Orientadores: William Dias Belangero, Vanessa Petrilli Bavaresco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T13:54:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Batista_NilzaAlzira_M.pdf: 2999795 bytes, checksum: 62c4ef5808533e1bb33930f97cede278 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Hidrogel de álcool de polivinil (PVA) foi utilizado como potencial reparador de defeitos osteocondrais da cartilagem articular. A citotoxicidade in vitro foi avaliada com células Vero e células-tronco mesenquimais da medula óssea de ratos Wistar-Kyoto. Para análise in vivo, os implantes foram colocados em defeitos produzidos nos joelhos de ratos Wistar. Após tempos de seguimento de 0, 3, 6, 12 e 24 semanas, as amostras foram analisadas por microscopia óptica convencional, ensaio mecânico de fluência à indentação, espectrometria de fluorescência raio X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados in vitro motraram que o hidrogel de PVA não afetou a atividade metabólica de ambas as células estudadas, nem tampouco a diferenciação osteogênica das células mesenquimais. Atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina e formação de matriz mineralizada foram identificadas. O PVA implantado não apresentou sinais de desgastes ou qualquer mudança de aspecto quando comparado com o dia do implante. A interface do implante/tecido mostrou a formação e manutenção de tecido conjuntivo denso e osso recém-formado em todos os grupos estudados. Foi observado um aumento no módulo de fluência e concentração de cálcio e fósforo no PVA longo do tempo. O desempenho do higrogel de PVA irradiados e acetalizadas foi considerado satisfatório para a aplicação proposta / Abstract: Irradiated and acetalized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel was investigated as a potential material for osteochondral defect repair in articular cartilage. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the material was evaluated with Vero cells and mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow of Wistar-Kyoto rats. For in vivo analyses, plugs of the material were implanted into defects produced in the knees of male Wistar rats-WH. After follow-up times of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks, the samples were analyzed by conventional optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and submitted to mechanical testing of creep indentation. The in vitro results suggest that the PVA hydrogel did not affect the viability and morphology of any of the cell types studied. The hydrogel affected neither the metabolic activity of both studied cells nor the osteogenic differentiation of the mesenchymal cells. Activity of alkaline phosphatase and mineralized organic matrix formation could be identified. The implanted plugs showed no sign of wear or aspect change. The interface plug/tissue exhibited dense connective tissue and newly formed bone in all groups. It was observed an increase in the creep modulus and in the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the PVA over time. The performance of the irradiated and acetalized PVA was considered satisfactory for the proposed application / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Mestre em Ciências

Conventional urea-based moulding compounds for investment casting patterns are manufactured using a slow “cooking” process. Nowadays in industrial processes the use of a faster process is highly recommended to increase throughput levels. At the same time, for quality control purposes, the requirements of an investment caster must be met. This study is therefore focused on: <ul><li> Finding the appropriate conventional process and conditions to prepare urea-based investment casting moulding compounds. </li><li> Optimising the composition variables to meet the mechanical, thermal, surface, flow and cost properties needed in investment casting. </li><li> Characterising the moulding compounds to meet the requirements of an investment caster by comparing them with an industrial, “cooked” urea-based compound. </li></ul> Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) urea-based moulding compounds were prepared using a two-roll mill and a conventional extrusion processes respectively. It was possible to injection mould PVOH urea-based moulding compounds with a urea content of up to 90 wt % which had been compounded using a two-roll mill. Using the conventional extrusion process, it was also possible to compound and injection mould EVA urea-based moulding compounds containing up to 70 wt % urea. The effects on composition variables on the properties of the moulding compound were studied and compared to those of the existing “cooked” urea-based moulding compound (Benchmark). The mechanical properties were characterised using the three-point bending test and Charpy impact test. The thermal properties were determined using simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (SDTA/TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The thermo-mechanical and visco-elastic properties were determined using a dynamic mechanical analyser. A scanning electron microscope was used to study the surface texture of the mouldings. The EVA urea-based moulding compounds showed two endothermic melting peaks and multiple exothermic crystallisation peaks in the DSC curves. The peak at ca. 55 - 66°C corresponds to the melting of the wax/EVA blend, while the large peak at 130 - 132°C corresponds to the melting of the urea. The DSC heating curve of the PVOH urea-based moulding compounds showed two endothermic peaks. The small peak corresponds to the melting of the wax, while the large peak corresponds to the melting of the urea/PVOH blend. PVOH urea-based moulding compound had better mechanical properties than the industrial benchmark. The mechanical properties of the EVA urea-based