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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Regimes de fluídos hidrotermais e formação de veios quartzo auríferos da Mina Morro do Ouro, Apiaí, SP

Faleiros, Angela Meira 27 September 2012 (has links)
Análises estruturais, petrográficas e de inclusões fluidas são apresentadas para os veios quartzo auríferos da mina Morro do Ouro, Cinturão Ribeira, sudeste do Brasil. A mineralização de ouro em veios de quartzo está hospedada em rochas metassedimentares de baixo grau metamórfico de idade calimiana, que também apresenta uma mineralização aurífera singenética. Dois sistemas de veios de quartzo auríferos estão presentes: (i) veios NW extensionais subverticais e (ii) veios NE subverticais paralelos ao plano axial da dobras apertadas. Os veios mineralizados são adjacentes a uma falha principal de alto ângulo, cujas relações estruturais indicam orientação desfavorável para reativação friccional. Os veios NW apresentam inclusões fluidas dos sistemas \'CO IND.2\'-\'CH IND.4\' e H2O-CO2-\'CH IND.4\'-NaCl-\'CaCl IND.2\' com salinidades variáveis (4 a 52% em peso NaCl equivalente), que apresentam evidências de aprisionamento envolvendo os processos de imiscibilidade de fluidos e mistura de fluidos com composições contrastantes. Os veios NE apresentam inclusões fluidas do sistema H2O-CO2-\'CH IND.4\'-\'N IND.2\'-NaCl-\'CaCl IND.2\' com salinidades variáveis (5 a 45% em peso NaCl equivalente). O aprisionamento dos fluidos ocorreu em temperaturas entre 225 e 240°C para os veios NW, e aproximadamente 208°C para os veios NE, envolvendo processos de imiscibilidade e mistura de fluidos de composições distintas. Os veios extensionais NW foram formados sob flutuação de pressão com valores litostáticos a supralitostáticos (125-240 MPa) durante o estágio de fraturamento pré-sismico. Os veios subverticais NE precipitaram dominantemente sob condições de pressão próximas a valores hidrostáticos (10-70 MPa), posteriormente à redistribuição de fluidos de diferentes reservatórios ao longo da zona de ruptura sísmica. Os fluidos hidrotermais foram provavelmente enriquecidos em ouro devido à interação com as rochas encaixantes e a precipitação do minério é atribuída a mudanças nas propriedades físico-químicas em resposta à imiscibilidade de fluidos aliada à mistura de fluidos com salinidades fortemente contrastantes. Estes processos ocorreram como consequência de flutuações cíclicas na pressão de fluidos, bem como de variações no regime de esforços tectônicos associados a episódios de atividade sísmica em zonas de falha. / Fluid inclusion, petrographic and structural analyses are presented for auriferous veins from the Morro do Ouro Mine, Ribeira Belt, southeastern Brazil. The vein-type Au mineralization at the mine is restricted to structurally-controlled domains in a low-grade Calymmian metassedimentary sequence that host also syngenetic Au mineralization. Two auriferous quartz vein systems are present: (i) NW-trending subvertical extensional veins and (ii) ENE-trending subvertical veins parallel to the axial surface of tight folds. The mineralized veins are adjacent to a major dextral transcurrent fault zone and their structural relationships indicate that this fault is severely misoriented for frictional reactivation. The NW-trending veins present a fluid inclusion assemblage dominated by CO2-\'CH IND.4\' inclusions and H2O-CO2-\'CH IND.4\'-\'N IND.2\'-NaCl-\'CaCl IND.2\' inclusions of highly contrasting salinities (4 to 52 wt. % NaCl equivalent) and the NE-trending veins present fluid inclusion assemblage dominated by H2O-CO2-\'CH IND.4\'-\'N IND.2\'-NaCl-\'CaCl IND.2\' inclusions of contrasting salinities (4 to 45 wt. % NaCl equivalent). The entrapment of fluids occurred at temperatures between 225 and 240ºC in NW-trending veins and approximately 208ºC in NE-trending veins, involving processes of fluid immiscibility and mixing between fluids of contrasting compositions. NW-trending extensional veins were formed dominantly under pressure fluctuating between near-lithostatic to strongly supralithostatic values (125-240 MPa) during pre-seismic failure stages. ENE-trending veins precipitated dominantly under near-hydrostatic pressure conditions (10-70 MPa), following discharge of fluids from different reservoirs along the ruptured zone after earthquake rupture stages. The hydrothermal fluids were probably enriched in gold through interaction with the host rocks and its precipitation is attributed to changes of physicochemical properties due to fluid immiscibility and mixing between fluids of highly contrasting salinites, as a consequence of cyclic fluctuations in the values of fluid pressure and tectonic stresses accompanying episodes of seismogenic fault activity.
