Cognitive-based narrative intervention for bilingual preschoolers Abstract The aim of this study was to determine how an intervention conducted in Spanish and English influenced macro and micro structure in the oral narratives produced by eight preschool Spanish-speaking English-language-learners (M = 68 months, range 59 to 79 months) during a four-week summer intervention program. Following a single-subject pre-experimental repeated A-B measure design, each subject completed an initial treatment phase in Spanish followed by an English treatment phase. The cognitive-based intervention method focused on the mediated learning of language-independent cognitive strategies such as attention, self-regulation, organization, and problem solving. Analysis at the macrostructure level included story component and episode structure and microstructure level analysis considered lexical diversity and use of grammatical forms in each language. All narrative samples were evaluated to determine the effect of language treatment condition and narrative productivity in both languages. Mediated learning significantly increased participants’ ability to independently produce narrative macrostructure story component and episodic structure on multiple elicitation tasks across both languages. Mixed results were observed at the microstructure level for participants’ demonstration of lexical diversity and grammatical complexity specific to language condition and elicitation task. These findings help us understand which macro and micro structure skills transfer under a cognitive-based intervention conducted in two languages. / text

Recent work has shown that preschoolers track informants’ past reliability concerning familiar information and labels, and they use this information to judge the correctness of novel information and labels they provide. But linguistic factors also sway children’s choices for social interaction, for which native-accented speakers are preferred. The present study uses the selective trust paradigm to consider how accentedness interacts with speaker reliability with native- and foreign-accented informants. The results show that speaker reliability and accentedness affect four-year-olds’ choices, but the impact of these factors differed by response type. Preschoolers preferred to ask the native-accented speaker for information, regardless of his reliability. However, in choosing which label to learn, preschoolers selected the reliable speaker’s label, regardless of accent, and correctly identified the unreliable speaker. This study provides evidence suggesting that young children separate their social biases from their objective assessment of novel information. / text

Olika forskningsdiscipliner har i över 60 år studerat attribution. Dock finns ett kunskapsglapp då de flesta studier har gjorts på vuxna människor. Undersökningen koncentrerades därför till att studera attribution hos förskolebarn och söka reda på deras spontana reaktioner på sagofigurer och porträtt, samt deras bedömning av olika egenskaper hos dem. Deltagare var 16 förskolebarn, varav 9 flickor, vilka intervjuades i 45 minuter var. En innehållsanalys genomfördes vilken resulterade i olika teman och kategorier, därefter genomfördes en separat analys för barnens bedömning av tjocka respektive smala personer. Huvudresultatet visade att kategorier som var kopplade till utseendet var mer betydande än andra kategorier, samt att tendensen att föredra smala personer över tjocka påvisades. Resultaten diskuterades utifrån olika synvinklar på hur dessa resultat speglar samhället, och utifrån olika teorier om utveckling, samt vad detta kan tänkas ha för inverkan på både individen och samhället.

Although the paediatric literature in the area of executive function has expanded significantly over the past 20 years, there is still an imbalance of knowledge when compared to the adult literature. The present project sought to redress the balance in executive function research by (1) investigating the development of a wide range of executive processes in children between the ages of 3 and 7 years, and (2) examining the effects of early frontal lobe damage on the ongoing development of these skills.

