This thesis explains why the prefix maha- in Malagasy (a Western Austronesian language) can have either an abilitive or causative meaning. It is not the case that there is a causative maha- prefix and an abilitive maha- prefix. There is, in fact, only one prefix which is both causative and abilitive. The apparent difference in meaning arises because of a difference in the emphasis placed on what I shall suggest are the two components of this prefix: stativity and causation. Whether maha- receives an abilitive or a causative reading depends on whether it attaches to what I term an "eventive" root or a "non-eventive" root. In the former case, it receives an abilitive reading, in the latter case, a causative reading.

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Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1969. / Bibliography: leaves [199]-207. / viii, 207 l

The main aim of this thesis is to gain a deep understanding of the meanings of Korean conjunctive verbal suffixes from a pragmatic viewpoint, using real, not constructed data. In order to attain the purpose, this thesis conducts an in-depth analysis of the nature of the meanings, and the use, of six Korean conjunctive verbal suffixes: -ko, -nuntey, -nikka, -se, -ciman, and -to. The term the use refers to the truth-functionality of suffixes, i.e., whether they conjoin or disjoin the two propositions, which are recovered from two segments, truth-functionally. The data are obtained from 360 minutes of audio-taped Korean natural conversations. It adopts as its reasoning tool four major pragmatic theories - Gricean theory, neo-Gricean theory, Relevance Theory, and Default Semantics. However, it does not use the data to compare the four theories. The thesis emphasises how to elucidate the meanings of Korean conjunctive verbal suffixes that modern pragmatic theories cannot neatly explain. In Chapter 1 previous approaches on the six suffixes are analysed. It is pointed out that while these studies correctly equate the meanings of a given suffix with propositional relations that obtain between the two segments (linked by the suffix), they fail to see the importance of the use of the suffix. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the four pragmatic theories. The focus is on strengths and weaknesses of the four theories. In Chapter 3, we introduce propositional relations and the notions of encoding and inferred. What is meant by conjoining and disjoining truth-conditionally is also explained. Chapter 4 specifies the data. In Chapter 5, propositional relations between two propositions which are recovered from two conjoined segments are characterised. Chapter 6 applies the scope test to meanings of the six suffixes and distinguishes encoded and inferred meanings. It discusses encoded meanings of the six suffixes, which conjoin the two propositions truth-functionally, and discusses inferred meanings of only four of the six suffixes, which disjoin the two propositions truthfunctionally. In Chapter 7, we discuss the nature of the meanings of the six suffixes from two theoretical angles, Relevance Theory and Default Semantics, and in particular we argue against a unitary procedure hypothesis. Chapter 8 concludes the thesis and also includes suggestions for future studies.

M.A. (African Languages) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

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Tato diplomová práce je v nována tématu v tných a lexikálních zápor v n meckém a norském jazyce. V teoretické části práce je popsán zp sob tvo ení a používání zápor v obou jazycích. V jednotlivých kapitolách o lexikálních záporech (záporných afixech) jsou popsány jejich významy a možnosti použití. V praktické části diplomové práce byla provedena analýza toho, jaké zápory se používají nejčast ji a jak se p ekládají z n mčiny do norštiny a naopak. Za tímto účelem byl vytvo en textový korpus vycházející z n kolika beletristických knih v norském a n meckém jazyce a jejich p eklad , který se nachází v p íloze. Klíčová slova: v tný a lexikální zápor, n mecké a norské negativní prefixy a sufixy, domácí a cizí prefixy Abstract The thesis is devoted to the subject of syntactical and lexical negation in German and Norwegian language. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the way of creation and application of the negations in both languages is described. In the following chapters, meanings of lexical negations (negative affixes) and possibilities of their application are depicted. In the practical part of the thesis an analysis was conducted, covering the ways of negations which are used most frequently and also the ways they are translated from German to Norwegian and vice versa. For this reason, a text...

