This thesis aims to analyse the change and continuity issue in German Foreign Policy. In this study, the basic aim is to identify the basic parameters of the West German foreign policy during the Cold War and identify the implications of the reunification on foreign policy of Germany. Actually, after the reunification, the economically giant Germany has started to pursue a more self-reliant foreign policy course but there is not a radical shift from the basic parameters and the core values. The concept of &amp / #8216 / civilian power&amp / #8217 / and the international climate within which the foreign policy is formulated, will be given priority. It is argued that from the Gulf War in 1990-1991 to the Kosovo War of 1999, German contribution to military operations has increased. However, Germany has done this within a multilateral context and the aim has been to keep the values of respect for democracy and human rights. Thus, continuity dominates over change in German foreign policy, with regard to its policy record during the 1990s.

<p>Beslutsfattning om militära våldsmedel varierar med en nations civil-militära mönster. Genom att teoretiskt använda maktbegreppet för att beskriva vilka normativa styrprinciper som formar den civil-militära relationen kan den också beskrivas. Teorin appliceras på Falklandskonflikten och Ubåtsincidenterna i Sverige under tidigt 80-tal. Effekterna som undersöks är tid och uppfattning om det strategiska målet som operationen syftar till.  </p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur olika typer av relationer mellan civila makthavare och den militära organisationen påverkar utformningen av beslut om militärt våld. Uppsatsen förklarar vilka styrprinciper som ligger bakom hur olika politiska system fattar beslut om militärt våld.</p><p>Resultatet indikerar att maktbegreppet är fruktbart för att kategorisera den civil-militära relationen och därmed beskriva hur olika politiska system fattar beslut om militärt våld. Sverige tenderade till att reglera och överlåta våldsbeslut till den militära aktören, men uppvisade en pragmatisk hållning när beslut brådskade. Storbritanniens dominerande drag var förhandling genom samverkan vilket medförde att direktiv var sällsynta. Reella likheter mellan Storbritanniens och Sveriges civil-militära relation existerade. En skillnad var graden av integration. En formell integration av försvarsmaktsledningen i den politiska ledningen socialiserade den militära aktören till att uppfatta politiska intentioner och internaliserar den att ta hänsyn till politiska konsekvenser av våldsmakten. I Sverige uppstod samverkan mellan aktörerna på basis av <em>ad-hoc</em> vilket medförde att den militära aktören fick stora friheter att genomföra operationen på bekostnad av den civila kontrollen</p> / <p>Decision-making on military violence varies with a nation’s civil-military relation. Applying a theoretical framework that uses the concept of power to determine the normative and ruling principles will allow a model to describe and categorise the civil-military relation. The theory is applied on the Falklands conflict and the Swedish issue of violating submarines in the early eighties. The effects that are examined are time and the apprehension of the conception over the strategic goal for the operation.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to examine how different types of relations between politicians and the military organisation, are affecting the design of the decision process. The study explains what normative and ruling principles that are underlying how different political systems make decisions on military violence.</p><p>The results indicate that the concept of power can be fruitful to categorise the civil-military relation and thereby describe how different political systems makes decisions on military violence. Sweden had an inclination towards governmental regulation and to hand over the decisions to the military operator, but had also a pragmatic attitude when decisions were urgently needed. The dominating inclination in UK during the Falklands conflict was to closely co-ordinate actions through negotiations between the civil and military operators. Actual similarities between the UK and Sweden did exist as well. However, a difference was the level of integration. A formal integration of the military supreme command into the Ministry of Defence will socialise the military operator so that he will detect political intentions and internalize him to take decisions with political considerations. In the case of Sweden co-ordination was run on basis of <em>ad-hoc</em> which gave the military operator large amount of freedom to act at the expense of the civil control</p>

Beslutsfattning om militära våldsmedel varierar med en nations civil-militära mönster. Genom att teoretiskt använda maktbegreppet för att beskriva vilka normativa styrprinciper som formar den civil-militära relationen kan den också beskrivas. Teorin appliceras på Falklandskonflikten och Ubåtsincidenterna i Sverige under tidigt 80-tal. Effekterna som undersöks är tid och uppfattning om det strategiska målet som operationen syftar till.   Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur olika typer av relationer mellan civila makthavare och den militära organisationen påverkar utformningen av beslut om militärt våld. Uppsatsen förklarar vilka styrprinciper som ligger bakom hur olika politiska system fattar beslut om militärt våld. Resultatet indikerar att maktbegreppet är fruktbart för att kategorisera den civil-militära relationen och därmed beskriva hur olika politiska system fattar beslut om militärt våld. Sverige tenderade till att reglera och överlåta våldsbeslut till den militära aktören, men uppvisade en pragmatisk hållning när beslut brådskade. Storbritanniens dominerande drag var förhandling genom samverkan vilket medförde att direktiv var sällsynta. Reella likheter mellan Storbritanniens och Sveriges civil-militära relation existerade. En skillnad var graden av integration. En formell integration av försvarsmaktsledningen i den politiska ledningen socialiserade den militära aktören till att uppfatta politiska intentioner och internaliserar den att ta hänsyn till politiska konsekvenser av våldsmakten. I Sverige uppstod samverkan mellan aktörerna på basis av ad-hoc vilket medförde att den militära aktören fick stora friheter att genomföra operationen på bekostnad av den civila kontrollen / Decision-making on military violence varies with a nation’s civil-military relation. Applying a theoretical framework that uses the concept of power to determine the normative and ruling principles will allow a model to describe and categorise the civil-military relation. The theory is applied on the Falklands conflict and the Swedish issue of violating submarines in the early eighties. The effects that are examined are time and the apprehension of the conception over the strategic goal for the operation. The purpose of this study is to examine how different types of relations between politicians and the military organisation, are affecting the design of the decision process. The study explains what normative and ruling principles that are underlying how different political systems make decisions on military violence. The results indicate that the concept of power can be fruitful to categorise the civil-military relation and thereby describe how different political systems makes decisions on military violence. Sweden had an inclination towards governmental regulation and to hand over the decisions to the military operator, but had also a pragmatic attitude when decisions were urgently needed. The dominating inclination in UK during the Falklands conflict was to closely co-ordinate actions through negotiations between the civil and military operators. Actual similarities between the UK and Sweden did exist as well. However, a difference was the level of integration. A formal integration of the military supreme command into the Ministry of Defence will socialise the military operator so that he will detect political intentions and internalize him to take decisions with political considerations. In the case of Sweden co-ordination was run on basis of ad-hoc which gave the military operator large amount of freedom to act at the expense of the civil control