abstract: As the world becomes more electronic, power electronics designers have continuously designed more efficient converters. However, with the rising number of nonlinear loads (i.e. electronics) attached to the grid, power quality concerns, and emerging legislation, converters that intake alternating current (AC) and output direct current (DC) known as rectifiers are increasingly implementing power factor correction (PFC) by controlling the input current. For a properly designed PFC-stage inductor, the major design goals include exceeding minimum inductance, remaining below the saturation flux density, high power density, and high efficiency. In meeting these goals, loss calculation is critical in evaluating designs. This input current from PFC circuitry leads to a DC bias through the filter inductor that makes accurate core loss estimation exceedingly difficult as most modern loss estimation techniques neglect the effects of a DC bias. This thesis explores prior loss estimation and design methods, investigates finite element analysis (FEA) design tools, and builds a magnetics test bed setup to empirically determine a magnetic core’s loss under any electrical excitation. In the end, the magnetics test bed hardware results are compared and future work needed to improve the test bed is outlined. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2019

<p>NR 20140805</p>

v anglickém jazyce The subject of the presented work is (the usage of) electroacoustic transducers in physics teaching. Its first part contains an overview of study materials, physics textbooks and a selection of academic studies dealing with the aforementioned topic. The central part of the thesis consists of three experimental activities in which electroacoustic transducers are employed. These activities may be adopted for home or laboratory work of students or in hobby groups. The first activity aims at exploring the principle of operation of or- dinary headphones. The second activity contains instructions for making a simple phone. The third, most extensive activity, focuses on the measurement of electrical properties of various electroacoustic transducers. The results are further used for a more detailed discussion of their operating principles. In the final part of the thesis, the usage and verification of one of these proposed activities in practice are discussed.

The variable nature of photovoltaic (PV) generation can cause voltage fluctuations in power distribution systems. Feedback control can be used to minimize the voltage fluctuations. This thesis presents the results obtained from comparing the control performance of two types of PV generation feedback control, namely Volt-VAR control and constant power factor control. A three minute PV generation transient is used to evaluate controller performance, where the transient data used originated from one second measurements taken on an actual PV generator. Using the three minute transient, a set of parametric studies are performed on both feedback control strategies. The performance of the control strategies are compared as to voltage control on the distribution feeder and also to the effect that the control may have on transmission system voltage. In considering transmission system voltage, the reactive power drawn from the substation during the transient is evaluated. Simulation results suggest that the choice of control to be implemented should be based on both transmission and distribution system operational concerns. / Master of Science

No description available.

This dissertation presents the derivation, analysis and application issues of advanced topologies with coupled inductors. The proposed innovative solutions can achieve significant performance improvement compared to the state-of-the-art technology. New applications call for high-efficiency high step-up DC-DC converters. The basic topologies suffer from extreme duty ratios and severe rectifier reverse recovery. Utilizing coupled inductor is a simple solution to avoid extreme duty ratios, but the leakage inductance associated with the coupled inductor induces severe voltage stress and loss. An innovative solution is proposed featuring with efficient leakage energy recovery and alleviated rectifier reverse recovery. Impressive efficiency improvement is achieved with a simple topology structure. The coupled inductor switching cell is identified. Topology variations and evaluations are also addressed. The concept that utilizes coupled inductors to alleviate rectifier reverse recovery is then extended, and new topologies suitable for other applications are generated. The proposed concept is demonstrated to solve the severe rectifier reverse recovery that occurs in continuous current mode (CCM) boost converters. Significant profile reduction and power density improvement can be achieved in front-end CCM power factor correction (PFC) boost converters, which are the overwhelmingly choice for use in telecommunications and server applications. This dissertation also proposes topologies to realize the single-stage parallel PFC by utilizing coupled inductors. Compared to the state-of-the-art single-stage PFC converters, the proposed topologies introduce a new power flow pattern that minimizes the bulk-capacitor voltage stress and the switch current stress. / Ph. D.

