidas com o uso de He+ e Ne+ . A explicação referente a esse efeito é dada em função das transferências de energia eletrônica e nuclear / Abstract: Thin films of polysiloxanes, polysilazanes and polycarbosilanes, synthesized by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD), were irradiated with 170 keV He + , Ne + , Ar + and Kr + ions, at 170 keV at fluences of 1x10 14 , 5 x10 14 , 1x10 15 , 5x10 15 and 1 x10 16 ions/cm -2 . The irradiation promoted significant modifications in the atomic composition, chemical structure, and consequently in the physical properties of the films. Changes in the atomic composition were examined using Rutherford back-scattering spectroscopy (RBS) and forward recoil spectroscopy (FRS). The former was used to determine the C/Si, N/Si and O/Si atomic ratios, while the H/Si ratio was measured by the latter. As a general behavior, these ratios changed with ion irradiation and the decrease in the H/Si ratio was particularly high, as hydrogen was drastically removed by ion bombardment. Oxygen was chemically incorporated into the films due to the reactions involving dangling bonds formed during irradiation, and ambient air. Regarding the chemical structure of the films, extinction and formation of new bonding groups and chemical bonds were observed as a function of the ion fluence using infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The volume density of the films increased significantly with irradiaton. The optical constants, determined using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and ellipsometry, were also affected by ion irradiation. With increasing ion fluence, the absorption coefficient and refractive index increased, and the optical gap decreased. From nanoindentation measurements. remarkable increases in surface hardness were determined. For the higher fluences, the surface hardness of the films is in the range, or even higher, of that of martensitic tool steels. Thus, ion irradiation changed the relatively soft polymer film into a high density, hard, ceramic material. It was observed that the most significant modifications occur for He+ and Ne+ ions. An explanation to this finding is offered in terms of the electronic and nuclear energy transfer functions / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências