No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between attachment and emotion understanding in preschoolers. Data was collected from 16 preschool children and their mothers recruited from a private learning center in a downtown metropolitan area. Attachment was measured by use of the Attachment Q-sort, 3.0 (Waters, 1995), while emotion understanding was assessed through use of Denham's (1986) affective perspective-taking task and interviews of children concerning naturally occurring emotions and emotion causes (Fabes et al., 1991). Results included a significant correlation (p < .05) between secure attachment and preschooler's ability to decipher the cause of another's emotion; however, a significant correlation was not found between secure attachment and preschooler's perspective-taking ability or ability to name other's emotions. Thus, conclusions about the impact of attachment upon emotion understanding were mixed, and more research on the subject was implicated.

In this study of preschool children and parents (N=64), we examined relations between two facets of parents' emotion socialization: direct and indirect socialization; three facets of children's emotional competence: emotion expression, regulation, and understanding; and their relations with children's social and emotional adjustment. Few associations were observed between indicators of parents' emotion socialization and among indicators of children's emotional competence, suggesting that these constructs are better understood as multi-faceted, rather than unitary processes. Additionally, aspects of children's emotional competence linked--both directly and indirectly--parents' emotion socialization behaviors and children's social and emotional adjustment. Results are discussed with regard to the role of parents' emotion socialization and children's emotional competence, especially emotion regulation, in children's adjustment during preschool.

Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD), including Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) have poorer language skills compared to typically developing children; however, language as a potential risk factor for DBD has received little empirical attention or evaluation. Receptive, expressive, and pragmatic language skills in preschoolers with DBD were examined. Participants were 82 preschool-age children and their primary caregivers. Primary caregivers completed a semi-structured interview and symptom and language questionnaires. Preschoolers completed measures of receptive and expressive language. Results indicated that preschoolers with DBD were more impaired on receptive, expressive, and pragmatic language compared to non-DBD children. Pragmatic language appears particularly impaired in children with DBD, and language problems appear most linked with increased hyperactivity-impulsivity (vs. inattention or oppositional-defiance). This work suggests the need for early assessment of language in preschoolers with DBD, as well as the possibly utility of tailored interventions focusing on improving pragmatic language.

o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido à partir do pressuposto de que a saúde bucal da criança pequena (bebês e pré-escolares) tem sido desconsiderada pelas políticas nacionais de saúde bucal, o que, consequentemente, acaba tendo repercussões no \"conhecimento a nível de senso comum\" das mães e práticas dele derivadas, com relação aos cuidados de saúde bucal de seus filhos menores. Além disso, considerou-se que as representações e práticas maternas, à cerca do processo saúde-doença bucal infantil, sofrem grandes influências culturais, sendo estas definidas pela posição da mãe na estrutura social. O saber odontológico das mães foi buscado através de 554 entrevistas, realizadas em um dia de vacinação em massa, destinado a crianças com até 5 anos de idade, no município de Maringá-PR. Através do material coletado, foi possível a identificação do conhecimento das mães à respeito da concepção, etiologia e prevenção da doença cárie dentária, bem como das práticas a ele associadas. Procurou-se, também, avaliar as práticas maternas com relação à alimentação, higiene bucal e procura ao dentista, por motivos preventivos, para seus filhos pequenos. A análise global dos resultados deixou transparecer que a participação das mães nos cuidados de saúde bucal de seus filhos, constituiu-se em fator de risco a saúde bucal dos mesmos. As representações da maioria das mães sobre questões relativas ao processo saúde-doença, bem como suas práticas, foram consideradas conflitantes com o conhecimento técnico-científico odontológico. A situação mais crítica foi verificada entre famílias pertencentes às classes sociais menos favorecidas. / This study was developed by assuming that buccal health of the younger children (babies and preschool ones) has not been considered by buccal health national politics, which, becomes reflected in the mothers\' common sense knowledge and in practices derived from it, regarding their smaller children\'s buccal health care. Besides, it was considered that the mother\'s representations and practices about the infancy buccal health-disease process suffer great cultural influences, which are defined by the mother\'s position in social structure. The mother\'s knowledge about dentistry was investigated through 554 interviews programmed during a mass vaccination day, directed to children from O to 5 years old, in the City of Maringá, State of Paraná. Through the data collected, it was possible the identification of the mother\'s knowledge about the dental caries disease concept, ethiology and prevention, as well as the associated practices. The mother\'s practices concerning feeding, buccal hygiene and regular visits to the dentist for preventive reasons were also assessed. A global analysis of the results showed to some extant that the mother\'s participation in their children\'s buccal health care represented a risk factor to the children\'s buccal health. The mother\'s representations about buccal healthdisease process questions as well as their practices were considered to be in disagreement with Dental technical and scientific knowledges. The most critical situation was observed in families belonging to the less favoured social classes.