A carência nutricional mais comum em todo o mundo é a anemia ferropriva, a mesma acomete diferentes grupos etários e sociais. Estudos da Organização Mundial da Saúde afirmam que esta acomete 24,8% da população mundial, ou seja, 1,62 bilhões de indivíduos. No entanto, a maior prevalência é encontrada em pré-escolares (47,4%). Admite-se que a ocorrência endêmica da enfermidade na infância decorra da combinação entre necessidades excepcionalmente elevadas de ferro, imposta pelo crescimento, dietas pobres no mineral, variações familiares e ambientais. Todavia, a anemia ferropriva destaca-se não só pela frequência com que se manifesta, mas também, pelos efeitos resultantes, os quais podem ser irreversíveis mesmo na presença de tratamento adequado. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência da anemia ferropriva em crianças de 02 a 05 anos de idade, frequentadoras de Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil do município de Marau/RS, bem como avaliar características demográficas, socioeconômicas, antropométricas e nutricionais destas crianças. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal. Para determinação da amostra (n) foi utilizado o software Winpep 11.32, o qual resultou na participação de 187 crianças, essas, foram submetidas à coleta de sangue venoso em laboratório, com posterior avaliação nutricional, através da verificação de dados antropométricos. Aos seus responsáveis foi entregue um instrumento de coleta de dados, com informações demográficas e socioeconômicas. Das crianças avaliadas, 104 são do sexo feminino e 83 do sexo masculino, de cor predominantemente branca, com representatividade em todas faixas etárias entre 24 a 60 meses. Foram consideradas anêmicas, as crianças que apresentaram resultado da hemoglobina inferior a 11 g/dl. Do total da amostra, 5,3% das crianças foram consideradas anêmicas, sendo que dessas, 90% apresentaram anemia leve e 10% anemia moderada. O maior índice foi encontrado em crianças de menor idade, crianças que não foram amamentadas e crianças com mais de 03 irmãos. A menor representatividade de anemia foi encontrada em filhos de pais com maior escolaridade. Quanto ao estado nutricional, identificou-se que o município tem acompanhado as tendências de sobrepeso e obesidade diagnosticadas em diferentes regiões, no entanto, sua associação com a prevalência de anemia não ficou clara, assim, outros estudos com a inclusão de outras variáveis se tornam necessárias. Dessa forma, evidencia-se que a anemia ferropriva é resultante de múltiplos fatores, logo, sua origem não está atrelada apenas a fatores biológicos, devendo ser considerado, fatores socioeconômicos, culturais e de morbidade presentes na população infantil. / The most common nutritional deficiency in the world is iron deficiency anemia. It affects different age and social groups. Studies by the World Health Organization say that it affects 24.8% of the world population – 1.62 billion people. However, highest prevalence is found among preschoolers (47.4%). The endemic occurrence of the disease during childhood is due to a combination between exceptionally high iron necessities, because of growth, and diets that do not have enough iron, family and environmental variations. However, iron deficiency anemia is not important only because of the frequency with which it happens, but also because of its resulting effects, which can be irreversible even when treated properly. The goal of this study was to identify the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in 2- to 5-year-old children who go to Public Elementary School in Marau, RS, Brazil, and also to evaluate the demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric and nutritional characteristics of said children. This was a cross-sectional study. The software Winpep 11.32 was used for determining the sample (n), which resulted in the participation of 187 children. Their blood was collected at a laboratory, and a nutritional evaluation was done after that through the verification of anthropometric data. Their parents/legal guardians answered an instrument of data collection about demographic and socioeconomic information. 104 children were female and 83 were male. The predominant color among the children was White. All ages from 24- to 60-monthsold were represented in the sample. Children who presented hemoglobin results of less than 11 g/dL were considered anemic. 5.3% of the children in the sample were consideres anemic, 90% presented slight anemia and 10% presented moderate anemia. The highest index was found among younger children, children that were not breastfed and children with more than 3 siblings. The lowest occurrence was among children whose parents were educated. As to the nutritional state, the city has been following the tendencies of overweight and obesity diagnosed in different regions; however, the association with the prevalence of anemia was not clear. Other studies including other variables are necessary. It is evident that iron deficiency anemia results from multiple factors, so its origins are not only in biology; socioeconomic, cultural and health characteristics present in children should be taken into consideration.

