O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver duas escalas de silhuetas para crianças de ambos os sexos entre quatro e seis anos de idade, para avaliação da percepção e insatisfação com o tamanho corporal. O estudo foi composto por duas etapas. A primeira etapa envolveu a construção de uma escala de silhuetas bidimensional e uma escala de silhuetas tridimensional, a partir das fotos de 18 crianças voluntárias, divididas em nove crianças de cada sexo, sendo uma representante para cada intervalo de IMC estabelecido para a construção das escalas. Para garantir as qualidades psicométricas dos instrumentos, estabeleceram-se os valores médios de IMC correspondentes para cada figura com incremento constante de 1,9 Kg/m². Foram fotografadas crianças com Índice de Massa Corporal correspondente às médias dos intervalos estabelecidos para as figuras da sequência das escalas. Estas fotos foram transformadas por um designer gráfico em um arquivo para impressão 3D e um arquivo 2D frontal de silhuetas infantis. A segunda etapa contemplou a análise das qualidades psicométricas dos instrumentos. A coleta de dados ocorreu em quatro escolas particulares em diferentes cidades. Participaram do estudo 193 crianças de quatro a seis anos de idade, sendo 102 do sexo feminino e 91 do sexo masculino. As escalas foram apresentadas para cada criança em ordem ascendente ou aleatória, perguntando-se Qual figura representa seu corpo atual? e Qual figura representa o corpo que você gostaria de ter?, sendo a discrepância entre a figura que representa o IMC Atual e a que representa o IMC Desejado, caracterizada como Insatisfação com o tamanho corporal, e a discrepância entre a figura que representa o IMC Real e a que representa o IMC Atual caracterizada como Inacurácia da percepção do tamanho corporal. A escala bidimensional é apresentada na forma de nove cartões plastificados para cada gênero, com 12,5cm de altura por 6,5cm de largura, com a figura centralizada. A escala tridimensional é composta de nove bonecos para cada gênero impressos através da tecnologia de impressão 3D, com 12cm de altura. A Escala de Silhuetas Bidimensional mostrou valores de fidedignidade satisfatórios para Acurácia e Satisfação para crianças de seis anos, podendo ser um indicativo da influência do ambiente e do desenvolvimento em crianças menores. A Escala de Silhuetas Tridimensional apresentou-se mais adequada para a avaliação da Insatisfação com o tamanho corporal em relação a Bidimensional, mostrando que detalhes mais reais permitem um melhor julgamento por parte das crianças, seja do corpo como um todo, seja de partes dele. Este estudo sugere que as escalas de silhuetas podem ser usadas em crianças, e que pré-escolares já conseguem cumprir a tarefa de selecionar a figura que representa seu corpo nesta faixa etária. A construção e desenvolvimento das escalas mostraram-se ser válidas e permitem a investigação mais acurada de fatores relacionados as dimensões perceptivas da imagem corporal em pré-escolares, porém, parecem refletir também outras fontes de variância e influência que precisam ser investigadas. / The aim of this study was to develop two silhouettes scales for children of both sexes between four and six years old to evaluate the perception and body size dissatisfaction. The study consisted of two phases. The first phase consisted in the construction of a two-dimensional silhouettes scale and a three-dimensional silhouettes scale, from the photos of 18 volunteer children, who were divided into nine children of each sex, one representative for each BMI range established for the construction of the scales. To ensure the psychometric qualities of the instruments, it was settled that the mean values of BMI for each figure would be calculated with a constant increase of 1.9 kg/m². Children with a body mass index equal to the mean of the ranges specified for the pictures of the sequence of scales. These photos have been transformed by a graphic designer in a file for 3D printing and a 2D front file of children\'s silhouettes. The second phase included the analysis of the psychometric properties of the instruments. Data collection occurred in four private schools in different cities. The study included 193 children aged from four to six years old, being 102 females and 91 males. The scales were presented to each child in ascending or random order, asking them \"What figure represents your current body?\", \"What figure represents the body youd like to have?\", the discrepancy between the figure representing the current BMI and the BMI which represents the desired one, characterized the dissatisfaction with the body size, and the gap between the figure representing the real BMI the childs actual BMI was characterized as inaccuracy of the perception of the body size. The two-dimensional scale is presented in the form of nine plastic cards for each gender, being 12.5cm tall and 6.5cm wide with a central figure. The three dimensional scale consists of nine figures printed for each genre via 3D printing technology with 12cm of height. The dimensional silhouettes scale showed good teste-retest reliability for accuracy and satisfaction for six year-old children and may be indicative of the influence of the environment and development in small children. The tridimensional silhouettes scale showed to be more appropriate for the assessment of dissatisfaction with the body size in relation of Bidimensional, showing that more details actually allows a better judgment from the children on their whole body as well as on their body parts. This study suggests that silhouettes scales can be used in children, and that preschoolers can already fulfill the task of selecting the figure representing their own body by this age. The scales were found to be valid, but they seem to also reflect other sources of variance and influence that need to be investigated. The construction and development of the scales allows more accurate investigation of factors related to body image in preschoolers.