Este trabalho descreve os mecanismos de oferta e consumo das refeições em duas creches no município de São Paulo, uma com o sistema de distribuição tipo self-service e outra tipo prato pronto. Foram verificadas as adequações e eventuais carências energéticas das dietas de 82 crianças de 3 e 4 anos, do módulo maternal, por meio da alimentação oferecida nas creches e no domicílio. O estudo apontou 48% das crianças com dietas deficientes ou em risco de deficiência, e 52% com dietas normais, somadas àquelas com risco de excesso e em excesso. / This study describes the mechanisms of supply and consumption of meals in two public day care centers in São Paulo City, one with self-select distribution system and the other with ready made dish system. Diet energy adequacy and shortage were measured through the intakes of a whole day of 82 preschool children between 3 and 4 years old, considering the meals offered at the day care center and at home. In terms of energy, this study showed 48% of the children with deficient or at risk of deficiency diets, and 52% with normal together with those at risk of excess diets.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver duas escalas de silhuetas para crianças de ambos os sexos entre quatro e seis anos de idade, para avaliação da percepção e insatisfação com o tamanho corporal. O estudo foi composto por duas etapas. A primeira etapa envolveu a construção de uma escala de silhuetas bidimensional e uma escala de silhuetas tridimensional, a partir das fotos de 18 crianças voluntárias, divididas em nove crianças de cada sexo, sendo uma representante para cada intervalo de IMC estabelecido para a construção das escalas. Para garantir as qualidades psicométricas dos instrumentos, estabeleceram-se os valores médios de IMC correspondentes para cada figura com incremento constante de 1,9 Kg/m². Foram fotografadas crianças com Índice de Massa Corporal correspondente às médias dos intervalos estabelecidos para as figuras da sequência das escalas. Estas fotos foram transformadas por um designer gráfico em um arquivo para impressão 3D e um arquivo 2D frontal de silhuetas infantis. A segunda etapa contemplou a análise das qualidades psicométricas dos instrumentos. A coleta de dados ocorreu em quatro escolas particulares em diferentes cidades. Participaram do estudo 193 crianças de quatro a seis anos de idade, sendo 102 do sexo feminino e 91 do sexo masculino. As escalas foram apresentadas para cada criança em ordem ascendente ou aleatória, perguntando-se Qual figura representa seu corpo atual? e Qual figura representa o corpo que você gostaria de ter?, sendo a discrepância entre a figura que representa o IMC Atual e a que representa o IMC Desejado, caracterizada como Insatisfação com o tamanho corporal, e a discrepância entre a figura que representa o IMC Real e a que representa o IMC Atual caracterizada como Inacurácia da percepção do tamanho corporal. A escala bidimensional é apresentada na forma de nove cartões plastificados para cada gênero, com 12,5cm de altura por 6,5cm de largura, com a figura centralizada. A escala tridimensional é composta de nove bonecos para cada gênero impressos através da tecnologia de impressão 3D, com 12cm de altura. A Escala de Silhuetas Bidimensional mostrou valores de fidedignidade satisfatórios para Acurácia e Satisfação para crianças de seis anos, podendo ser um indicativo da influência do ambiente e do desenvolvimento em crianças menores. A Escala de Silhuetas Tridimensional apresentou-se mais adequada para a avaliação da Insatisfação com o tamanho corporal em relação a Bidimensional, mostrando que detalhes mais reais permitem um melhor julgamento por parte das crianças, seja do corpo como um todo, seja de partes dele. Este estudo sugere que as escalas de silhuetas podem ser usadas em crianças, e que pré-escolares já conseguem cumprir a tarefa de selecionar a figura que representa seu corpo nesta faixa etária. A construção e desenvolvimento das escalas mostraram-se ser válidas e permitem a investigação mais acurada de fatores relacionados as dimensões perceptivas da imagem corporal em pré-escolares, porém, parecem refletir também outras fontes de variância e influência que precisam ser investigadas. / The aim of this study was to develop two silhouettes scales for children of both sexes between four and six years old to evaluate the perception and body size dissatisfaction. The study consisted of two phases. The first phase consisted in the construction of a two-dimensional silhouettes scale and a three-dimensional silhouettes scale, from the photos of 18 volunteer children, who were divided into nine children of each sex, one representative for each BMI range established for the construction of the scales. To ensure the psychometric qualities of the instruments, it was settled that the mean values of BMI for each figure would be calculated with a constant increase of 1.9 kg/m². Children with a body mass index equal to the mean of the ranges specified for the pictures of the sequence of scales. These photos have been transformed by a graphic designer in a file for 3D printing and a 2D front file of children\'s silhouettes. The second phase included the analysis of the psychometric properties of the instruments. Data collection occurred in four private schools in different cities. The study included 193 children aged from four to six years old, being 102 females and 91 males. The scales were presented to each child in ascending or random order, asking them \"What figure represents your current body?\", \"What figure represents the body youd like to have?\", the discrepancy between the figure representing the current BMI and the BMI which represents the desired one, characterized the dissatisfaction with the body size, and the gap between the figure representing the real BMI the childs actual BMI was characterized as inaccuracy of the perception of the body size. The two-dimensional scale is presented in the form of nine plastic cards for each gender, being 12.5cm tall and 6.5cm wide with a central figure. The three dimensional scale consists of nine figures printed for each genre via 3D printing technology with 12cm of height. The dimensional silhouettes scale showed good teste-retest reliability for accuracy and satisfaction for six year-old children and may be indicative of the influence of the environment and development in small children. The tridimensional silhouettes scale showed to be more appropriate for the assessment of dissatisfaction with the body size in relation of Bidimensional, showing that more details actually allows a better judgment from the children on their whole body as well as on their body parts. This study suggests that silhouettes scales can be used in children, and that preschoolers can already fulfill the task of selecting the figure representing their own body by this age. The scales were found to be valid, but they seem to also reflect other sources of variance and influence that need to be investigated. The construction and development of the scales allows more accurate investigation of factors related to body image in preschoolers.

