A poroelastic finite element model of a heterogeneous articular cartilage disc was created to examine the tissue response to low amplitude (± 2% strain), low frequency (0.1 Hz) dynamic unconfined compression (UCC). A strong correlation has been made between the relative fluid velocity and stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis. A contour plot of the model shows the relative fluid velocity during compression exceeds a trigger value of 0.25 μm/s at the radial periphery. Dynamic UCC biochemical results have also reported a higher glycosaminoglycan content in this region versus that of day 0 specimens. Fluid velocity was also found not to be the dominant physical mechanism that stimulates collagen synthesis; the heterogeneity of the fluid velocity contour plot conflicts with the homogeneous collagen content from the biochemical results. It was also found that a Tresca (shear) stress trigger of 0.07 MPa could provide minor stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis. A feasibility study on modeling a heterogeneous disc was conducted and found convergence issues with the jump in properties from the superficial to middle layers of the disc. It is believed that the superficial layer contains material properties that allow the tissue to absorb much of the compressive strain, which in turn increases pressure and causes convergence issues in ABAQUS. The findings in this thesis may help guide the development of a growth and remodeling routine for articular cartilage.

Geotechnical structures under realistic field conditions are usually influenced with complex interactions of coupled hydromechanical behavior of porous materials. In many geotechnical applications, however, these important coupled interactions are ignored in their constitutive models. Under coupled hydromechanical behavior, stress in porous materials causes volumetric change in strain, which causes fluid diffusion; consequently, pore pressure dissipates through the pores that results in the consolidation of porous material. The objective of this research wasto demonstrate the advantages of using hydromechanical models to estimate deformation and pore water pressure of porous materials by comparing with mechanical-only models. Firstly, extensive literature survey was conducted about hydromechanical models based on Biot’s poroelastic concept. Derivations of Biot’s poroelastic equations will be presented. To demonstrate the hydromechanical effects, a numerical model of poroelastic rock materials was developed using COMSOL, a commercialized multiphysics finite element software package, and compared with the analytical model developed by Wang (2000). Secondly, a series of sensitivity analyses was conducted to correlate the effect of poroelastic parameters on the behavior of porous material. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that porosity and Biot’s coefficient has dominant contribution to porous material behavior. Thirdly, a coupled hydromechanical finite element model was developed for a real-world example of embankment consolidation. The simulation results show excellent agreement to field measurements of embankment settlement data.

The launch of Sentinel-1A/B satellites in 2014 and 2016 marked a pivotal moment in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology, ushering in a golden era for SAR. With a revisit time of 6–12 days, these satellites facilitated the acquisition of extensive stacks of high-resolution SAR images, enabling advanced time series analysis. However, processing these stacks posed challenges like interferometric phase degradation and tropospheric phase delay. This study introduces an advanced Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm that optimizes interferometric pairs, addressing systematic errors through dyadic downsampling and Delaunay Triangulation. A novel statistical framework is developed for elite pixel selection, considering distributed and permanent scatterers, and a tropospheric error correction method using smooth 2D splines effectively identifies and removes error components with fractal-like structures. Beyond geodetic technique advancements, the research explores geological phenomena, detecting five significant slow slip events (SSEs) along the Southern San Andreas Fault using multitemporal SAR interferometric time series from 2015-2021. These SSEs govern aseismic slip dynamics, manifesting as avalanche-like creep rate variations. The study further investigates Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) as a nature-engineering-based solution in the Santa Ana Basin. Analyzing surface deformation from 2004 to 2022 demonstrates MAR's effectiveness in curbing land subsidence within Orange County, CA. Additionally, MAR has the potential to stabilize nearby faults by inducing a negative Coulomb stress change. Projecting into the future, a suggested 2% annual increase in recharge volume through 2050 could mitigate land subsidence and reduce seismic hazards in coastal cities vulnerable to relative sea level rise. This integrated approach offers a comprehensive understanding of geological processes and proposes solutions to associated risks. / Doctor of Philosophy / The launch of Sentinel-1A/B satellites in 2014 and 2016 marked a big step forward in radar technology, especially Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). These satellites, which revisit the same area every 6-12 days, allowed us to collect many high-quality radar images. This helped us study changes over time in a more advanced way. However, there were challenges in handling all these images, like errors in the radar signals and delays caused by the Earth's atmosphere. We devised a smart algorithm based on the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) to tackle these challenges. It helps optimize how we use pairs of radar images, reducing errors. We also developed a new method to pick the best pixels in the images and corrected errors caused by the atmosphere using mathematical methods. Moving beyond just technology, our research also looked at interesting Earth events. We found five major slow slip events along the Southern San Andreas Fault by studying radar data from 2015 to 2021. These events are like slow-motion slips along the fault, influencing how the ground moves. We also explored Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) as a solution in the Santa Ana Basin. By studying ground movement from 2004 to 2022, we found that MAR helped prevent the land from sinking in Orange County, California. It even has the potential to make nearby faults more stable. Looking ahead, increasing MAR activities by 2% each year until 2050 could protect against land sinking and reduce earthquake risks in coastal cities facing rising sea levels. This combined approach gives us a better understanding of Earth's processes and suggests ways to tackle related problems.