o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido à partir do pressuposto de que a saúde bucal da criança pequena (bebês e pré-escolares) tem sido desconsiderada pelas políticas nacionais de saúde bucal, o que, consequentemente, acaba tendo repercussões no \"conhecimento a nível de senso comum\" das mães e práticas dele derivadas, com relação aos cuidados de saúde bucal de seus filhos menores. Além disso, considerou-se que as representações e práticas maternas, à cerca do processo saúde-doença bucal infantil, sofrem grandes influências culturais, sendo estas definidas pela posição da mãe na estrutura social. O saber odontológico das mães foi buscado através de 554 entrevistas, realizadas em um dia de vacinação em massa, destinado a crianças com até 5 anos de idade, no município de Maringá-PR. Através do material coletado, foi possível a identificação do conhecimento das mães à respeito da concepção, etiologia e prevenção da doença cárie dentária, bem como das práticas a ele associadas. Procurou-se, também, avaliar as práticas maternas com relação à alimentação, higiene bucal e procura ao dentista, por motivos preventivos, para seus filhos pequenos. A análise global dos resultados deixou transparecer que a participação das mães nos cuidados de saúde bucal de seus filhos, constituiu-se em fator de risco a saúde bucal dos mesmos. As representações da maioria das mães sobre questões relativas ao processo saúde-doença, bem como suas práticas, foram consideradas conflitantes com o conhecimento técnico-científico odontológico. A situação mais crítica foi verificada entre famílias pertencentes às classes sociais menos favorecidas. / This study was developed by assuming that buccal health of the younger children (babies and preschool ones) has not been considered by buccal health national politics, which, becomes reflected in the mothers\' common sense knowledge and in practices derived from it, regarding their smaller children\'s buccal health care. Besides, it was considered that the mother\'s representations and practices about the infancy buccal health-disease process suffer great cultural influences, which are defined by the mother\'s position in social structure. The mother\'s knowledge about dentistry was investigated through 554 interviews programmed during a mass vaccination day, directed to children from O to 5 years old, in the City of Maringá, State of Paraná. Through the data collected, it was possible the identification of the mother\'s knowledge about the dental caries disease concept, ethiology and prevention, as well as the associated practices. The mother\'s practices concerning feeding, buccal hygiene and regular visits to the dentist for preventive reasons were also assessed. A global analysis of the results showed to some extant that the mother\'s participation in their children\'s buccal health care represented a risk factor to the children\'s buccal health. The mother\'s representations about buccal healthdisease process questions as well as their practices were considered to be in disagreement with Dental technical and scientific knowledges. The most critical situation was observed in families belonging to the less favoured social classes.

O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar determinantes e significado do retardo do crescimento na idade pré-escolar. Em uma primeira etapa do trabalho, a partir de um Censo de Estaturas envolvendo ingressantes de todas escolas (públicas e particulares) do Município de Osasco, realizado no início do ano letivo de 1989, foram selecionados casos e controles para a investigação retrospectiva dos determinantes sociais do retardo do crescimento. Os CASOS, totalizando 192 ingressantes, foram caracterizados pelo índice altura/idade inferior a menos dois escore z da população de referência do NCHS/OMS. Os CONTROLES, totalizando 219 ingressantes, foram caracterizados pelo índice altura/idade superior a menos um escore z. Em uma segunda etapa, avaliou-se o estado nutricional atual dos CASOS e CONTROLES através da relação peso/altura e de medidas derivadas do perímetro braquial e prega cutânea tricipital. Em uma terceira etapa, utilizando-se um delineamento prospectivo, avaliou-se o aproveitamento escolar ao longo do ano letivo dos CASOS e CONTROLES. Classe social, renda familiar per capita, escolaridade do chefe da casa e da mãe, condições de habitação e saneamento foram fatores que se associaram significativamente com o risco de retardo do crescimento. Os índices antropométricos indicativos do estado nutricional atual mostraram-se inferiorizados nos ingressantes com retardo do crescimento, seja com relação aos ingressantes sem retardo do crescimento seja com relação ao padrão esperado para crianças com bom estado nutricional. O aproveitamento escolar dos alunos que ingressaram com retardo do crescimento foi inferior ao dos alunos sem retardo, verificando-se que o risco maior de \"reprovação\" desses alunos mantinha-se mesmo com o controle de possíveis variáveis de confusão, ou seja, estado nutricional atual e variáveis sócio-econômicas. / The objective of the present study was to investigate the determinants and the significance of linear growth retardation in preschool years. The study was divided into three parts. lt began with a Height Census carried out in the school year of 1989, involving children attending the first grade of all public and private schools of Osasco (metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil). Cases and contrais were selected for the retrospective investigation of the social determinants of growth retardation. The CASES, totalling 192 children entering school, were characterized by the height-for-age indice below -2 z score of the NCHS/OMS reference population. The CONTROLS, totalling 219 children entering school, were characterized by the height-for-age above -1 z score. In the second part of the study, the present nutritional status of CASES and CONTROLS was assessed through the weight-for-height índice and the measures derived from the upper arm circunference and the triceps skinfold thickness. Finally, using a prospective study, the school improvement of the children was evaluated along the school year of CASES and CONTROLS. Social class, per capita family income, education of the head of the household and of the mother, environmental sanitation and housing conditions were significant factors associated with the risk of growth retardation. The anthropometric indicators of the present nutritional status showed to be inferior with stunted school children, both in relation to children entering school showing no growth retardation and to the expected pattern for children with good nutritional status. School improvement of stunted school children was inferior than students without growth retardation. It was found that the increased risk of school failure of those students remained the same, even with the control of possible confounding variables (present nutritional status and socioeconomic variables).