compound were generally lower. The effect of the wax and polymer content on the mechanical properties was as follows: <ul><li> Increasing polymer content produced weaker but tougher moulding compounds. </li><li> Increasing wax content improved the strength and stiffness but gave compounds that were less tough. </li><li> Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated significant polymer-wax interactions. </li></ul> The urea content determined the stiffness (elastic modulus) of the compounds. PVOH mouldings had superior stiffness compared with the EVA and cooked urea-based mouldings. The Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results confirmed the result obtained from the modulus of elasticity determination in the three-point bending test. The impact strength increased with an increase in polymer content and reduced with an increase in wax content. The linear thermal expansion coefficient decreased as the urea content was increased. Measured values (100 to 156x10-6°C) were comparable to those of the benchmark. The cooked urea-based moulding compound had the lowest melt viscosity at 110°C, as indicated by its melt flow index (MFI). Fluidity increased with the polymer content. The thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirmed that both the PVOH and EVA urea-based moulding compounds decomposed readily and left less than 1 wt % ash after combustion. From the SEM results apparent surface roughness appeared to increase with wax content. The EVA urea-based moulding compound had an irregular surface texture. Based on the criteria of cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness, the synthesis of PVOH urea-based patterns is preferable. The use of a conventional extrusion process to prepare PVOH urea-based patterns is recommended. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Rapid industrialization growth without appropriate emission standards for discharging environmental pollutants had exposed the ecosystem to detrimental effect. Due to their bioaccumulation propensity in organisms, toxicity and non-biodegradable aspect, heavy metal spoliation is currently a significant ecological obligation. Owing to their natural abundance and extensive use, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), among different heavy metals, are the predominant toxic metals. The intrusion of Cd and Pb metal ions into the ecosystem is accomplished by widely accepted methods such as anticorrosive coating of steel, electronic circuit and batteries. / 2023

No description available.

Polymeric electrospun nanofiber mats have recently emerged as a promising alternative to conventional wound dressings for non-healing wounds. Its large surface area, porosity and scalability are only a few of the promising characteristics of electrospun nanofibers.  Nanocellulose, separated from biomass, have also proven a suitable reinforcement to these electrospun nanofibers, giving them stability and strength. Lignin has shown to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, that could aid the healing process. In this project, kraft lignin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidised cellulose nanofibers (CNF) has been electrospun into nanofiber mats and their applicability as a wound dressing was investigated. The electrospinning process was evaluated at different ratios of PVA/lignin: CNF, and the obtained nanofiber mats were crosslinked to restrict water solubility. Physical crosslinking was made through a heat treatment and a freeze thawing process. Mechanical properties, swelling capacity and oxygen permeability were evaluated and analysed based on the CNF content of the electrospun solutions, as well as the crosslinking methods used. Results show that the electrospun nanofiber mats where stable in water after a heat treatment at 150 °C and 3 freeze-thawing cycles. These crosslinking methods did not affect the morphology or size of the fibers. However, tensile strength and elastic modulus was improved with it. The addition of 0.1 wt% CNF into the electrospinning solution improved oxygen permeability, mechanical properties, and swelling capacity, which can be attributed to a small fiber diameter and increased crystallinity. However, exceeding that level of CNF deteriorated the same properties because of uneven fibers with beading. This material is showing promising characteristics of a wound dressing, with high oxygen permeability and swelling capacity owing to thin nanofibers and a porous network.

Nowadays hybrid imaging modalities are new trends in medical imaging. To improve the diagnostic outcome of hybrid imaging, multimodal contrast agents need to be developed. For example, hybrid contrast agents for computer tomography and ultrasound (CACTUS) are one of those desirable hybrid contrast agents for the modern medical imaging. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) micro-bubbles (MBs) are one of the latest generations of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). PVA MBs are more stable and offer longer circulation and on-shelf storage time compare to other UCAs. However, the current use as contrast agent is limited only to ultrasound imaging. In this project, we fabricated and characterized hybrid contrast agents based on PVA MBs. Two methods for developing hybrid contrast agents were proposed. The first method is to combine MBs, currently used as an ultrasound contrast agent, with gold nanoparticles that are used as a preclinical contrast agent for computer tomography (CT). The second method is to determine at which concentration plain MBs suspension has both considerable negative contrast in CT and enhancement of the backscattered signal in ultrasound imaging. Both methods were evaluated and optimized. A scenario to achieve promising hybrid contrast agent was described in this report.