12

Encapsulação de extratos vegetais em leito fluidizado / Encapsulation of herbal extract in fluidized bed

Benelli, Lucimara 19 February 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho objetivou investigar o processo de revestimento/aglomeração de extratos vegetais em leito fluidizado com atomização top spray, visando melhorar a estabilidade dos compostos bioativos dos extratos e suas propriedades farmacotécnicas. Açúcar cristal, pellets de açúcar e de celulose microcristalina, grânulos de celulose microcristalina, grânulos de arroz e farinha de mandioca foram utilizados como partículas sementes. Inicialmente, avaliou-se a influência do tamanho das partículas e diferentes composições de alimentação contendo extrato vegetal de Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim). Farinha de mandioca e pellets de açúcar de diferentes granulometrias foram empregados como partículas semente. O desempenho do processo foi avaliado através da eficiência de revestimento e porcentagem de aglomeração. Os grânulos formados foram caracterizados quanto ao tamanho, fluidez e retenção de compostos bioativos (polifenóis). As formulações estudadas também foram submetidas à secagem em spray dryer para comparação entre os produtos obtidos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a eficiência de revestimento/aglomeração e a porcentagem de aglomeração dependem das propriedades físico-químicas das partículas sementes e das composições alimentadas. As viscosidades das formulações contendo o extrato vegetal e suas interações com as partículas iniciais influenciaram significativamente o processo. Os grânulos formados em leito fluidizado apresentaram ótima fluidez e maior retenção de polifenóis que os produtos obtidos por spray drying. Pellets de celulose microcristalina de diferentes granulometrias foram utilizados como partículas semente para investigar a dinâmica do sistema durante a encapsulação/aglomeração em leito fluidizado, por meio de análises de sinais de flutuação de pressão associados à cinética de crescimento dos grânulos e ao desempenho do processo. Dois modos operacionais foram avaliados: o modo intermitente (com interrupção da atomização da composição de alimentação em um período específico para redução do teor de umidade no sistema) e o modo contínuo (sem interrupção da atomização de alimentação). O aumento na porcentagem de aglomeração, até certo valor durante o processo, ocasionou aumento no desvio padrão nos sinais da amplitude da flutuação de pressão enquanto o sistema permaneceu estável, indicando poucas mudanças no padrão de circulação de sólidos. Este comportamento ocorreu até que a porcentagem de aglomeração atingiu um valor capaz de ocasionar instabilidades no sistema e, assim, o aumento adicional na percentagem de aglomeração acarretou o colapso do sistema. Neste momento, o desvio padrão da amplitude da flutuação de pressão tende a diminuir, sendo este comportamento mais evidente no modo operacional contínuo e com partículas semente de menor granulometria. Mudanças no desvio padrão da amplitude dos sinais da flutuação de pressão evidenciam que este método é capaz de detectar alterações na dinâmica do sistema e pode ser uma ferramenta útil para o controle e monitoramento do processo. Ensaios para avaliação da influência de diferentes variáveis operacionais, vazão de atomização e velocidade do ar de fluidização, no desempenho do processo foram realizados em modo operacional intermitente utilizando pellets de celulose microcristalina como partículas sementes. As condições operacionais mais adequadas, com maior eficiência de revestimento e menor porcentagem de aglomeração, foram selecionadas para avaliação de duas composições de alimentação contendo extrato vegetal com diferentes agentes de encapsulação, goma Arábica e concentrado proteico de soro de leite, associados à maltodextrina, ácido esteárico e Poloxamer 407. O desempenho dos processos foi avaliado através da eficiência de revestimento e porcentagem de aglomeração e os produtos quanto à fluidez e teor de compostos bioativos do alecrim: ácido cafeico, ácido rosmarínico, carnosol e ácido