The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge about how preschoolers´ communicate the scientific content during a chemistry experiment. In order to answer questions and strive towards the aim, qualitative semi structuredinterviews have been used as a method during the experiment. The purpose of the experiment in the study was to contribute to read out what types of communication the children used to approach the content. The result shows that the children 's questions during the experiment were not about the scientific content, but about what they could or couldn´t do. The children in the study used previous experiences when talking about content and events during the experiment. They described the content with different types of words such as verbs, adjectives and nouns. It was further made clear that the children compared the contents and the properties of the contents to drinks, food and to dishwashing. The result of this study can serve as a contribution to developing the preschool's science education. If preschool teachers know how children communicate scientific content and what they do not talk about, they can adapt the teaching so that it contributes to a development according to the educational realm.

Este trabalho descreve os mecanismos de oferta e consumo das refeições em duas creches no município de São Paulo, uma com o sistema de distribuição tipo self-service e outra tipo prato pronto. Foram verificadas as adequações e eventuais carências energéticas das dietas de 82 crianças de 3 e 4 anos, do módulo maternal, por meio da alimentação oferecida nas creches e no domicílio. O estudo apontou 48% das crianças com dietas deficientes ou em risco de deficiência, e 52% com dietas normais, somadas àquelas com risco de excesso e em excesso. / This study describes the mechanisms of supply and consumption of meals in two public day care centers in São Paulo City, one with self-select distribution system and the other with ready made dish system. Diet energy adequacy and shortage were measured through the intakes of a whole day of 82 preschool children between 3 and 4 years old, considering the meals offered at the day care center and at home. In terms of energy, this study showed 48% of the children with deficient or at risk of deficiency diets, and 52% with normal together with those at risk of excess diets.