O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se as companhias seguradoras no Brasil otimizaram a alocação de seus ativos no período de 2001 a 2007. Dessa forma, baseando-se na carteira de investimentos dessas companhias e na teoria clássica de seleção de carteiras, formulada por Markowitz (1952), é possível avaliar a eficiência da alocação de todos os ativos. Assim, o trabalho buscou ilustrar a aplicação de um método de avaliação de ativos, bastante semelhante ao proposto por Leal, Silva e Ribeiro (2001) .Onde através da simulação de fronteiras eficientes, busca considerar a existência dos erros de estimação presentes nos retornos e covariâncias utilizados na teoria de Markowitz (1952). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, segundo o método utilizado, a maioria dessas instituições alocou seus ativos de forma eficiente durante o período estudado. / The main purpose of this work was to evaluate if the insurance companies in Brazil are optimizing their asset allocation for the period of 2001 to 2007. So, based on the investment portfolios of these companies and on Markowitz (1952) Portfolio Selection Theory, it is possible to evaluate the investments in all the asset area. In this way, this work illustrated the application of an asset evaluation model, very similar to the one proposed by Leal, Silva and Ribeiro (2001), that, by simulating efficient frontiers, tries to consider the existence of estimation errors on the returns and covariances used as inputs on Markowitz (1952) Portfolio Selection Theory. The results have shown that, according to the applied methodology, the majority of these institutions allocated their assets efficiently during the studied period.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se as companhias seguradoras no Brasil otimizaram a alocação de seus ativos no período de 2001 a 2007. Dessa forma, baseando-se na carteira de investimentos dessas companhias e na teoria clássica de seleção de carteiras, formulada por Markowitz (1952), é possível avaliar a eficiência da alocação de todos os ativos. Assim, o trabalho buscou ilustrar a aplicação de um método de avaliação de ativos, bastante semelhante ao proposto por Leal, Silva e Ribeiro (2001) .Onde através da simulação de fronteiras eficientes, busca considerar a existência dos erros de estimação presentes nos retornos e covariâncias utilizados na teoria de Markowitz (1952). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, segundo o método utilizado, a maioria dessas instituições alocou seus ativos de forma eficiente durante o período estudado. / The main purpose of this work was to evaluate if the insurance companies in Brazil are optimizing their asset allocation for the period of 2001 to 2007. So, based on the investment portfolios of these companies and on Markowitz (1952) Portfolio Selection Theory, it is possible to evaluate the investments in all the asset area. In this way, this work illustrated the application of an asset evaluation model, very similar to the one proposed by Leal, Silva and Ribeiro (2001), that, by simulating efficient frontiers, tries to consider the existence of estimation errors on the returns and covariances used as inputs on Markowitz (1952) Portfolio Selection Theory. The results have shown that, according to the applied methodology, the majority of these institutions allocated their assets efficiently during the studied period.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se as companhias seguradoras no Brasil otimizaram a alocação de seus ativos no período de 2001 a 2007. Dessa forma, baseando-se na carteira de investimentos dessas companhias e na teoria clássica de seleção de carteiras, formulada por Markowitz (1952), é possível avaliar a eficiência da alocação de todos os ativos. Assim, o trabalho buscou ilustrar a aplicação de um método de avaliação de ativos, bastante semelhante ao proposto por Leal, Silva e Ribeiro (2001) .Onde através da simulação de fronteiras eficientes, busca considerar a existência dos erros de estimação presentes nos retornos e covariâncias utilizados na teoria de Markowitz (1952). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, segundo o método utilizado, a maioria dessas instituições alocou seus ativos de forma eficiente durante o período estudado. / The main purpose of this work was to evaluate if the insurance companies in Brazil are optimizing their asset allocation for the period of 2001 to 2007. So, based on the investment portfolios of these companies and on Markowitz (1952) Portfolio Selection Theory, it is possible to evaluate the investments in all the asset area. In this way, this work illustrated the application of an asset evaluation model, very similar to the one proposed by Leal, Silva and Ribeiro (2001), that, by simulating efficient frontiers, tries to consider the existence of estimation errors on the returns and covariances used as inputs on Markowitz (1952) Portfolio Selection Theory. The results have shown that, according to the applied methodology, the majority of these institutions allocated their assets efficiently during the studied period.