Orientador: Renato Pavanello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T17:42:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chang_PauloLeeKungCaetano_M.pdf: 2268901 bytes, checksum: 969b1f62e6eb27512023a9dccd41cac6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estuda-se a propagação de ondas em meios elásticos periódicos e meios poro-elásticos. Para o estudo da propagação de ondas em meios elásticos periódicos, modelos discretos uni e bidimensionais são gerados - seguindo padrões encontrados na literatura - e simulados para a obtenção da estrutura de banda e da resposta em frequência, com o objetivo de observar-se o fenômeno band gap. Em seguida, estuda-se a propagação de ondas e a absorção em meios poro-elásticos periódicos. As equações diferenciais de movimento acopladas da poro-elasticidade são obtidas da formulação mista (u,p), baseada no modelo de Biot-Allard. A modelagem numérica do problema de propagação de ondas em meios poro-elásticos é feita utilizando-se o método dos elementos finitos. Mostra-se por meio de simulações numéricas como os padrões de periodicidade influenciam na estrutura de banda da matriz elástica do material poro-elástico e no comportamento global da curva de absorção. Finalmente, as principais conclusões são apresentadas e sugestões para trabalhos futuros são propostas / Abstract: In this work, a study of propagation of sound in elastic periodic materials and poroelastic media is made. One and two dimension discreet models are produced - following the literature - for the purpose of studying wave propagation in periodic elastic materials. The band structure and the frequency response of these materials are obtained by simulation of these models with the intention of observing the phenomenon of band gap. The case for periodic porous media is then studied. The wave equations for the poroelastic media are derived from the mixed displacement-pressure formulation based on the Biot-Allard's poroelasticity equations. The numerical solution of the wave propagation in porous media problem is calculated by the finite element method. It is showed how different periodic patterns affect the band structure of the solid phase of the porous materials and its acoustic absorption. Finally, the main conclusions are presented and some suggestions for future work are made / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

L’anisotropie des propriétés mécaniques et acoustiques des matériaux poro-élastiques est un facteur déterminant dans le comportement de panneaux utilisés dans différents domaines de l’ingénierie. La compréhension des différents mécanismes physiques conditionnant la réponse en fréquence de ces structures est alors nécessaire. L’anisotropie intrinsèque des matériaux poreux visco-élastiques présente un potentiel particulier pour l’optimisation multi-fonctionnelle de parois multicouches. En effet, ces parois doivent souvent respecter des contraintes de raideur et isolation sonore et thermique de manière simultanée. Une méthode par superposition d’ondes planes dans des parois composées de matériaux poro-visco-élastiques est présentée afin d’analyser la sensibilité de la réponse acoustique de structures multicouches à l’alignement relative des couches poreuses anisotropes dans celles-ci. La méthode est validée et appliquée à l’étude d’un système composée d’une mousse de mélamine située entre deux parois métalliques. Cesystème permet d’illustrer des phénomènes intrinsèques aux couche poro-élastiques anisotropes, tel que le décalage en fréquence de la résonance fondamentale du système, et les couplages de compression-cisaillement dans le milieu poro-élastique. Ce phénomène de couplage est particulièrement intéressant puisqu’il n’est caractérisable que par la polarisation des ondes dans le milieu poro-élastique anisotrope. En fin, la méthode est appliquée afin d’optimiser un système multicouche pour des performances acoustiques. Les variables d’optimisation sont les orientations relatives des couches poro-élastiques anisotropes par rapport au système de coordonnées globales. Les solutions aux problèmes d’optimisation sont analysées en termes de comportement mécanique, ce qui permet d’établir une corrélation entre performances acoustiques et comportement dynamique. / The mechanical and acoustic anisotropy of media is a governing factor in the behaviour of multilayered systems including such media. The understanding of the mechanisms conditioning the dynamic behaviour of multilayered systems is of paramount importance. In particular, the intrinsicanisotropy of poroelastic media presents a potential for the optimal design of systems for multifunctional performances. Indeed, these multilayered systems are bound by stiffness, thermal and acoustic performance constraints in simultaneously. A plane wave method is presented to study theinfluence of