Discriminating and positive discriminating aspect in realization of human rights guarantees This work disserts of discriminating and positive discriminating aspect in realization of human rights guarantees. First chapter is a general introduction of human rights - inclusive of their characteristics, classification and essential attributes. Second chapter about history analyses evolution of human right from antique to present - above all question equal and unequal treatments. Central chapter this work is about discriminating Laws - first o of all about a new antidiscriminating Act in Czech Republic. Further expound terms such as direct discrimination, indirect discrimination and generally discrimination individual because their racial and ethnic, age, sex and gender, caste, religion, language, sexual orientation, disability. Next interprets a reverse discrimination or too opinion of political ideology etc. Last chapter includes guarantee protection of human rights - i.e. international, European, national realization of prohibition discrimination and enforcement of equal and unequal treatments. This work is discretion about positive effect of discriminating Laws also their possible difficulty.

M.Com. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological inquiry was to explore college-aged women's experiences of body positivity and self-acceptance. I applied a conceptual framework that blended feminist identity development model (FIDM) and relational cultural theory (RCT) to answer the following questions: (a) what are the lived experiences of college-aged women who identify as having a positive and accepting body image? and (b) how do college-aged women's intersecting identities contribute to the development of positive and accepting body image? Ten college-age women participated in the current study. The participants provided detailed accounts of their experiences of body image throughout their life. Five overarching themes were identified through data analysis of the interview transcripts: (a) advocating for self and others, (b) beauty expectations and societal definitions, (c) intersecting identities, (d) journey of acceptance, and (e) relationships and community. Participants offered insight into the development of their current position of body positivity and self-acceptance that serve as implications for other relevant contexts. Implications and recommendations drawn from the participants' experiences can inform preventative and treatment care in educational settings, family environments, clinical practice, and integrated care.

Schools implement school-wide positive behavior support systems to enforce rules, shape maladaptive behaviors, and promote positive climate where students’ wellbeing can improve. A way to reduce disruptive behaviors is with Accept. Identify. Move (AIM) curriculum with reinforcement system and social-emotional components. Statistical t-test of between group of Intervention Classroom and Control Classroom, within Intervention Classroom group, and within Control Classroom group to evaluate changes in psychological flexibility changes after students received the AIM intervention and control classroom intervention. The between group and within Intervention Classroom group t-test produced statistically significant results, and the within Control Classroom group produced no statically significant results. An ABA design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the two classrooms receiving separate interventions. This study suggests that the AIM intervention can help students develop physiological flexibility skills and decrease disruptive behaviors in the classroom setting.

M.Med.(Anaesthesia), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2008 / BACKGROUND HIV infection is common in South Africa. The disease often remains clinically latent, despite the patient having severe immune compromise. Clinical preoperative assessment may result in patients with this severe systemic disease going unnoticed. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to determine the relationship between the preoperative physical status of HIV-positive patients presenting for anaesthesia and the CD4- count. The secondary objectives were to determine the prevalence of HIV infection in this group of patients, to determine the prevalence of HIV infection in selected subgroups, to ascertain what proportion of patients presenting for anaesthesia know their HIV status, and to ascertain what proportion of HIVpositive patients are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHOD A sample of 350 adult patients presenting for anaesthesia at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital was selected. Patients were interviewed preoperatively and were examined, and in doing so their ASA physical status grading was determined. Blood was sampled, and in those who were confirmed HIV-positive, vi a CD4-count was checked. Further data were collected: age, gender, the type, nature, urgency and time of day of surgery, the patient’s knowledge of their HIV status, and whether the patient was receiving HAART or not. RESULTS HIV-positive patients were more likely to be classified as ASA 1 or 2 than ASA 3 or 4 (OR 2.1). HIV-positive patients with CD4-counts above 200 cells.mm-3 were also more likely to be ASA 1 or 2 than ASA 3 or 4 (OR 3.88). However, within the group of HIV-positive patients with CD4-counts below 200 cells.mm-3, significantly more patients were classified as ASA 1 or 2 than ASA 3 or 4 (p<0.0001). Three patients with CD4-counts below 50 cells.mm-3 were classified as ASA 1 or 2. The overall prevalence of HIV infection was 29.4%. Within the various subgroups, the groups with higher disease prevalence rates were females, patients presenting for obstetric surgery, and the younger age groups. The highest prevalence of HIV infection was found in patients aged 30-39 years (43.0%), and the lowest prevalence was found in patients aged 60 years or older (7.7%). CONCLUSIONS Routine clinical preoperative assessment in patients from a population with a high HIV prevalence rate may result in asymptomatic, severe immune compromise secondary to HIV infection being missed in a significant number of patients. Further study into the perioperative outcomes of these patients is warranted.