yes / In order to study the mechanical behaviors of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) reinforced with various types of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers and different fiber volume fractions after the freeze-thaw cycles, the rapid freeze-thaw method was used to test the mass loss ratios, longitudinal relative dynamic elastic modulus, compressive strength and flexural strength. The results showed that specimens incurred more serious damage with the increasing of freeze-thaw cycles; however their performance would be improved by fiber type and dosage. Mass loss rate of JPA (specimen with 2% volume content of JP fiber) was lower than JPB (specimen with 1% volume content of JP fiber). Furthermore, the mass loss rate of JPB was lower than that of CPB (specimen with 1% volume content of CP fiber). The longitudinal relative dynamic elastic modulus of JPA was higher than that of JPB while the longitudinal relative dynamic elastic modulus of JPB was higher than that of CPB. In addition, the compressive strength and flexural strength decreased with the increasing of freeze-thaw cycles. Mechanical behaviors of specimens with fiber exhibited better strength than specimens without fiber. Based on the SL 211-2006 code for the design of hydraulic structures against ice and freezing action, JPA and JPB specimens are adequate for use in severe cold regions, while specimen CPA and CPB can be used in cold regions, specimen JPC only can be used in warm regions.

Máscaras faciais são preparações cosméticas utilizadas desde a Antigüidade e, atualmente, têm seu uso difundido em função de suas características multifuncionais. Dentre os efeitos atribuídos a estas preparações, temos: limpeza profunda; ações tonificante, adstringente, hidratante e tensora na pele e sensação de bem-estar. Podem ser classificadas conforme sua aplicação, componentes ou grau de risco. As máscaras peel off à base de álcool polivinílico são formulações que, após a aplicação e secagem, formam um filme oclusivo sobre a face e, após sua remoção, conferem maciez, limpeza e ação tensora à pele, retirando células mortas do estrato córneo, resíduos e outros materiais depositados. O extrato de soja obtido pela fermentação do leite de soja pelo Bifidobacterium animale possui açúcares, aminoácidos, peptídeos, proteínas e alto teor de isoflavonas na forma livre, quando comparado ao leite não fermentado. Seu uso em formulações cosméticas visa combater os efeitos do envelhecimento cutâneo, propiciando hidratação, efeito tensor e emoliência à pele. Bases cosméticas de máscaras faciais peel off e emulsão óleo em água, acrescidas ou não de extrato de soja fermentado 5% p/p foram avaliadas em estudos de estabilidade física e físico-química em diversas condições de temperatura e períodos de avaliação, visando obter as de melhor desempenho para estudos clínicos. Os resultados indicaram que as preparações aditivadas com o extrato mantiveram-se estáveis quanto às suas características nos testes de estabilidade, não apresentando variações significativas. As preparações foram submetidas aos estudos clínicos em voluntários com o objetivo de avaliar seus efeitos tensor, na hidratação e na perda de água transepidérmica. Os resultados comprovaram que, em um estudo cinético, a base cosmética de máscara facial peel off , contendo ou não o extrato de soja fermentado, não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa para as formulações de emulsão quantos à promoção de elasticidade e firmeza à pele e diminuição da perda de água transepidérmica, mas promoveu maior hidratação das camadas superficiais da pele que as preparações de emulsão óleo em água. / Facial masks are used since antiquity and, currently, its use has spread according to their multifunctional characteristics. Among the effects attributed to these preparations there are deep cleaning; invigorating, stringent, moisturizing and tensor actions and well-being sense. They can be classified according to their application, components or risk degree. Peel off facial masks based on polyvinyl alcohol are formulations that form a film on the face after application and drying. After their removal, they cause tenderness, cleaning and tensor action on the skin, removing dead cells of the stratum corneum other materials deposited. Soybean extract obtained from soymilk fermentation by Bifidobacterium animale has sugars, amino acids, peptides, proteins and high levels of free isoflavones, when compared to nonfermented milk. Its use in cosmetic formulations aims to avoid aging effects on skin, providing moisturizing, softness and tensor effect. Peel off facial masks and emulsions oil in water preparations, containing or not fermented soymilk 5% w/w were evaluated in physical and physical-chemistry stability studies in various temperature and time conditions, targeting the best formulations for clinical tests. Results indicated that preparations containing extract remained stable about their characteristics, showed no significant variations. Preparations were submitted to clinical studies in volunteers to evaluate tensor, moisturizing and transepidermal water loss effects. In a short-term study, results confirmed that peel off facial masks formulations, containing or not soybean fermented extract, showed no statistically significant difference in comparison to emulsion formulations on elasticity and firmness promotion and decreasing on transepidermal water loss. However, peel off facial masks provided greater hydration on skin surface layers than the oil in water emulsion preparations.