material orientation in the dynamic behaviour of multilayered systems composed of anisotropic poroelastic media. The method is applied to a system composed of an anisotropic open-celled melamine foam core in between two metal sheets. This particular multilayered configuration allows to shed light on phenomena intrinsic to layers composed of anisotropic poroelastic materials, such as the frequency shift of the fundamental resonance of the panel, or the compression-shear coupling effects taking place in the poroelastic core layers. The latter phenomena is of particular importance, as it is evidenced on the unconventional polarisation of waves in anisotropic poroelastic media. Finally, the method is adapted to the optimisation of multi-layered systems for acoustic performance. the design variables are consequently the core material orientations with respect to the global coordinate system. The solutions to the optimisation problem are analysed in terms of dynamic behaviour, thus allowing to correlate acoustic performanceof the overall structure, and the response of each individual layer.

No description available.

Articular cartilage is a specialized connective soft tissue that resides onthe ends of long-bones, transfers the load smoothly between the bones in diarthrodialjoints by providing almost frictionless, wear resistant sliding surfacesduring joint articulation. Focal chondral or osteochondral defects in articularcartilage are common and show limited capacity for biological repair. Furthermore,changes in the bio-mechanical forces at the defect site may makethe tissue more susceptible to continued degeneration. Alternatively, the contouredfocal resurfacing metal implant can be used to treat such full thicknesscartilage defects. Physiological and biomechanical studies on animal modelswith metal implant have shown good clinical outcomes. However, the mechanicalbehavior of cartilage surrounding the implant is not clearly known withrespect to the joint function after treating such defects with metal implantsand also to improve the implant design. We developed a simple 3-dimensionalfinite element model by approximating one of the condyles of the sheep kneejoint. Parametric study was conducted in the simulations to verify differentprofiles for the implant, positioning of the implant with respect to cartilagesurface, defect size and to show the mechanical sealing effect due to the wedgeshape of the implant. We found the maximal deformations, contact pressuresand stresses which constitute the mechanical behavior of cartilages. We alsoconfirmed that using a metal implant to fill the full thickness chondral defectsis more beneficial than to leave the defect untreated from mechanical point ofview. The implant should be positioned slightly sunk into the cartilage basedon the defect size, in order to avoid damage to the opposing surface. The largerthe defect size, the closer the implant should be to the flush. We also simulatedthe time dependent behavior of the cartilages. In all the simulations, a staticaxial loading was considered. The wedge shape of the implant provided themechanical sealing of the cartilage surrounding the implant. The determineddeformations in the cartilages immediately surrounding the implant are instrumentalin predicting the sticking-up of the implant into the joint cavity whichmay damage opposing soft tissues. / <p>QC 20101125</p>

<p dir="ltr">Low frequency noise has been a challenge to noise control strategies for a long time due to its relatively long wavelength compared with practical thicknesses of acoustical treatments. A series of studies have drawn increasing attention to the acoustical behavior of porous granular materials such as activated carbon due to their good performance at low frequency. To better characterize this type of material, a 1-dimensional poro-elastic model is introduced in this work, which accounts for both the inner particle structure and the elasticity of the granule stack, allowing a better match of resonance features between the model prediction and measurement results. This model was then extended to a 2-dimensional finite difference (2DFD) approach under an axisymmetric assumption, with the depth-dependent stiffness of the granule stack considered. The shape of the computational domain of this 2DFD approach is close to the realistic geometry of the cylindrical standing wave tube, and it provides flexibility in assigning different types of boundary conditions at the circumferential wall of the container. The model is validated by comparing the simulation output and measurements of the acoustic response of porous granular materials in a cylindrical standing wave tube with rigid backing. The comparison demonstrates that the proposed 2DFD model is able to closely match the test results even down to detailed features, thus providing a means of accurate acoustic characterization of granular materials. The application scenarios of porous granular materials are also discussed in this work. A hybrid model based on the classical Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model and the rigid model describing the multi-level porosity within the granules is proposed to predict the performance of composite materials made of non-woven fiber matrices and porous granular materials. The performance of other practical applications such as that of a sound absorber consisting of a membrane and a cavity partially filled with the porous granular material is also discussed. These applications are shown to be promising strategies of addressing the low frequency noise problems.