Esta investigação busca analisar o processo parassintético, bem como estudar a formação prefixal em palavras já derivadas. Toma-se como ponto de partida o exame do prefixo des-, bastante produtivo em português brasileiro atual. Objetiva-se averiguar os critérios de seleção, combinação, restrição desse elemento formativo, em relação aos sufixos, já presentes nos vocábulos pesquisados, e às bases selecionadas. Intenciona-se indicar as regularidades e idiossincrasias desses mecanismos de formação de palavras, no que tange o afixo supracitado, considerando-se os níveis fonológico, morfológico e semântico. O prefixo des- é uma inovação neolatina e possui muitos significados comuns aos formantes latinos de- e dis-, partilhando dos valores de negação/privação, separação/afastamento e intensidade. Além das semelhanças semânticas no português contemporâneo, esses elementos formativos mostram-se intrinsecamente ligados pelo seu desenvolvimento morfossemântico, sendo indispensável, portanto, a consideração desses formantes lexicais para esboçar uma proposta etimológica para o prefixo sob escopo. A observação das formações construídas a partir dos afixos em apreço permitiu promover uma série de reflexões a respeito dos processos prefixais e parassintéticos, imprescindíveis para o prosseguimento da análise. Para levar a cabo esses objetivos, utilizou-se, inicialmente, a base de dados do Dicionário Houaiss. Vale destacar que outros dicionários foram utilizados, a fim de aferir e complementar essas informações. Empreendeu-se ainda um estudo da produtividade do prefixo des-, por meio da análise dos neologismos, que permitiu delinear um panorama do seu status atual. / This research aims to analyse the parasynthetic process, as well as to study prefixation in words already derived. As a starting point it was performed the examination of the prefix des-, which is very productive in the current Brazilian Portuguese. The objective is to determine the criteria of selection, combination, restriction of that formative element, in relation to the suffixes, already present in the studied words, and to the selected stems. It is the authors purpose to indicate the regularities and idiosyncrasies of these mechanisms of word formation, regarding the aforementioned affix, taking into account the phonological, morphological and semantic levels. The prefix des- is an innovation of the Romance languages and has many meanings in common with the Latin prefixes de- and dis-, sharing values of negation/deprivation, separation/distance and intensity. In addition to the semantic similarities in the contemporary Portuguese, these prefixes are shown to be inextricably linked by their morpho-semantic development, being essential, therefore, a consideration of these lexicon builders to outline an etymological proposal for the prefix under investigation. The observation of the vocabulary built by the prefix in question promoted a series of reflections about the prefixation and parasynthetic processes, that were essential to carry on with the analysis. To carry out these objectives, the database of Houaiss dictionary was initially used. It is worth a note that other dictionaries have been used in order to assess and complement the information. A study of productivity of the prefix des- was also conducted through the analysis of neologisms, what enabled the author to draw an overview of their current status.

Esta investigação busca analisar o processo parassintético, bem como estudar a formação prefixal em palavras já derivadas. Toma-se como ponto de partida o exame do prefixo des-, bastante produtivo em português brasileiro atual. Objetiva-se averiguar os critérios de seleção, combinação, restrição desse elemento formativo, em relação aos sufixos, já presentes nos vocábulos pesquisados, e às bases selecionadas. Intenciona-se indicar as regularidades e idiossincrasias desses mecanismos de formação de palavras, no que tange o afixo supracitado, considerando-se os níveis fonológico, morfológico e semântico. O prefixo des- é uma inovação neolatina e possui muitos significados comuns aos formantes latinos de- e dis-, partilhando dos valores de negação/privação, separação/afastamento e intensidade. Além das semelhanças semânticas no português contemporâneo, esses elementos formativos mostram-se intrinsecamente ligados pelo seu desenvolvimento morfossemântico, sendo indispensável, portanto, a consideração desses formantes lexicais para esboçar uma proposta etimológica para o prefixo sob escopo. A observação das formações construídas a partir dos afixos em apreço permitiu promover uma série de reflexões a respeito dos processos prefixais e parassintéticos, imprescindíveis para o prosseguimento da análise. Para levar a cabo esses objetivos, utilizou-se, inicialmente, a base de dados do Dicionário Houaiss. Vale destacar que outros dicionários foram utilizados, a fim de aferir e complementar essas informações. Empreendeu-se ainda um estudo da produtividade do prefixo des-, por meio da análise dos neologismos, que permitiu delinear um panorama do seu status atual. / This research aims to analyse the parasynthetic process, as well as to study prefixation in words already derived. As a starting point it was performed the examination of the prefix des-, which is very productive in the current Brazilian Portuguese. The objective is to determine the criteria of selection, combination, restriction of that formative element, in relation to the suffixes, already present in the studied words, and to the selected stems. It is the authors purpose to indicate the regularities and idiosyncrasies of these mechanisms of word formation, regarding the aforementioned affix, taking into account the phonological, morphological and semantic levels. The prefix des- is an innovation of the Romance languages and has many meanings in common with the Latin prefixes de- and dis-, sharing values of negation/deprivation, separation/distance and intensity. In addition to the semantic similarities in the contemporary Portuguese, these prefixes are shown to be inextricably linked by their morpho-semantic development, being essential, therefore, a consideration of these lexicon builders to outline an etymological proposal for the prefix under investigation. The observation of the vocabulary built by the prefix in question promoted a series of reflections about the prefixation and parasynthetic processes, that were essential to carry on with the analysis. To carry out these objectives, the database of Houaiss dictionary was initially used. It is worth a note that other dictionaries have been used in order to assess and complement the information. A study of productivity of the prefix des- was also conducted through the analysis of neologisms, what enabled the author to draw an overview of their current status.