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da baixa tensão de oxigênio (5% de CO2; 5% de O2 e 90% de N2) na maturação oocitária in vitro em meio quimicamente definido (0,1% de PVA) ou suplementado com 10 % de PFF. Foram avaliados a migração dos grânulos corticais, a quantificação e distribuição da proteína HSP70, a maturação nuclear, as concentrações intracelulares da glutationa reduzida, a avaliação dos índices de penetração espermática e o desenvolvimento e qualidade de embriões fecundados in vitro em oócitos antes da maturação (0 hora) e após a maturação in vitro nos diferentes tratamentos (atmosfera = 5 ou 20% de O2 e suplementação do meio de maturação = 0,1% de PVA ou 10% de PFF). Para verificar a influência da atmosfera e da suplementação do meio no sistema de maturação foram avaliados o ciclo celular das células do cumulus, o número de células do cumulus por oócitos, as concentrações intracelulares de glutationa reduzida (GSH) das células do cumulus, as concentrações de TBARS no meio de maturação e a resistência das células do cumulus ao estresse oxidativo. Avaliações quanto às concentrações de GSH e HSP70 foram realizadas em oócitos in vivo, visando comparar a eficiência do sistema in vitro. Para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados não houve interação entre a atmosfera e a suplementação do meio de maturação, indicando que o efeito da atmosfera independe do meio utilizado. Foi observado que em atmosfera com baixa tensão de O2 houve diminuição da concentração de glutationa nas células do cumulus, do índice de clivagem e do número total de blastômeros dos embriões e houve aumento do número de células por oócito após o período de maturação in vitro. A suplementação do meio de maturação com 0,1% de PVA diminuiu os índices de migração dos grânulos corticais, contudo não alterou os índices de penetração espermática. Os oócitos do grupo 0 hora apresentaram índices maiores de HSP70 do que cada um dos demais grupos, indicando provável diminuição dos estoques de HSP70 durante o período de maturação em todos os grupos de maturação in vitro. As células do cumulus provenientes de oócitos maturados em meio suplementado com 0,1% de PVA apresentaram maior número de células na fase S e G2/M do que o grupo 0 hora, entretanto isso não refletiu em aumento no número de células por oócito após a maturação. Este trabalho permite concluir que o uso de baixa tensão de oxigênio não melhora as condições do sistema de maturação oocitária in vitro em suínos, sendo que o efeito do uso desta atmosfera é, na maioria das variáveis avaliadas, independente do tipo de suplementação que se utiliza no meio de maturação in vitro. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of low oxygen tension (5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2) on in vitro oocyte maturation using defined media (0.1% PVA) or supplemented with 10% PFF. To achieve this goal, oocytes were evaluated prior to in vitro maturation (0 hour) and after in vitro maturation on different treatments (atmosphere = 5 or 20% O2 and media supplementation = 0.1% PVA or 10% PFF) for cortical granules migration, quantification and distribution of HSP70 protein, nuclear maturation, intracellular concentrations of reduced glutathione, evaluation of sperm penetration and development and quality of in vitro-produced embryos. Furthermore, to evaluate the effects on maturation system, several factors were analyzed, such as: the cell cycle phase of cumulus cells, the number of cumulus cells per oocyte, the intracellular concentrations of reduced glutathione in cumulus cells, the concentrations of TBARS in maturation media and the resistance of cumulus cells to the oxidative stress. Some of these evaluations were performed on in vivo oocytes, aiming to analyze oocyte competence after in vitro maturation. Concerning the majority of the parameters analyzed, there were no interaction between atmosphere and the supplementation of maturation media, indicating that the effect of atmosphere is independent of the media used. It was possible to observe that low tension atmosphere of O2 decreased glutathione concentrations in cumulus cells, cleavage rate and total number of embryo blastomeres and increased the number of cells per oocyte after the period of in vitro maturation. The maturation media supplementation with 0.1% PVA decreased the migration of cortical granules; however this fact did not have effect on in vitro sperm penetration levels. The 0 hour oocytes showed higher levels of HSP70 than each one of the in vitro maturated groups, indicating decrease of this protein stock during the maturation period in all of the in vitro maturated groups. The cumulus cells originated from maturated oocytes in supplemented media with 0.1% PVA showed higher number of cells in S and G2/M phase than 0 hour group; however this fact did not reflect in increased cell numbers per oocyte after maturation. Therefore, the use of low oxygen tension does not improve the conditions of the in vitro porcine oocyte maturation system and their effect in most of the factors analyzed is not dependent on the supplementation of maturation media.