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Abstract available in the Proceedings for the Joint Meeting of the Academic Business World International Conference and International Conference on Learning and Administration in Higher Education.

Abstract is available to download.

Behavior disorders has varied conceptual and methodological roots. Effective answers to working with students with EBD require pragmatic solutions. One of the most productive approaches has been the behavioral model and single subject methodology. Using research on EBD preschoolers as a focus, we review methodological history, exemplary research findings, and critical issues.

Background: Measurements of lung function are routinely used in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) to provide information that may be clinically relevant. Spirometry is the conventional lung function measurement used, however young children find spirometry difficult to perform and often cannot achieve the strict acceptability criteria for the test. The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a lung function measurement that only requires tidal breathing and is easy for young children to perform. However, there is limited information about the utility of this technique in the clinical assessment of young children with CF who are unable to perform spirometry. Aims: The aim of this project was to evaluate the FOT for clinical assessment in 2 to 7 year old children with CF. Specifically this involved: 1. Technical assessment of the FOT in children with CF; 2. Comparisons of lung function using the FOT in children with CF and healthy children; 3. Evaluation of associations with factors known to be associated with lung disease including: i) inflammation ii) infection and iii) structural damage. Methods Lung function was measured in a cohort of 59 children between the ages of 2 and 7 years with CF at the time of quarterly clinic visits. Resistance and reactance at 6, 8 and 10Hz (Rrs6, Rrs8, Rrs10, Xrs6, Xrs8, Xrs10, respectively) were reported and expressed as Z scores. Children were classified as asymptomatic or symptomatic based on a respiratory questionnaire and physical examination at the time of testing. Bronchoalveolar lavage and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were performed annually under general anaesthesia annually. BAL fluid was assessed for the presence of micro-organisms and quantification of a range of inflammatory markers and HRCT used to determine the extent of structural abnormalities. Results: The between test repeatability (n=25) for lung function was within limits previously described in healthy children. No systematic bias was observed and repeatability was not affected by the presence of respiratory symptoms. Children with CF (n=57) had significantly increased Rrs6-10 (p<0.0001) and decreased Xrs6-10 (p<0.004) compared to healthy children. Rrs6 and Xrs6-10 were significantly worse in the presence of respiratory symptoms, and Rrs6-10 progressively worsened from an asymptomatic to a symptomatic clinic visit. Children with CF (n=48) had no greater bronchodilator response (BDR) compared to healthy children. BDR was not influenced by the presence of an infection or respiratory symptoms. No relationships between inflammatory markers and lung function (n=39) were identified when the presence of an infection was adjusted for. Children with a current infection (n=20) had increased Rrs6-10 (p<0.01) and decreased Xrs6-10 (p<0.04) compared to children who were uninfected (n=23). These relationships were most marked for children infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with children having a reduced lung function between 0.95 and 1.47 of a Z score. No relationships with the presence or absence of mild structural abnormalities (bronchiectasis, bronchial wall thickening and air trapping) and lung function at the time of HRCT were identified (n=34). Conclusion: The FOT is a repeatable measurement of lung function in children with CF and reliable results can be obtained in children as young as 2 years old. Young children with CF exhibit altered respiratory function which was affected by the presence of factors known to be associated with lung disease. The FOT has the potential to provide useful information about changes in clinical status in young children with CF and may be used to direct management of patient lung disease.

A growing body of work suggests that narrative comprehension involves the simulation of the events and actions described in a narrative (e.g., Barsalou, 2008; Matlock, 2004). Preliterate children’s ability to simulate a narrative character’s movements is explored here in three studies. Children’s simulations of a character’s movements were found to be constrained by their expectation of the duration of the described activities (i.e., walking vs. driving) and by their expectations about the motivating influence of certain psychological factors (i.e., character being eager or not eager to get to a location). Using a novel methodology these findings reveal an ability among preliterate children to create impressively rich and dynamic mental representations of narrative events and address. The implications of the present investigation speak to the larger issue of how human minds comprehend narratives and represent narrative events.