carnósico, determinados por HPLC-DAD. As duas formulações mostraram-se adequadas quanto ao desempenho do processo, eficiência de revestimento maior que 70% e à retenção de compostos bioativos, eficiência de encapsulação maior que 60%. Os grânulos foram submetidos testes de estabilidade acelerada e de longa duração. Os compostos bioativos sofreram degradação durante os testes com perda total de carnosol e ácido carnósico nos grânulos obtidos com as duas formulações diferentes. Também foi realizado teste de digestão gastrointestinal in vitro com os dois produtos diferentes. As concentrações de ácidos cafeico e rosmarínico não sofreram alterações significativas no decorrer do processo, tanto na simulação das condições gástricas quanto intestinais. O carnosol e o ácido carnósico sofreram perda total ao final da fase intestinal nos dois tipos de grânulos. Os grânulos com diferentes agentes encapsulantes, foram revestidos com Opadry® II visando proporcionar maior estabilidade contra degradação dos compostos bioativos. Ocorreu maior proteção do carnosol nos grânulos contendo goma Arábica submetidos ao teste de estabilidade de longa duração, a 30 °C e 75 % UR, porém esta proteção não foi efetiva para nenhum dos grânulos submetidos ao teste de estabilidade acelerada a 40 °C. Este estudo demonstrou a viabilidade do processo de encapsulação de extratos vegetais em leito fluidizado como um método promissor para produção de composições fitoterápicas com propriedades farmacotécnicas e físico-químicas adequadas. / This work aimed to investigate coating/agglomeration process of herbal extracts in fluidized bed with top spray atomization in order to improve stability of bioactive compounds and their pharmacotechnical properties. Crystal sugar granules, sugar and microcrystalline cellulose pellets, microcrystalline cellulose, cassava flour and rice granules, were used as seed particles. First, coating/agglomeration processes with cassava flour and sugar pellets as seed particles and feed compositions loaded with herbal extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) were investigated. Fluidized bed performance was evaluated based on coating efficiency and agglomeration percentage. Products were characterized by determining the particle sizes, flow properties and retention of bioactive compounds (polyphenols). Herbal compositions were also spray dried to compare the product generated by both processes. Results showed that coating efficiency and percentage of agglomeration depend on seed particles and feed compositions physicochemical properties. The viscosity of the feed formulations and the interaction with seed particles influenced process performance. Fluidized bed granules exhibited higher efficiency of coating/agglomeration, higher retention of bioactive compounds and better flow properties than the powder obtained by spray drying. Microcrystalline cellulose pellets of different sizes were used as seed particles to investigate system dynamic during fluidized bed encapsulation/agglomeration by analysis of pressure fluctuation signals associated with growth kinetics and process performance. Two distinct operating modes were investigated: intermittent (interrupting the composition atomization for a specific period of time in order to reduce the system humidity) and continuous (without interruption of feed atomization). The increase in the agglomeration percentage to a certain value during the processes caused an increase in the standard deviation of the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations signals while the system remained stable, indicative of slight change on solids circulation patterns. However, the standard deviation of the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations signals tended to decrease when agglomeration percentage reached a value able to affect significantly the system stability, in which agglomerates growth tended to cause the system collapse. This behavior was most evident for small size seed particles and continuous operating mode. The changes in the standard deviation of the amplitude of pressure fluctuation signals showed strong evidence