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The purpose of this study was to investigate the birth order differences in perception of parental child-rearing practices in one-and two-sibling families. The two-sibling families were separated into all the possible sex permutations (male-male, female-female, male-female, female-male) to assess the influence of sex of sibling in viewing the parents' child-rearing practices.

In the current era of student accountability, coupled with high-stakes testing, schools have focused on the alignment of standardized curriculums and assessments. However, developing standardized grading practices are still under examination. Grading serves as an important responsibility, yet many teachers still find the process a challenge of determining which academic and non-academic factors correctly represent student achievement. This qualitative study was designed to examine the grading factors teachers consider when determining student final grades. Middle school language arts teachers from one mid-sized suburban school district in Virginia participated in qualitative interviews. The interviews addressed the following topics: (1) the purposes of grades, (2) the grading factors teachers consider when they grade, (3) the teachers’ influences in determining their practices, and (4) how teachers’ grading practices relate to measurement theory. Overall results in the areas of the purpose of grades, the use of academic and non-academic factors, teachers’ influences, the use of formative and summative assessments, and the need for professional development are consistent with the literature. With respect to how teachers’ practices relate to measurement theory, the findings are consistent with the literature from previous studies. This suggests that although measurement theory experts recommend that achievement factors should be the only factors that determine student grades, the results of this study indicate that teachers use a mixture of variables in determining student grades, known as hodgepodge grading. Recommendations for practice include teacher reflection on determining why they grade, becoming familiar with measurement theory recommendations in terms of using academic factors that measure student achievement, how to use non-academic factors in other ways to support student learning, and providing staff development in the area of grading practices and how practices support measurement standards.

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Three Catholic women shared the unique experiences that shaped their relationship with Catholicism and the customs they practice today in order to sustain their faith. Each of the three speakers discussed their personal histories and how religion played a vital role in their development. / with Kate Carter, Sr. Mary Sweeney, S.C., and Nancy Pineda-Madrid / Heights Room

MSc (Med), Community Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Background: Although breastfeeding is a key child survival strategy, breastfeeding practices in South African health institutions can generally be categorised as being poor. The global Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), led by UNICEF and the WHO, aims to create a health care environment that promotes breastfeeding as the norm. This study aimed to document practices around breastfeeding support and compliance with the BFHI’s “10 steps to successful breastfeeding” in both baby-friendly accredited and non-accredited facilities. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in nine facilities in Gauteng, including tertiary, secondary and districts hospitals, and midwife obstetric units. Convenience sampling was used. Study questionnaires were based on the generic BFHI assessment tool, but were modified to include more detailed investigation of HIV related factors. The questionnaire was verbally administered on-site to 165 mothers of well infants, and 65 nursing staff. Results: Suboptimal practices were identified in both baby-friendly and non-baby-friendly accredited facilities, but more so in the latter. None of the facilities passed all of the 10 BFHI steps. None of the baby-friendly certified institutions achieved a score sufficient to be still deemed baby-friendly. Steps that required advice and support from nursing staff, viz. step 5 (showing mothers how to breastfeed), step 8 (encouraging breastfeeding on demand), and step 10 (breastfeeding support after discharge from the facility), were particularly poorly done in the majority of facilities. Baby-friendly certified institutions were significantly better than non-accredited facilities for steps 2 (training), 4 (initiating breastfeeding within 1 hour), and 7 (rooming-in). Conclusion: Although baby-friendly accredited facilities generally performed better than non-accredited facilities, their performance failed to justify maintenance of their accredited status based on this assessment. However, some positive practices were sustained over time. There is a dire need for greater attention to be directed to the promotion of good breastfeeding practices by health professionals and institutions.

黃敬安. / "2004年6月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻 (leaves 105-111). / 附中英文摘要. / "2004 nian 6 yue". / Huang Jing'an. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 105-111). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緖論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 早期天師道《黃書》硏究史 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 過往硏究的問題與不足 --- p.6 / Chapter 第三節 --- 早期天師道儀式硏究 --- p.9 / Chapter 第四節 --- 硏究對象與範圍 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二章 --- 佛道論《黃書》 --- p.13 / Chapter 第一節 --- 分析佛教對《黃書》的批評 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二節 --- 上淸派貶抑《黃書》 --- p.22 / Chapter 第三節 --- 天師道內部的回應 --- p.25 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《上淸黃書過度儀》的結構分析 --- p.31 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《上淸黃書過度儀》釋題 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《上淸黃書過度儀》經文結構 --- p.35 / Chapter 第四章 --- 《黃書》別稱 --- p.39 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《黃書》考證 --- p.45 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《上淸黃書過度儀》分析一：入靖與上章 --- p.53 / Chapter 第一節 --- 入靖儀式 --- p.54 / Chapter 第二節 --- 上章儀式 --- p.62 / Chapter 第三節 --- 言功 --- p.73 / Chapter 第六章 --- 《上淸黃書過度儀》分析二：九宮與躡紀 --- p.77 / Chapter 第一節 --- 九宮 --- p.77 / Chapter 第二節 --- 躡紀 --- p.90 / Chapter 第二節 --- 還神 --- p.96 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.98 / Chapter 第一節 --- 非佛僧筆下的「淫行」 --- p.98 / Chapter 第二節 --- 不僅是房中術 --- p.100 / Chapter 第三節 --- 早期天師道傳統 --- p.103 / 參考書目 --- p.105

We currently live in a day and age where nearly everyone uses electronic devices and connects to the web. Whether it be from a desktop, laptop, or smartphone, staying connected and having information at your fingertips is easier than ever. Although technology has become so intermingled with our daily lives, the idea around security is not as momentous as it should be. As mentioned by the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC), “based on recent statistics, the average unprotected computer can be compromised in a matter of minutes. The majority of individuals who thought their computers were safe…were wrong.” (MS-ISAC 2) This paper specifically investigates what types of security practices individuals in Southern California are aware of, how much of these practices are actively implemented and how can we not only further spread awareness, but also keep them engaged in these practices. This study shows that most of the participants feel confident about their level of knowledge regarding basic cyber security practices. Similarly, they were also confident in their active and frequent implementation of security practices. Nonetheless, it is imperative that implementing security measures become an active part of people’s behavior. As technology and interconnectedness continues to grow, security will only become even more at risk. Since it is a difficult task to change the behavior of people, this study suggests the best route is to begin consistently teaching people at a young age. By doing so, many of these practices can become embedded within people and nearly function as second nature as they mature. Although this suggestion does not focus on security awareness and implementation on those individuals who currently use smartphones, computers, and other devices, it is a sure way of ensuring the future populations become more engaged in understanding the importance of security measures and practice them.