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka och jämföra hur svenska hållbara aktiefonder och svenska traditionella aktiefonder har presterat inom premiepensionssystemet under perioden 2015-2019. Detta görs eftersom att intresset för hållbara investeringar har ökat markant både hos privatpersoner och företag de senaste åren. Premiepensionssystemet väljs eftersom att varje privatperson som arbetar och betalar skatt i Sverige får en del av sin inkomst placerad i detta system, och sedan 2018/2019 läggs det otroligt mycket fokus på ökad transparens och medvetenhet hos Pensionsmyndigheten på fondplaceringar och att de kan erbjuda hållbara investeringar eftersom efterfrågan ökar. Författaren kan heller inte identifiera någon liknande studie som gjorts angående premiepension efter det att fondtorget gjorts om. Studien innehåller ett urval på totalt 5 hållbara fonder och 24 traditionella fonder. Studien har inriktat sig på den svenska marknaden, det vill säga fonder som placerar i svenska företag och som återfinns på den svenska marknaden samt uteslutande aktiefonder. Historisk data har insamlats från Pensionsmyndigheten och Morningstar för att sedan ligga till grund för beräkningar med hjälp av olika ekonomiska modeller och prestationsmått som Sharpekvot, Jensen’s alfa och Treynors kvot. Dessa mått mäter den riskjusterade avkastningen. Författaren väljer också att titta på faktisk avkastning, nettoavkastning för att se vad som presterat bäst för en privatperson som investerare. Därutöver görs statistiska beräkningar av statistiska mått i form av t-test för att beräkna p-värde och således kunna se om det finns någon statistisk signifikans för att antingen kunna acceptera eller förkasta en formulerad nollhypotes. Studiens resultat visar ingen större skillnad i prestation mellan hållbara och traditionella fonder, om än en marginell fördel för de traditionella i faktisk nettoavkastning. Studien erhåller heller ingen statistisk signifikans på 5-procentsnivån vilket indikerar på att vi inte kan förkasta nollhypotesen. / The purpose of the study is to investigate and compare how Swedish sustainable equity funds and Swedish traditional equity funds have performed within the premium pension system during the period 2015-2019. This is because the interest in sustainable investments has increased markedly among both individuals and companies in recent years. The premium pension system is chosen because every private person who works and pays tax in Sweden gets part of their income placed in this system, and since 2018/2019 there is an incredible amount of focus on increased transparency and awareness at the Swedish Pensions Agency on fund investments and that they can offer sustainable investments as demand increases. The author can also not identify any similar study that has been done regarding premium pensions after the fund market has been redesigned. The study contains a selection of a total of 5 sustainable funds and 24 traditional funds. The study has focused on the Swedish market, i.e. funds that invest in Swedish companies and that are found on the Swedish market, as well as exclusively equity funds. Historical data has been collected from the Swedish Pensions Agency and Morningstar to then form the basis for calculations using various economic models and performance measures such as Sharpe quota, Jensen's alpha and Treynor's quota and these measures measure the risk-adjusted return. The author also chooses to look at actual returns, net returns to see what has performed best for an individual as an investor. In addition, statistical calculations are made of statistical measures in the form of a t-test to calculate the p-value and thus be able to see if there is any statistical significance for either being able to accept or reject a formulated null hypothesis. The results of the t-statistics show that there is not significant differences in performance between sustainable and traditional funds, although a marginal advantage over the traditional ones in actual net returns. The study also receives no statistical significance at the 5% level, which indicates that we cannot reject the null hypothesis.

As we face increasingly complex problems of both a social and environmental nature, innovative and multifaceted solutions are required to create a sustainable future. Despite Sweden's leading position in terms of financial solutions to environmental issues, Sweden is behind most OECD economies in the development of a financial infrastructure for private investment for social and socio-economic projects. In our essay, we examine what the conditions are for social investments in Sweden. The purpose of our study is to investigate and analyze incentives, challenges, and opportunities for social investments in the Swedish capital market. In our approach, we investigated the institutional conditions for the implementation of social investments in a Swedish context, and the various areas of responsibility associated with social investments. In addition, we have analyzed how transaction costs and the organizational structure affect social investments in Sweden. It is also those four relationships that formed the basis of the study's analysis model, which have been used to analyze the empirical material. A qualitative method has been used to answer the purpose of the study. A total of ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives from the Swedish financial industry and the public sector. The study shows that the demand for increased measurability and a more data-driven approach, as well as the possibility of a more well-diversified portfolio, constitute incentives to invest socially sustainable. The challenges identified essentially deal with risk management, control, and organizational structure. The fundamental possibility of social investment, in the form of social outcome contracts, is its potential to generate a win-win-win situation, where all parties benefit from the outcome. In addition, we also found opportunities linked to the organizational structure and control, as these could facilitate future implementation in a Swedish context. It is proposed that the development of the limited company form would serve as inspiration for a more organic development and adaptation to the Swedish market.