A carência nutricional mais comum em todo o mundo é a anemia ferropriva, a mesma acomete diferentes grupos etários e sociais. Estudos da Organização Mundial da Saúde afirmam que esta acomete 24,8% da população mundial, ou seja, 1,62 bilhões de indivíduos. No entanto, a maior prevalência é encontrada em pré-escolares (47,4%). Admite-se que a ocorrência endêmica da enfermidade na infância decorra da combinação entre necessidades excepcionalmente elevadas de ferro, imposta pelo crescimento, dietas pobres no mineral, variações familiares e ambientais. Todavia, a anemia ferropriva destaca-se não só pela frequência com que se manifesta, mas também, pelos efeitos resultantes, os quais podem ser irreversíveis mesmo na presença de tratamento adequado. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência da anemia ferropriva em crianças de 02 a 05 anos de idade, frequentadoras de Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil do município de Marau/RS, bem como avaliar características demográficas, socioeconômicas, antropométricas e nutricionais destas crianças. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal. Para determinação da amostra (n) foi utilizado o software Winpep 11.32, o qual resultou na participação de 187 crianças, essas, foram submetidas à coleta de sangue venoso em laboratório, com posterior avaliação nutricional, através da verificação de dados antropométricos. Aos seus responsáveis foi entregue um instrumento de coleta de dados, com informações demográficas e socioeconômicas. Das crianças avaliadas, 104 são do sexo feminino e 83 do sexo masculino, de cor predominantemente branca, com representatividade em todas faixas etárias entre 24 a 60 meses. Foram consideradas anêmicas, as crianças que apresentaram resultado da hemoglobina inferior a 11 g/dl. Do total da amostra, 5,3% das crianças foram consideradas anêmicas, sendo que dessas, 90% apresentaram anemia leve e 10% anemia moderada. O maior índice foi encontrado em crianças de menor idade, crianças que não foram amamentadas e crianças com mais de 03 irmãos. A menor representatividade de anemia foi encontrada em filhos de pais com maior escolaridade. Quanto ao estado nutricional, identificou-se que o município tem acompanhado as tendências de sobrepeso e obesidade diagnosticadas em diferentes regiões, no entanto, sua associação com a prevalência de anemia não ficou clara, assim, outros estudos com a inclusão de outras variáveis se tornam necessárias. Dessa forma, evidencia-se que a anemia ferropriva é resultante de múltiplos fatores, logo, sua origem não está atrelada apenas a fatores biológicos, devendo ser considerado, fatores socioeconômicos, culturais e de morbidade presentes na população infantil. / The most common nutritional deficiency in the world is iron deficiency anemia. It affects different age and social groups. Studies by the World Health Organization say that it affects 24.8% of the world population – 1.62 billion people. However, highest prevalence is found among preschoolers (47.4%). The endemic occurrence of the disease during childhood is due to a combination between exceptionally high iron necessities, because of growth, and diets that do not have enough iron, family and environmental variations. However, iron deficiency anemia is not important only because of the frequency with which it happens, but also because of its resulting effects, which can be irreversible even when treated properly. The goal of this study was to identify the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in 2- to 5-year-old children who go to Public Elementary School in Marau, RS, Brazil, and also to evaluate the demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric and nutritional characteristics of said children. This was a cross-sectional study. The software Winpep 11.32 was used for determining the sample (n), which resulted in the participation of 187 children. Their blood was collected at a laboratory, and a nutritional evaluation was done after that through the verification of anthropometric data. Their parents/legal guardians answered an instrument of data collection about demographic and socioeconomic information. 104 children were female and 83 were male. The predominant color among the children was White. All ages from 24- to 60-monthsold were represented in the sample. Children who presented hemoglobin results of less than 11 g/dL were considered anemic. 5.3% of the children in the sample were consideres anemic, 90% presented slight anemia and 10% presented moderate anemia. The highest index was found among younger children, children that were not breastfed and children with more than 3 siblings. The lowest occurrence was among children whose parents were educated. As to the nutritional state, the city has been following the tendencies of overweight and obesity diagnosed in different regions; however, the association with the prevalence of anemia was not clear. Other studies including other variables are necessary. It is evident that iron deficiency anemia results from multiple factors, so its origins are not only in biology; socioeconomic, cultural and health characteristics present in children should be taken into consideration.

A carência nutricional mais comum em todo o mundo é a anemia ferropriva, a mesma acomete diferentes grupos etários e sociais. Estudos da Organização Mundial da Saúde afirmam que esta acomete 24,8% da população mundial, ou seja, 1,62 bilhões de indivíduos. No entanto, a maior prevalência é encontrada em pré-escolares (47,4%). Admite-se que a ocorrência endêmica da enfermidade na infância decorra da combinação entre necessidades excepcionalmente elevadas de ferro, imposta pelo crescimento, dietas pobres no mineral, variações familiares e ambientais. Todavia, a anemia ferropriva destaca-se não só pela frequência com que se manifesta, mas também, pelos efeitos resultantes, os quais podem ser irreversíveis mesmo na presença de tratamento adequado. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência da anemia ferropriva em crianças de 02 a 05 anos de idade, frequentadoras de Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil do município de Marau/RS, bem como avaliar características demográficas, socioeconômicas, antropométricas e nutricionais destas crianças. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal. Para determinação da amostra (n) foi utilizado o software Winpep 11.32, o qual resultou na participação de 187 crianças, essas, foram submetidas à coleta de sangue venoso em laboratório, com posterior avaliação nutricional, através da verificação de dados antropométricos. Aos seus responsáveis foi entregue um instrumento de coleta de dados, com informações demográficas e socioeconômicas. Das crianças avaliadas, 104 são do sexo feminino e 83 do sexo masculino, de cor predominantemente branca, com representatividade em todas faixas etárias entre 24 a 60 meses. Foram consideradas anêmicas, as crianças que apresentaram resultado da hemoglobina inferior a 11 g/dl. Do total da amostra, 5,3% das crianças foram consideradas anêmicas, sendo que dessas, 90% apresentaram anemia leve e 10% anemia moderada. O maior índice foi encontrado em crianças de menor idade, crianças que não foram amamentadas e crianças com mais de 03 irmãos. A menor representatividade de anemia foi encontrada em filhos de pais com maior escolaridade. Quanto ao estado nutricional, identificou-se que o município tem acompanhado as tendências de sobrepeso e obesidade diagnosticadas em diferentes regiões, no entanto, sua associação com a prevalência de anemia não ficou clara, assim, outros estudos com a inclusão de outras variáveis se tornam necessárias. Dessa forma, evidencia-se que a anemia ferropriva é resultante de múltiplos fatores, logo, sua origem não está atrelada apenas a fatores biológicos, devendo ser considerado, fatores socioeconômicos, culturais e de morbidade presentes na população infantil. / The most common nutritional deficiency in the world is iron deficiency anemia. It affects different age and social groups. Studies by the World Health Organization say that it affects 24.8% of the world population – 1.62 billion people. However, highest prevalence is found among preschoolers (47.4%). The endemic occurrence of the disease during childhood is due to a combination between exceptionally high iron necessities, because of growth, and diets that do not have enough iron, family and environmental variations. However, iron deficiency anemia is not important only because of the frequency with which it happens, but also because of its resulting effects, which can be irreversible even when treated properly. The goal of this study was to identify the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in 2- to 5-year-old children who go to Public Elementary School in Marau, RS, Brazil, and also to evaluate the demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric and nutritional characteristics of said children. This was a cross-sectional study. The software Winpep 11.32 was used for determining the sample (n), which resulted in the participation of 187 children. Their blood was collected at a laboratory, and a nutritional evaluation was done after that through the verification of anthropometric data. Their parents/legal guardians answered an instrument of data collection about demographic and socioeconomic information. 104 children were female and 83 were male. The predominant color among the children was White. All ages from 24- to 60-monthsold were represented in the sample. Children who presented hemoglobin results of less than 11 g/dL were considered anemic. 5.3% of the children in the sample were consideres anemic, 90% presented slight anemia and 10% presented moderate anemia. The highest index was found among younger children, children that were not breastfed and children with more than 3 siblings. The lowest occurrence was among children whose parents were educated. As to the nutritional state, the city has been following the tendencies of overweight and obesity diagnosed in different regions; however, the association with the prevalence of anemia was not clear. Other studies including other variables are necessary. It is evident that iron deficiency anemia results from multiple factors, so its origins are not only in biology; socioeconomic, cultural and health characteristics present in children should be taken into consideration.