Around 19% of global power consumption and around 3% of global oil demand is attributable to lighting. After the first incandescent lamp was invented in 1879, more and more energy efficient lighting devices, such as gas discharge lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LED), have been developed during the last century. It is estimated that over 38% of future global lighting energy demand could be avoided by the use of more efficient lamps and ballasts [1]. High intensity discharge (HID) lamps, one category of gas discharge lamp, have been widely used in both commercial and residential lighting applications due to their merits of high efficacy, long life, compact size and good color rendition [2-4]. However, HID lamps require a well-designed ballast to stabilize the negative VI characteristics. A so-called ignitor is also needed to provide high voltage to initiate the gas discharge. Stringent input harmonic current limits, such as the IEC 61000-3-2 Class C standard, are set for lighting applications. It is well-known that high-frequency electronic ballasts can greatly save energy, improve lamp performance, and reduce the ballast size and weight compared with the conventional magnetic ballast. However, a unique phenomenon called acoustic resonance could occur in HID lamps under high-frequency operation. A low-frequency square wave current driving scheme has proved to be the only effective method to avoid acoustic resonance in HID lamps. A typical electronic HID ballast consist of three stages: power factor correction (PFC), DC/DC power regulation and low-frequency DC/AC inverter. The ignitor is usually integrated in the inverter stage. The three-stage structure results in a large size and high cost, which unfortunately offsets the merit of the HID lamp, especially in low-wattage applications. In order to make HID lamps more attractive in low-wattage and indoor applications, it is critical to reduce the size, weight and cost of HID ballasts. This dissertation is aimed at developing a compact HID with an ultra-compact ballast installed inside the lamp fixture. It is a similar concept to the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), but it is much more challenging than the CFL. Two steps are explored to achieve high power density of the HID ballast. The first step is to improve the system structure and circuit topology. Instead of a three-stage structure, a two-stage structure is proposed, which consists of a single-stage power factor correction (SSPFC) AC/DC front-end and an unregulated DC/AC inverter/ignitor stage. An SSPFC AC/DC converter is proposed as the front-end. A DCM non-isolated flyback PFC semi-stage and a DCM buck-boost DC/DC semi-stage share the semiconductor switch, driver and PWM controller, so that the component count and cost can be reduced. The proposed SSPFC AC/DC front-end converter can achieve a high power factor, low THD, low bulk capacitor voltage, and the desired power regulation with a simple control circuit. Because the number of high-frequency switches is reduced compared to that of state-of-the-art two-stage HID ballast topologies, the switching frequency can be increased without sacrificing high efficiency, so the passive component size can be reduced. The power density of the whole ballast is increased using this two-stage structure. It results in a 2.5 times power density (6 W/in3) improvement compared to the commercial product (2.4 W/in3). The power density of the converter in discrete fashion usually suffers as a result of poor three-dimensional (3D) volume utilization due to a large component count and the different form factor of different components. In the second step, integration and packaging technologies are explored to further increase the power density. A 3D passive integrated HID ballast is proposed in this dissertation. All power passive components are designed in planar shape with a uniform form factor to fully utilize the three-dimensional space. In addition, electromagnetic integration technologies are applied to achieve structural, functional and processing integration to reduce component volume and labor cost. System partitioning, integration and packaging strategies, and implementation of major power passive integration, including an integrated EMI filter, and an integrated ignitor, will be discussed in the dissertation. The proposed integrated ballast is projected to double the power density of the discrete implementation. By installing the HID ballast inside the lamp fixture, the ambient temperature for the ballast will be much higher than the conventional separately installed ballast, and combined with a reduced size, the thermal condition for the integrated ballast will be much more severe. A thermal simulation model of the integrated ballast is built in the IDEAS simulation tool, and appropriate thermal management methods are investigated using the IDEAS simulation model. Experimental verification of various thermal management methods is provided. Based on the thermal management study, a new integrated ballast with improved thermal design is proposed. / Ph. D.