</p>

For quite some time, the strive for more efficient acoustic absorbers keepsincreasing, driven by a number of psycho-physiological studies on health re-lated dangers of noise exposure. As the global wealth increases and with itthe global expectation of quieter living and working environments, manifestedin both politics and research, an important market for sound absorbing andnoise control systems develops in all industrialised countries. In the acousticcommunity, the main endeavours of the two last decades have been orientedtowards a better understanding of the dissipation phenomena in absorbers(and especially in poroelastic media) as well as proposing new topologies andstructures for these elements. These efforts have resulted in an abundant lit-erature and numerous improvements of the characterisation, modelling anddesign methodologies for a wide range of media and many different systems.The chosen research direction for the present thesis slightly deviates fromthis usual path of modelling absorbing materials as bulk media. Here theaim is to investigate the interfaces between the different components of typ-ical absorbers. Indeed, these interface regions are known to be difficult tocharacterise and controlling their properties is challenging for a number ofreasons. Interfaces in sound packages for instance are inherently by-productsof the assembly process and, even if they surely have an important impact onthe acoustic performance, they remain mostly overlooked in the establishedmodelling practices. Therefore, the overall objective of the current doctoralproject is to identify strategies and methods to simulate the effect(s) of un-certainties on the interface physical or geometrical parameters.The present licentiate thesis compiles three works which together form adiscussion about techniques and tools designed in an attempt to efficientlymodel thin layers and small details in rather large systems. As part of thework a section of physical model simplifications is discussed which will laythe ground for the next stages of the research. Two publications on the firsttopic are included, presenting Finite-Element-based hybrid methods that al-low for coating elements in meta-poroelastic systems to be taken into accountand reduce the computational cost of modelling small geometric features em-bedded in large domains. The third included contribution is an anticipation,to a certain extent, of the remainder of the doctoral project, discussing theuse of physical heuristics to simplify porous thin film models. Here a steptowards the modelling of interface zones is taken, departing from numericalsimulations and reflecting instead on the physical description and modellingof thin poroelastic layers. / Sedan en tid tillbaka kan en ökande efterfrågan av material och konstruk-tioner med effektivare akustiska absorptionsegenskaper skönjas. Detta drivsav ett antal psykofysiologiska studier kring hälsorisker relaterade till långva-rig bullerexponering. Till detta kommer den växande globala välfärden somger upphov till en förväntad höjning livskvalitet i form av till exempel tystareboende- och arbetsmiljöer, manifesterad i både politiska beslut och forskning.Ur detta utvecklas en viktig marknad för ljudabsorberande material, kon-struktioner och bullerreducerande system i allt fler länder. Inom forskningensom rör akustiska material och bulleråtgärder, har forskningen under de tvåsenaste decennierna framförallt varit inriktad på en bättre förståelse för dis-sipationsfenomen (omvandling av akustisk energi till andra energiformer, tillexempel värme) i absorberande material (och särskilt då i poroelastiska me-dier) samt att utveckla nya topologier och sammansatta strukturer för dennatyp av akustiska element. Dessa ansträngningar har resulterat i en omfattan-de vetenskaplig litteratur och framsteg inom karaktäriserings-, modellerings-och designmetoder, och innovativa lösningar, för olika tillämpningar .Forskningen i denna avhandling avviker något från den traditionella mo-delleringen av absorberande material, genom att undersöka gränsytorna mel-lan olika skikt och komponenter hos typiska