that this method would be able to detect changes in system dynamics and can be a useful tool for process control and system monitoring. Different operational variables, feed flow rate and fluidizing air flow rate, were used to analyze fluidized bed performance using intermittent mode and microcrystalline cellulose pellets as seed particles. Operating conditions that promoted higher coating efficiency and lower percentage of agglomeration were selected to be used in processes to evaluated different feed compositions loaded with herbal extract and encapsulating agents of two types, Arabic gum and whey protein, associated with stearic acid and poloxamer 407. Process performance was evaluated by coating efficiency and percentage of agglomeration. Products were evaluated by flow properties and the retention of bioactive compounds: cafeic acid, rosmarinic acid, carnosol and carnosic acid, determined by HPLC-DAD. Both compositions presented high coating efficiency and retention of bioactive compounds. Products were submitted to accelerated and long-term stability tests. Bioactive compounds of all granules suffered degradation during the tests with total loss of carnosol and carnosic acid. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion assays were carried out with the two types of products obtained. The concentrations of caffeic and rosmarinic acids did not change significantly during the digestion process, both in the simulation of gastric as intestinal conditions. The carnosol and carnosic acid have undergone total loss at the end of the intestinal phase in both types of products. The two types of granules with different encapsulating agents, were coated with Opadry® II aiming to provide greater stability against degradation of bioactive compounds. Higher protection of carnosol occurred in the granules containing gum Arabic subjected to long term stability test at 30 ° C, 75% RH, but this protection was not effective for any of the granules subjected to accelerated stability testing at 40 °C. The results provide strong evidence of the feasibility of the fluidised bed as a promising method for production of encapsulated phytopharmaceutical compositions with adequate pharmacotechnical and physicochemical properties.
13

Regimes de fluídos hidrotermais e formação de veios quartzo auríferos da Mina Morro do Ouro, Apiaí, SP

Angela Meira Faleiros 27 September 2012 (has links)
Análises estruturais, petrográficas e de inclusões fluidas são apresentadas para os veios quartzo auríferos da mina Morro do Ouro, Cinturão Ribeira, sudeste do Brasil. A mineralização de ouro em veios de quartzo está hospedada em rochas metassedimentares de baixo grau metamórfico de idade calimiana, que também apresenta uma mineralização aurífera singenética. Dois sistemas de veios de quartzo auríferos estão presentes: (i) veios NW extensionais subverticais e (ii) veios NE subverticais paralelos ao plano axial da dobras apertadas. Os veios mineralizados são adjacentes a uma falha principal de alto ângulo, cujas relações estruturais indicam orientação desfavorável para reativação friccional. Os veios NW apresentam inclusões fluidas dos sistemas \'CO IND.2\'-\'CH IND.4\' e H2O-CO2-\'CH IND.4\'-NaCl-\'CaCl IND.2\' com salinidades variáveis (4 a 52% em peso NaCl equivalente), que apresentam evidências de aprisionamento envolvendo os processos de imiscibilidade de fluidos e mistura de fluidos com composições contrastantes. Os veios NE apresentam inclusões fluidas do sistema H2O-CO2-\'CH IND.4\'-\'N IND.2\'-NaCl-\'CaCl IND.2\' com salinidades variáveis (5 a 45% em peso NaCl equivalente). O aprisionamento dos fluidos ocorreu em temperaturas entre 225 e 240°C para os veios NW, e aproximadamente 208°C para os veios NE, envolvendo processos de imiscibilidade e mistura de fluidos de composições distintas. Os veios extensionais NW foram formados sob flutuação de pressão com valores litostáticos a supralitostáticos (125-240 MPa) durante o estágio de fraturamento pré-sismico. Os veios subverticais NE precipitaram dominantemente sob condições de pressão próximas a valores hidrostáticos (10-70 MPa), posteriormente à redistribuição