With the rapid evolving IT technologies, today, the power factor correction (PFC) design is facing many challenges, such as power scalability, high entire-load-range efficiency, and high power density. Power scalability is a very desirable and cost-effective approach in the PFC design in order to keep up with servers' growing power requirements. Higher power density can eventually reduce the converter cost and allows for accommodating more equipment in the existing infrastructures. Driven strongly by economic and environmental concerns, high entire-load-range efficiency is more and more required by various organizations and programs, such as the U.S. Energy Star, Climate Savers, and German Blue Angel. Today, the existing boost PFC is reaching its limitations to meet these challenges simultaneously. Using the cutting-edge semiconductor devices, further efficiency improvement at light load is still needed. There are limited approaches available for increasing the power density due to the large EMI filter and inductor size. Interleaved multi-channel boost PFC is a promising candidate to meet those challenges, but the interleaved boost converter is a less explored area. On the other hand, the multi-channel interleaved buck converter for the VR application has been intensively studied and thoroughly explored. One basic approach of this study is trying to extend the existing knowledge and techniques obtained from multiphase buck converters to the multi-channel interleaved boost converters since there are similarities existed between the multi-phase buck and the multi-channel boost converters. The existing studies about the interleaving impact on the EMI filter design are based on the time domain ripple cancellation effect. This approach is good enough for most of the filter designs. However, unlike the conventional filter designs, the EMI filter design is a specification related process. Both the EMI standard and the EMI measurement are based on the frequency domain spectrum. Limited by the existing analysis approaches, it is difficult to provide a clear picture about how exactly the multi-channel interleaving will impact the EMI filter design. The interleaving impact on the Common Mode (CM) noise also has not been studied in any existing literatures for the same reason. In this study, the frequency domain analysis method was adopted. With the double Fourier integral transformation, a closed-form expression of all the harmonics of the noise sources can be obtained. With all the detailed phase relationship of the switching frequency harmonics and all the side band harmonics, the multi-channel interleaving impact on both the differential mode (DM) and CM filter design can be clearly understood and summarized. According to the design curves provided, the EMI filter size can be effectively reduced by properly choosing the interleaving channel number and the switching frequency. The multi-channel interleaving impact on the output capacitor current ripple is also studied and summarized in this dissertation. It should be pointed out that interleaving only reduces the total input and output current ripples; the inductor current in each channel still has large ripple if small inductance is used. Similar to the multi-phase buck converter, coupling inductors result in different equivalent inductances for input current ripple and inductor current ripple for boost converters. Keeping the inductor current ripple magnitude the same, inverse coupling inductors between the interleaved channels can reduce the inductor size. However, the DM filter size is increased due to larger input current. Based on the investigation on the total magnetic component weight, inverse coupling inductor can reduce the total magnetic component weight. The reduction is more pronounced for lower switching frequency design when the inductor size is dominating among the total magnetic components. Based on the harmonic cancellation, and with all the detailed phase relationship of the switching frequency harmonics and all the side band harmonics, a novel phase angle control method is proposed to maximize the reduction of the EMI filter. For example, in a 2-channel interleaved PFC, just by changing the interleaving scheme to 90 degree phase shift, 39% total volume reduction of the EMI filter can be achieved. The proposed phase angle controlled multi-channel PFC is experimentally demonstrated and verified on a digital controlled 4-channel PFC. The phase angle control method proposed in the multi-channel boost converter can be applied back to the multi-phase buck converter as well. The harmonic cancellation principle will be the same as the multi-channel boost converter. The same benefits can be obtained when the requirement is defined in the frequency domain, e.g. the EMI Standard. The interleaved multi-channel configuration makes it possible to implement the phase-shedding to improve the PFC light load efficiency. By decreasing the number of active channels according to the load, the PFC light load efficiency can be optimized. However, shedding phases can reduce the ripple cancellation effect as well, which will result in the EMI noise increase and losing the benefit on the EMI filter. By applying the proposed phase-shedding with phase angle control strategy, the phase shedding impact on the EMI filter design can be minimized. The light load efficiency can be improved without compromising the EMI filter size. Then, adaptive frequency controlled PFC is proposed to further improve the PFC light load efficiency. The proposed light load efficiency improvement strategies are combined and implemented on the platform of the digital controlled 4-channel PFC. The benefit of improving the light load efficiency is experimentally verified. The EMI performance is also evaluated with the EMI measurement results obtained from the PFC prototype. Following the same approach explored, the benefits of interleaved boost converter can be further extended other applications, such as the boost converter in the Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and photovoltaic (PV) system. / Ph. D.

Yes / Polymer extrusion is an energy intensive production process and process energy e ciency has become a key concern in the current industry with the pressure of reducing the global carbon footprint. Here, knowledge of the pattern of energy usage and losses of each component in the plant is highly useful in the process energy optimization. Moreover, it is essential to maintain the melt quality while improving the energy e ciency in polymer processing. In this work, an investigation was made on the total energy consumption, drive motor energy consumption, power factor and the melt temperature profile across the die melt flow (as an indication of the melt thermal quality) of an industrial scale extruder with three di erent screw geometries, three polymer types and wide range of processing conditions (altogether 135 di erent processing situations were observed). This aims to widen the knowledge on process energy and thermal behaviors while exploring possible correlation/s between energy demand and melt quality (in terms of melt temperature fluctuations across the melt flow). The results showed that the level and fluctuations of the extruder’s power factor is particularly dependent upon the material being processed. Moreover, it seems that there is a relation between the level of energy demand of the heaters and the level of melt temperature fluctuations. While the extruder specific energy consumption decreases with increasing screw speed, specific energy consumption of the drive motor may have either increasing or decreasing behavior. Overall, this study provides new insights in a wide range on process energy demand and melt thermal quality in polymer extrusion. Moreover, further research is recommended to establish strong correlation/s between process energy consumption and melt thermal quality which should help to enhance process control and hence the product quality in single screw polymer extrusion.

Yes / Extrusion is one of the fundamental production methods in the polymer processing industry and is used in the production of a large number of commodities in a diverse industrial sector. Being an energy intensive production method, process energy efficiency is one of the major concerns and the selection of the most energy efficient processing conditions is a key to reducing operating costs. Usually, extruders consume energy through the drive motor, barrel heaters, cooling fans, cooling water pumps, gear pumps, etc. Typically the drive motor is the largest energy consuming device in an extruder while barrel/die heaters are responsible for the second largest energy demand. This study is focused on investigating the total energy demand of an extrusion plant under various processing conditions while identifying ways to optimise the energy efficiency. Initially, a review was carried out on the monitoring and modelling of the energy consumption in polymer extrusion. Also, the power factor, energy demand and losses of a typical extrusion plant were discussed in detail. The mass throughput, total energy consumption and power factor of an extruder were experimentally observed over different processing conditions and the total extruder energy demand was modelled empirically and also using a commercially available extrusion simulation software. The experimental results show that extruder energy demand is heavily coupled between the machine, material and process parameters. The total power predicted by the simulation software exhibits a lagging offset compared with the experimental measurements. Empirical models are in good agreement with the experimental measurements and hence these can be used in studying process energy behaviour in detail and to identify ways to optimise the process energy efficiency.