This paper describes the development of the Beliefs About Overt and Relational Aggression Scale. The Beliefs About Overt and Relational Aggression Scale was designed to assess preschoolers' normative beliefs about these two types of aggression. Findings about the scale's internal reliability and test-retest reliability are presented. Findings about similarities and differences between beliefs about relational and overt aggression and gender are also discussed. Discussions about correlates of aggression, measuring aggression, and measuring beliefs are included.

Researchers have identified that parenting styles affect limit setting behaviors in childrearing practice. There are gaps in the research pertaining to examining patterns of limit setting for parents of preschoolers with special needs and the behavioral outcomes for these children. This study examined quantitatively whether parental perceptions influenced limit setting in parent child interactions. Belsky's process model outlining determinants of parenting, Baumrind's theory of parenting styles and socio-developmental theories of attachment and parental response style provided the theoretical framework for this study. 25 parents of preschoolers with IEPs and 4 special education teachers participated in the survey design study in a low socio-economic area of the South Bronx, New York. Parents were asked to complete a brief demographic questionnaire, The Parent-Child Relationship Inventory and Parent Rating scale of the BASC-2. Teachers for the children identified were also asked to complete the Teacher Rating scale of the BASC-2. . Data were analyzed using correlations, regression analysis, and multivariate analysis. Analysis revealed that none of the null hypotheses could be rejected. However, a correlational analysis did reveal a positive correlation between a report of less limit setting for parents and higher incidents aggression in children at home. In identifying factors that continue to influence parenting behaviors and the social emotional functioning of preschoolers with special needs, this study supports the need for continuity of education and intervention for parents of special needs preschoolers, especially within communities of lower SES.

The present study was conducted over a two-month period and used a three-group post-treatment quasi-experimental design to compare the relative effectiveness of teacher training only, to teacher training plus parent training, upon the aggressive and social competency behaviors of teacher-identified aggressive preschoolers. In addition to a non-intervention control group of teacher-identified aggressive preschoolers, children who teachers identified as being non-aggressive were also observed for comparison purposes. The training that both parents and teachers received was general and focused on providing an understanding of the techniques of social learning theory and child behavior management. Parents also implemented behavior programs to increase desirable child behaviors. The dependent measures used in the present investigation included: observed child aggression, observed teacher reinforcement of parallel and cooperative play of target children, teacher ratings of social competency and problem behaviors, parents' ratings of problem behaviors, and parent satisfaction ratings of children's daycare/preschool programs. Due to several problems with research design and methodology (e.g., quasi-random assignment, no baseline or pre-treatment data, a small sample size, etc.), it was impossible to draw definitive conclusions from the obtained results. However, it appeared that both teacher training and teacher and parent training were as equally effective in reducing aggression as was no treatment at all. Furthermore, teacher training did not appear to increase teachers' rate of reinforcement of appropriate child behaviors. Another finding was that parent training may have increased parents' knowledge of behavioral principles as applied to children and may have improved parents' satisfaction with children's daycare/preschool programs. Suggestions made for further research included: increasing the sample size, random assignment of subjects, development of specific individual treatment programs, and collection of baseline pretreatment data.