M.Dent.(Community Dentistry), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / Title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of caregivers about oral lesions in HIV positive patients in NGOs /CBOs in Region 8, Johannesburg, Gauteng. Background: The HIV pandemic continues to be a major public health problem in South Africa where 11% of people were infected with HIV in 2005(HSRC, 2005).The care and support of these patients as they eventually become ill will necessitate the increase in use of community-based/homebased/ hospice institutions. The City of Johannesburg (CoJ), one of the metropolitan municipalities (local government) in Gauteng Province-SA, has been planning the development and implementation of programmes related to the prevention, care and support for people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. Care and support has been limited to 18 NGOs/ CBOs. Four of these institutions provide palliative care and are staffed by 64 caregivers. Studies done throughout the world indicate that oral lesions associated with HIV occur in over half of HIV/AIDS patients. These oral lesions seriously impair the oral-health-related-quality of life in affected individuals and necessitate the need to provide services to alleviate them and improve patient comfort. The caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs are therefore pivotal in offering care and support in the management of HIV including the management of oral lesions. In order for the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs to be able to manage the disease in its entirety; they need optimal knowledge of the infection/illness including the oral manifestations associated with the ailment. Objectives: (1.) To determine the knowledge of the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs providing palliative care in Region 8, CoJ, Gauteng regarding common oral manifestations associated with HIV. of the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs . (2.) To assess the attitudes of the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs providing palliative care in Region 8, CoJ, Gauteng on common oral manifestations associated with HIV. (3.) To determine the practices of the caregivers in the NGOs/CBOs in Region 8, CoJ, Gauteng, pertaining to the common oral manifestations associated with HIV. (4.) To determine the sociodemographic profile of the caregivers providing palliative care in the NGOs/CBOs in Region 8, CoJ, Gauteng. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted where all caregivers providing care and support in the four NGOs/CBOs were invited to participate in the study. Data was collected by a customised questionnaire to obtain information on demographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices on providing for HIV positive patients. Results: The results were grouped according to training in oral health care (TOHC) and no training (NTOHC). The mean age was 43.5 years for TOHC and 30.8 years NTOHC and was statistically significant (p<0.005). There were statistical significant differences in the gender proportions in within groups in the both groups, employment status, work experience as a caregiver and training in general home-based care (p<0.05). Most (72.2%) of those NTOHC had little experience (<1 year) of care giving compared to 41.1% (p=0.03) and 33.3% were providing care without training in homebased care (HBC) compared to 100% (p=0.00). The caregivers trained in oral health care had knowledge levels shown by higher knowledge levels on four of seven variables compared to those who were not trained in oral health care (p< 0.05, Table 3.3 p.21). The majority of caregivers NTOHC reported that caring for the mouth of HIV positive patients is an ‘unpleasant difficult task and poses an infection risk to the caregivers’ while these concerns were expressed by the minority of caregivers TOHC (p<0.05). Practices performed by caregivers NTOHC were appropriate for dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing but was inappropriate for bleeding gums and bad breath while those caregivers TOHC provided appropriate advice/practices for oral thrush, bad breath, bleeding gums, dry mouth with statistical difference. Conclusion: The caregivers TOHC had fairly better knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding oral lesions in HIV compared to those NTOHC. There was strong likelihood of knowledge variables and training in oral health care. Recommendations: Bearing in mind the limitations of KAP surveys and the cross sectional nature of the study, it is recommended that training in oral health care and refresher courses for those trained must be incorporated into the programme of all caregivers working in palliative institutions because it will provide specialised knowledge about oral health and oral lesions in HIV improve their knowledge, attitudes and practices and thus provide a better service to their patients.

Abstract Powerful and diverse countertransference reactions in psychotherapy group work with HIV positive children can be understood to indicate a site of mourning in the life of the group. Data from six interviews with five individuals conducting broadly psychodynamic group work with HIV positive children was analysed according to Thematic Content Analysis. The countertransference responses of the participants are understood as communications of the group unconscious, as well as expressions of the participants’ own unresolved unconscious difficulties. Working with HIV positive children confronts the participants with mortality and activates their earliest losses. A sense of strangeness and displacement, denial, idealisation, feelings of persecution, fantasies of rescue, rage, despair and hopelessness emerge in the countertransference and can be considered indicative of defences against mourning. These defences alternate with an engagement with the work of mourning and are represented in the countertransference as the relinquishment of omnipotence, awareness of fusion, containment, the recognition of the child’s resilience and uniqueness and the promotion of the child’s autonomy and expression. These findings may facilitate containment for therapists working with HIV positive children by offering an explanation of powerful and diverse countertransference responses as indicating a site of mourning, thereby promoting increased receptivity to unexpressed grief in therapy with these children.