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da baixa tensão de oxigênio (5% de CO2; 5% de O2 e 90% de N2) na maturação oocitária in vitro em meio quimicamente definido (0,1% de PVA) ou suplementado com 10 % de PFF. Foram avaliados a migração dos grânulos corticais, a quantificação e distribuição da proteína HSP70, a maturação nuclear, as concentrações intracelulares da glutationa reduzida, a avaliação dos índices de penetração espermática e o desenvolvimento e qualidade de embriões fecundados in vitro em oócitos antes da maturação (0 hora) e após a maturação in vitro nos diferentes tratamentos (atmosfera = 5 ou 20% de O2 e suplementação do meio de maturação = 0,1% de PVA ou 10% de PFF). Para verificar a influência da atmosfera e da suplementação do meio no sistema de maturação foram avaliados o ciclo celular das células do cumulus, o número de células do cumulus por oócitos, as concentrações intracelulares de glutationa reduzida (GSH) das células do cumulus, as concentrações de TBARS no meio de maturação e a resistência das células do cumulus ao estresse oxidativo. Avaliações quanto às concentrações de GSH e HSP70 foram realizadas em oócitos in vivo, visando comparar a eficiência do sistema in vitro. Para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados não houve interação entre a atmosfera e a suplementação do meio de maturação, indicando que o efeito da atmosfera independe do meio utilizado. Foi observado que em atmosfera com baixa tensão de O2 houve diminuição da concentração de glutationa nas células do cumulus, do índice de clivagem e do número total de blastômeros dos embriões e houve aumento do número de células por oócito após o período de maturação in vitro. A suplementação do meio de maturação com 0,1% de PVA diminuiu os índices de migração dos grânulos corticais, contudo não alterou os índices de penetração espermática. Os oócitos do grupo 0 hora apresentaram índices maiores de HSP70 do que cada um dos demais grupos, indicando provável diminuição dos estoques de HSP70 durante o período de maturação em todos os grupos de maturação in vitro. As células do cumulus provenientes de oócitos maturados em meio suplementado com 0,1% de PVA apresentaram maior número de células na fase S e G2/M do que o grupo 0 hora, entretanto isso não refletiu em aumento no número de células por oócito após a maturação. Este trabalho permite concluir que o uso de baixa tensão de oxigênio não melhora as condições do sistema de maturação oocitária in vitro em suínos, sendo que o efeito do uso desta atmosfera é, na maioria das variáveis avaliadas, independente do tipo de suplementação que se utiliza no meio de maturação in vitro. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of low oxygen tension (5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2) on in vitro oocyte maturation using defined media (0.1% PVA) or supplemented with 10% PFF. To achieve this goal, oocytes were evaluated prior to in vitro maturation (0 hour) and after in vitro maturation on different treatments (atmosphere = 5 or 20% O2 and media supplementation = 0.1% PVA or 10% PFF) for cortical granules migration, quantification and distribution of HSP70 protein, nuclear maturation, intracellular concentrations of reduced glutathione, evaluation of sperm penetration and development and quality of in vitro-produced embryos. Furthermore, to evaluate the effects on maturation system, several factors were analyzed, such as: the cell cycle phase of cumulus cells, the number of cumulus cells per oocyte, the intracellular concentrations of reduced glutathione in cumulus cells, the concentrations of TBARS in maturation media and the resistance of cumulus cells to the oxidative stress. Some of these evaluations were performed on in vivo oocytes, aiming to analyze oocyte competence after in vitro maturation. Concerning the majority of the parameters analyzed, there were no interaction between atmosphere and the supplementation of maturation media, indicating that the effect of atmosphere is independent of the media used. It was possible to observe that low tension atmosphere of O2 decreased glutathione concentrations in cumulus cells, cleavage rate and total number of embryo blastomeres and increased the number of cells per oocyte after the period of in vitro maturation. The maturation media supplementation with 0.1% PVA decreased the migration of cortical granules; however this fact did not have effect on in vitro sperm penetration levels. The 0 hour oocytes showed higher levels of HSP70 than each one of the in vitro maturated groups, indicating decrease of this protein stock during the maturation period in all of the in vitro maturated groups. The cumulus cells originated from maturated oocytes in supplemented media with 0.1% PVA showed higher number of cells in S and G2/M phase than 0 hour group; however this fact did not reflect in increased cell numbers per oocyte after maturation. Therefore, the use of low oxygen tension does not improve the conditions of the in vitro porcine oocyte maturation system and their effect in most of the factors analyzed is not dependent on the supplementation of maturation media.