This diploma thesis deals with the structure of local charges with environmental impact and evaluates their contribution into budgets of municipalities. The first part of the thesis analyses basic characteristic of this kind of payments, their mutual cohesion and their role in the budgets of municipalities. The summary of particular charges in relation to valid law, the height of them and their relation to ecological purposes is discussed in the analytical part of the thesis. The possibility of the replacement of local charges with uniform ecological rate and evaluation of currently system of charges from economical and inhabitants' point of view is analysed in conclusion.

The subject of the thesis is the analysis of the intermodal connection between Czech Republic and the seaports. The importance of this connection for the Czech Republic as for an open economy with a large volume of international trade is undervalued. The connection between Czech Republic and the ports is mainly provided by the container combined transport road -- rail. It is necessary to pay attention to the development of this field as it has a potential to be the most effective way of transport considering both economical and environmental criteria. The aim of the thesis is to survey the issue of intermodal connection with the ports, to evaluate the current status and future development options, including the barriers to this development. The result of the thesis is an analyzed current situation: the ports to which Czech Republic is connected have been determined as well as the modes of transport and the key players on the Czech market that provide the shipping services to the ports. A significant part of attention is paid to METRANS, a.s. which is the leading provider of intermodal transport services between Czech republic and the ports. A major problem associated with the development of combined transport is the harmonization of the conditions between road and rail transport. There is one chapter of the thesis which is devoted to this issue. Thanks to the information obtained from companies operating in the intermodal transport business, it was possible to calculate the costs related to the transport of the consignment by road and rail route, to highlight the problems in the daily operation of combined transport, to identify the weaknesses that may hinder the development of the METRANS or to bring other real outcomes.

This diploma thesis aims to describe Czech health care system participants` motivations and impact and meaningfulness of setting up regulatory payments on supply of health care. It also attempts to suggest other meanings to rising effectiveness of whole system. This work is based on theoretical concepts of various health care systems and endeavours to expose their positive and also negative features. The theory of health care markets comes out from works of Stiglitz (1997) and Arrow (1963). They focused rather on US, but this thesis aims to use this knowledge also in conditions of Czech Republic. Thesis sum up expenditures on health care during the time in Czech Republic, compare with expenditures abroad and estimate their trend in future. The central point of this paper is the analysis of the introduction of regulatory payments and its influence on concrete types of health services and on the consumption of drugs. It includes also a short survey.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the theoretical results of evaluation of current accounts with the practical results of the survey. In the theoretical part were described the selected methods of multi-criteria decision analysis, that makes it possible to evaluate current accounts according to several criterias. It was also carried out a survey which aimed to identify whicg current accounts are used by respondents and what are the conditions for their use. In the practical part were a compared of theoretical and practical results. In conclusion are evaluated the best products and compiled an overview of evaluation accounts used by respondents.

The main aim of my theses entitled Transport Externalities and Their Solution Possibilities was to define transport externalities and to describe the methods of calculating the external costs. My goal in the analysis part was to evaluate the effectiveness of existing measures leading to reduce the height of external costs and to suggest further idea of externalities solutions. Transport activities give rise to environmental impacts (air pollution), accidents and congestions.

The Public health insurance system in the Czech Republic was established more than 20 years ago. During this period, the public health insurance system has gone through many transformations. A lot of reform proposals have been submitted with the aim of keeping the increase of healthcare expenses under control but simultaneously not limiting the quality and the accessibility of healthcare. The introduction of the regulatory fees was a part of the healthcare reformation and its purpose was to reduce the demand for healthcare and thus regulate the consumption of health services. Secondarily, the regulatory fees should bring private funds into healthcare system. In the theoretical part of the research, the author describes healthcare systems of several European countries mainly from the point of view of cost sharing by patients. The funding of healthcare in the Czech Republic is then evaluated in more detail. The research characterises all the types of regulatory fees including all the legal changes they have undergone prior to their implementation. The author summarizes the amounts of funds received from the different types of fees which patients have paid since the introduction of regulatory fees in 2012 on the basis of data received from health insurance companies. In the practical part of the research, the author analyses and statistically processes data which were taken from one specific bureau of employee health insurance company. On the basis of this data, the author maps the development of average visits of healthcare institutions per patient in the chosen fields of ambulant care specializations. The author compares the number of average visits in 2007, which is the year before the introduction of regulatory fees, with the number of average visits after the regulations implementation that means during the 2008-2013 period. The aim was to discover whether the fees had any effect on the amount of healthcare services and whether they led to decrease in the number of patients´ visits (at the doctor). The development of the number of patients´ visits was studied in 22 different fields of ambulatory specialization in total. The collected results have been statistically processed using one sample, one-tailed T test. Furthermore, the influence of fees on the healthcare expenses was surveyed in the respective ambulatory fields. In the similar manner as with the patients´ visits, the author compares the average expenses per one patient before the introduction of regulatory fees in 2007 with the average value after the implementation of regulatory fees to the healthcare system. The research offers a comprehensive overview of these issues and can be used as a basic material for further research about regulatory fees and patient cost sharing in healthcare.