Thesis advisor: Jacqueline V. Lerner / Youth contribution is important to the development of a healthy society (Lerner, Dowling et al., 2003; Schmid & Lopez, 2011). As youth develop on positive trajectories, they engage in higher rates of contribution to self, family, community, and civil society (Lerner, 2004). Many youth believe it is important to participate in contribution-oriented activities, but not many are involved in personally meaningful forms of contribution (Hershberg et al., 2014; Zeldin et al., 2013). In order to engage youth in contribution, and thereby increase the likelihood that they will continue to contribute into adulthood, it is important to understand the processes involved in contribution, the ways in which adolescents experience contribution, and how they conceptualize their role in giving back to the community. In the present research, I addressed the following questions: 1) How do adolescent girls experience contribution in their lives? (a) In which contribution-related activities are they involved? (b) What beliefs do they have about contribution? (2) How do adolescent girls direct their contribution goals or efforts? To whom do they contribute, or want to contribute? (3) What motivations are associated with contribution goals or efforts for adolescent girls? Through in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews, I investigated adolescent contribution in nine adolescent girls in high school. This subsample of participants is drawn from the Connecting Adolescents’ Beliefs and Behaviors (CABB) Study (Lerner & Johnson, 2014), a longitudinal investigation of youth character development in adolescent students in the New England area. I analyzed the interviews using the Listening Guide (Gilligan, Spencer, Weinberg, & Bertsch, 2006), a method for analysis of qualitative texts. I derived many themes from these texts to address my research questions. Youth expressed a range of contribution experiences, including how they conceptualize what counts as making a contribution. Participants directed their contributions in accordance with their personal social identifications, their future career goals, and people seen as generally “less fortunate.” Youth expressed multiple intrinsic and extrinsic motivators for contributing and wanting to contribute in the future. Implications for future research, programming and policy will be discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

Thesis advisor: Elizabeth Kensinger / Thesis advisor: Katherine Mickley / Current research suggests that viewing complex scenes composed of a background and a negative, centralized image results in an emotion-induced memory trade-off. This trade-off is often characterized by high rates of memory accuracy for negative central images at the expense of a neutral background. In the present study, I explored whether the same trade-off effect is present for positive emotional stimuli. Therefore, when viewing complex scenes composed of a background and a positive central image, do people tend to remember the positive image more than they do the background? I examined two related research questions: (1) will positive scene components elicit an emotional memory trade-off effect? and (2) how does the passage of time, with and without sleep, influence positive scene components in comparison to negative scene components? Participants were separated into a sleep group and a wake group. The experiment consisted of two parts: the first was a viewing of 90 compound scenes and the second included a memory recognition test. Although the trade-off effect was present for negative valence items as well as positive objects, no main group effect was found. In other words, the emotional memory trade-off effect was not enhanced with sleep. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology.

Este trabalho é dedicado ao estudo da existência de soluções da equação de Schrödinger \'DELTA\'u + (\'lambda\' a(x) + 1)u = \' u POT. p, u > 0 em \'R POT. N\', onde a \'> ou =\' 0 é uma função contínua e p > 1 é um expoente subcrítico. Métodos Variacionais são empregados para mostrar a existência de uma sequência \' lambda\' IND. n\' \' SETA\' + \'INFINITO\' e da respectiva sequência de soluções \'u IND. lambda IND. n\' convergindo para uma solução de energia mínima do problema de Dirichlet - \'DELTA\' u + u = \'u POT. p\', ; u > 0em \'OMEGA\', u = 0 sobre \'partial\'\' OMEGA\", sendo \"OMEGA\' := int \'a POT. -1\' (0). Além disso, estuda-se o efeito da topologia do conjunto \'OMEGA\' sobre o número de soluções da equação (*) por meio da categoria de Lusternik e Schnirelman / This work is devoted to study the existence of positive solutions of the Schrödinger equation \'DELTA\'u + (\'lambda\'a(x) + 1)u = \' u POT. p\', u > 0 in \'R POT. N\', where a is a nonnegative and continuous function and p > 1 is a subcritical exponent. Variational methods are employed in order to show the existence of a sequence \'lambda\' IND. n\' \"ARROW\' + \'THE INFINITE\' and the respective sequence of solutions converging in \'H POT. 1\' (\'R POT.N\' ) to a least energy solution of the Dirichlet problem - \'DELTA\'u + u = \'u POT. p\' ; u > 0 in \'OMEGA\', u = 0 on \'partial\' \' OMEGA\', where \'OMEGA\' : = int \'a POT. -1 (0) Furthermore, it is studied the effect of the topology of the set \'OMEGA\' on the number of positive solutions of the equation (*) by using the Lusternik and Schnirelman category