absorbenter. Faktum är att des-sa gränssnittsregioner är kända för att vara både svåra att karaktärisera ochatt styra deras egenskaper i produktion är en utmaning av ett antal olikaskäl. Angränsande ytor i ljudabsorbenter är till exempel ofta biprodukterfrån tillverknings- och monteringsprocessen och, även om de utan tvekan haren viktig inverkan på akustiska prestanda, bortses det ofta från dessa i deflesta etablerade simuleringsmodeller. Det övergripande målet med forskning-en inom detta projektet är därför att identifiera strategier och metoder föratt modellera och simulera effekterna av osäkerheter i tillhörande fysiska ellergeometriska parametrar som används för att beskriva dessa gränsytor.I denna licentiatavhandling sammanställs tre artiklar som tillsammans ut-gör en diskussion om tekniker och verktyg utformade för att effektivt model-lera tunna skikt och små detaljer som delar i större komponenter och system.Som en del av arbetet diskuteras dessutom en del av de fysikaliska modell-förenklingar som kommer att ligga till grund för nästa etapp av forskningen.I två publikationer som berör det första ämnet ingår finita element-baseradehybridmetoder som möjliggör modellering av olika typer av täckskikt i såkallade meta-poroelastiska system, med fokus på noggrannhet och beräk-ningskostnader för modellering av små geometriska inneslutningar inbäddadei större domäner. Det tredje bidraget diskuterar användningen av heuristiska,förenklade porösa tunnfilmsmodeller som baseras på fysikaliska förenklingaroch som möjliggör modellering av tunna skikt i numeriska simuleringar somen del av sammansatta poroelastiska komponenter. / Depuis quelques temps, l’effort pour améliorer l’efficacité des absorbeursacoustique n’a cessé d’augmenter, sous-tendu par nombre d’études psycho-physiques sur les dangers de l’exposition au bruit pour la santé. Alors quecroit la richesse globale et avec elle l’envie d’environnements de travail et devie plus silencieux (ce qui se manifeste dans les politiques publiques comme enrecherche), un marché important se développe pour les systèmes d’absorptionet de contrôle du bruit dans tous les pays industrialisés. Dans la communautéacoustique, les principaux efforts au cours des vingt dernières années se sontorientés vers une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes de dissipation dansles absorbeurs (et en particulier dans les matériaux poroélastiques) ainsi quevers la recherche de nouvelles topologies et structures pour ces éléments. Cesefforts ont mené à une littérature abondante et de nombreuses améliorationsdes méthodologies de caractérisation, modélisation et conception pour unelarge gamme de média et de nombreux systèmes.L’axe de recherche choisi pour la présente thèse diffère quelque peu duchemin classique visant à modéliser le cœur des matériaux absorbants. Ici,l’objectif est d’étudier les interfaces entre les différents composants des absor-beurs classiques. En effet, ces régions sont notoirement difficiles à caractériseret contrôler leurs propriétés est un défi complexe pour un certain nombre deraisons. Les interfaces au sein des isolants acoustiques sont intrinsèquementdes sous-produits du processus d’assemblage et, bien qu’ils aient un impactimportant sur la performance acoustique, sont le plus souvent négligés dansles modèles classiques. L’objectif global du projet doctoral est ainsi d’identi-fier des stratégies et méthodes pour simuler le ou les effets d’incertitudes surles paramètres physiques ou géométriques des interfaces.La présente thèse de Licentiate compile trois travaux qui, pris ensemble,forment une discussion autour de techniques et d’outils conçus pour modéli-ser efficacement des couches et détails fins inclus dans d’assez grand systèmes.Une section de la dissertation s’attarde sur des possibles simplifications desmodèles physiques et discute ce qui formera la base des prochaines étapesde cette recherche. Deux publications traitant du premier sujet sont inclues,présentant deux méthodes hybrides basées sur la FEM qui permettent deprendre en compte les fines couches recouvrant par exemple les systèmesmeta-poroélastiques pour un coup réduit ainsi que de modéliser de petitséléments géométriques présents dans de grands domaines. La dernière contri-bution jointe à cette thèse anticipe, dans une certaine mesure, la suite duprojet doctoral en proposant l’utilisation d’heuristiques physiques pour sim-plifier un modèle pour les films acoustiques fins. Cela constitue un pas vers lamodélisation des zones d’interfaces en s’éloignant des simulations numériquesau profit d’une réflexion sur la description et la modélisation des couchesporoélastiques fines. / <p>QC 20180516</p>