During the last few years, market micro-structure research has been active in analysing the dependence of market efficiency on different market character­ istics. Make-take fees are one of those topics as they might modify the incen­ tives for participating agents, e.g. broker-dealers or market-makers. In this thesis, we propose a Hawkes process-based model that captures statistical differences arising from different fee regimes and we estimate the differences on limit order book data. We then use these estimates in an attempt to measure the execution quality from the perspective of a market-maker. We appropriate existing theoretical market frameworks, however, for the pur­ pose of hireling optimal market-making policies we apply a novel method of deep reinforcement learning. Our results suggest, firstly, that maker-taker exchanges provide better liquidity to the markets, and secondly, that deep reinforcement learning methods may be successfully applied to the domain of optimal market-making. JEL Classification Keywords Author's e-mail Supervisor's e-mail C32, C45, C61, C63 make-take fees, Hawkes process, limit order book, market-making, deep reinforcement learn­ ing kiselrastislavSgmail.com barunik@f sv.cuni.cz

The aim of my thesis was to examine people{\crq}s and professionals{\crq} opinions on introduction of the regulatory health fees. Within the scope of the two sub-targets, I tried to find out the amounts of the regulatory health fees acceptable for the citizens and something about the possibility to arrange a private health insurance. I briefly described the system of the public health insurance and I mentioned the system of the regulatory health fees and the annual protection limit in more detail in the theoretical part of the diploma thesis. In order to compile the thesis I used the method of questioning which I carried out by collecting data using a questionnaire and the method of the secondary analysis of data. Two statistics groups {--} general public and professionals from the South Bohemian Region - were defined for the research part. Based on the available literature, I established four hypotheses of which the first three were confirmed and the fourth one was disconfirmed by the research. The research revealed differences in opinions and perception of the regulatory health fees between the individuals and general public and professionals. The citizens{\crq} awareness {--} which still has its deficiencies as the questionnaire survey revealed {--} has definitely influence on the opinion on the regulatory health fees. The thesis could be used to increase the awareness of the system of the regulatory health fees and the annual protection limit, for lectures, eventually the respondents{\crq} replies and the research results could be taken into consideration when amending the existing Act No. 48/1997 Coll., on Public Health Insurance.

SUMMARY A surgery ward is one of the crucial departments in the České Budějovice Hospital. It provides a highly specialized care not only to patients from the district of České Budějovice, but also to people from the whole South-Bohemian region. Nearly 4,000 patients are treated in this ward every year. In my work I focused on a group of people who are able to work, but at the time of hospitalization they had no job and were registered in the employment agency and they came to the surgical ward for optional surgeries. The reasons why they did so could be as follows: they either neglected the care of their health due to a large amount of tasks at work, or they postponed the surgery since they were worried that they could lose their job due to a long sick leave. The objective of the work was to identify the influence of employment on decisions of clients to undergo surgeries. Questionnaires were used to gather data; they were distributed to patients hospitalized in the surgical ward of Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s. (the České Budějovice Hospital). The hypothesis which assumed that people registered in the employment agency for a short time have more surgeries than people registered in the employment agency for a long time was confirmed in the degree work. The second hypothesis assuming that people registered in the employment agency have more optional surgeries than employed people was confirmed as well. The third hypothesis where I assumed that the fees charged for hospital stays would influence the length of hospitalization of unemployed people was not confirmed since political changes resulted in the conclusion of a donation agreement between Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. and the South-Bohemian region; the agreement enables people to take advantage of the South-Bohemian region{\crq}s donation to cover the hospital fees starting from 1 February 2009. The results of my work could be used as arguments in solving the unemployment policy.

Public health insurance is an important part of the Czech health system. In the Czech Republic the model of national health insurance is administered using system of several insurance companies. The main target of these companies is to collect insurance rate from the payers and to cover health care provided to the insuree. The aim of this work is to map and assess professional and non - professional public knowledge of the system of the public health insurance. Three goals were set within the work. The first one was to find out the level of the professional public knowledge of the public health insurance. The second one was to find out the level of the non - professional public knowledge of the public health insurance. The third one was to compare both groups knowledge of the public health insurance. To realize the above mentioned aims three hypotheses were set. Hypothesis No.1: Most of the professional public is informed about the valid legal arrangement of the public health insurance. Hypothesis No. 2: Most of the non -professional public is informed about the valid legal arrangement of the public health insurance. Hypothesis No. 3: There is no difference between the professional and non - professional public knowledge of the valid legal arrangement of the public health insurance. To prove the set hypotheses the form of quantitative research was used. The technique of questionnaire was used for data collecting. For practical part the identical questionnaire for both professional and non - professional public was used. The research group of the questionnaire investigation was formed by respondents living and working in České Budějovice. The professional public within the research work was formed by people who work or worked in the health or social sphere. The final research group was formed by 200 respondents of professional and 200 respondents of non - professional public. The target of the thesis and partial aims were accomplished. The first two hypotheses were proved. The third one was not proved by the research work. It has been investigated what areas is professional and non - professional public most or less informed in. The results of the research work may be used for publication in the professional journals.