Tails, fins, scales, and surface coatings are used by organisms for various tasks, including locomotion. Since millions of years of evolution have passed, we expect that the design of surface structures is optimal for the tasks of the organism. These structures serve as an inspiration in this thesis to identify new mechanisms for flow control. There are two general categories of fluid-structure-interaction mechanisms. The first is active interaction, where an organism actively moves parts of the body or its entire body in order to modify the surrounding flow field (e.g., birds flapping their wings). The second is passive interaction, where appendages or surface textures are not actively controlled by the organism and hence no energy is spent (e.g., feathers passively moving in the surrounding flow). Our aim is to find new passive mechanisms that interact with surrounding fluids in favourable ways; for example, to increase lift and to decrease drag. In the first part of this work, we investigate a simple model of an appendage (splitter plate) behind a bluff body (circular cylinder or sphere). If the plate is sufficiently short and there is a recirculation region behind the body, the straight position of the appendage becomes unstable, similar to how a straight vertical position of an inverted pendulum is unstable under gravity. We explain and characterize this instability using computations, experiments and a reduced-order model. The consequences of this instability are reorientation (turn) of the body and passive dispersion (drift with respect to the directionof the gravity). The observed mechanism could serve as a means to enhance locomotion and dispersion for various motile animals and non-motile seeds. In the second part of this thesis, we look into effective models of porous and poroelastic materials. We use the method of homogenization via multi-scale expansion to model a poroelastic medium with a continuum field. In particular, we derive boundary conditions for the velocity and the pressure at the interface between the free fluid and the porous or poroelastic material. The results obtained using the derived boundary conditions are then validated with respect to direct numerical simulations (DNS) in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional settings. The continuum model – coupled with the necessary boundary conditions – gives accurate predictions for both the flow field and the displacement field when compared to DNS. / Många djur använder sig av fjäll, päls, hår eller fjädrar för att öka sin förmåga att förflytta sig i luft eller vatten. Eftersom djuren har genomgått miljontals år av evolution, kan man förvänta sig att ytstrukturernas form är optimala för organismens uppgifter. Dessa strukturer tjänar som inspiration i denna avhandling för att identifiera nya mekanismer för manipulering av strömning. Samverkan mellan fluider och strukturer (så kallad fluid-struktur-interaktion) kan delas upp i två kategorier. Den första typen av samverkan är aktiv, vilket innebär att en organism aktivt rör hela eller delar av sin kropp för att manipulera det omgivande strömningsfältet (till exempel fåglar som flaxar sina vingar). Den andra typen är passiv samverkan, där organismer har utväxter (svansar, fjärdar, etc.) eller ytbeläggningar som de inte aktivt har kontroll över och som således inte förbrukar någon energi. Ett exempel är fjädrar som passivt rör sig i det omgivande flödet. Vårt mål är att hitta nya passiva mekanismer som växelverkar med den omgivande fluiden på ett fördelaktigt sätt, exempelvis genom att öka lyftkraften eller minska luftmotståndet. I den första delen av detta arbete undersöker vi en enkel modell för en utväxt (i form av en platta) bakom en cirkulär cylinder eller sfär. Om plattan är tillräckligt kort och om det finns ett vak bakom kroppen kommer det upprätta läget av plattan att vara instabilt. Denna instabilitet är i princip samma som uppstår då man försöker balansera en penna på fingret. Vi förklarar den bakomliggande mekanismen av denna instabilitet genom numeriska beräkningar, experiment och en enkel modell med tre frihetsgrader. Konsekvenserna av denna instabilitet är en omorientering (rotation) av kroppen och en sidledsförflyttning av kroppen i förhållande till tyngdkraftens riktning. Denna mekanism kan användas djur och frön för att öka deras förmåga att förflytta eller sprida sig i vatten eller luft. I den andra delen av avhandlingen studerar vi modeller av porösa och elastiska material. Vi använder en mångskalig metod för att modellera det poroelastiska materialet som ett kontinuum. Vi härleder randvillkor för både hastighetsfältet och trycket på gränssnittet mellan den fria fluiden och det poroelastiska materialet. Resultaten som erhållits med de härledda randvillkoren valideras sedan genom direkta numeriska simuleringar (DNS) för både två- och tredimensionella fall. Kontinuumsmodellen av materialet kopplad genom randvillkoren till den fria strömmande fluiden predikterar strömnings- och förskjutningsfält noggrant i jämförelse med DNS.