de fluidos de diferentes reservatórios ao longo da zona de ruptura sísmica. Os fluidos hidrotermais foram provavelmente enriquecidos em ouro devido à interação com as rochas encaixantes e a precipitação do minério é atribuída a mudanças nas propriedades físico-químicas em resposta à imiscibilidade de fluidos aliada à mistura de fluidos com salinidades fortemente contrastantes. Estes processos ocorreram como consequência de flutuações cíclicas na pressão de fluidos, bem como de variações no regime de esforços tectônicos associados a episódios de atividade sísmica em zonas de falha. / Fluid inclusion, petrographic and structural analyses are presented for auriferous veins from the Morro do Ouro Mine, Ribeira Belt, southeastern Brazil. The vein-type Au mineralization at the mine is restricted to structurally-controlled domains in a low-grade Calymmian metassedimentary sequence that host also syngenetic Au mineralization. Two auriferous quartz vein systems are present: (i) NW-trending subvertical extensional veins and (ii) ENE-trending subvertical veins parallel to the axial surface of tight folds. The mineralized veins are adjacent to a major dextral transcurrent fault zone and their structural relationships indicate that this fault is severely misoriented for frictional reactivation. The NW-trending veins present a fluid inclusion assemblage dominated by CO2-\'CH IND.4\' inclusions and H2O-CO2-\'CH IND.4\'-\'N IND.2\'-NaCl-\'CaCl IND.2\' inclusions of highly contrasting salinities (4 to 52 wt. % NaCl equivalent) and the NE-trending veins present fluid inclusion assemblage dominated by H2O-CO2-\'CH IND.4\'-\'N IND.2\'-NaCl-\'CaCl IND.2\' inclusions of contrasting salinities (4 to 45 wt. % NaCl equivalent). The entrapment of fluids occurred at temperatures between 225 and 240ºC in NW-trending veins and approximately 208ºC in NE-trending veins, involving processes of fluid immiscibility and mixing between fluids of contrasting compositions. NW-trending extensional veins were formed dominantly under pressure fluctuating between near-lithostatic to strongly supralithostatic values (125-240 MPa) during pre-seismic failure stages. ENE-trending veins precipitated dominantly under near-hydrostatic pressure conditions (10-70 MPa), following discharge of fluids from different reservoirs along the ruptured zone after earthquake rupture stages. The hydrothermal fluids were probably enriched in gold through interaction with the host rocks and its precipitation is attributed to changes of physicochemical properties due to fluid immiscibility and mixing between fluids of highly contrasting salinites, as a consequence of cyclic fluctuations in the values of fluid pressure and tectonic stresses accompanying episodes of seismogenic fault activity.
14

Hydrodynamic characteristics of gas/liquid/fiber three-phase flows based on objective and minimally-intrusive pressure fluctuation measurements

Xie, Tao 27 September 2004 (has links)
Flow regime identification in industrial systems that rely on complex multi-phase flows is crucial for their safety, control, diagnostics, and operation. The objective of this investigation was to develop and demonstrate objective and minimally-intrusive flow regime classification methods for gas/water/paper pulp three-phase slurries, based on artificial neural network-assisted recognition of patterns in the statistical characteristics of pressure fluctuations. Experiments were performed in an instrumented three-phase bubble column featuring vertical, upward flow. The hydrodynamics of low consistency (LC) gas-liquid-fiber mixtures, over a wide range of superficial phase velocities, were investigated. Flow regimes were identified, gas holdup (void fraction) was measured, and near-wall pressure fluctuations were recorded using high-sensitivity pressure sensors. Artificial neural networks of various configurations were designed, trained and tested for the classification of flow regimes based on the recorded pressure fluctuation statistics. The feasibility of flow regime identification based on statistical properties of signals recorded by a single sensor was thereby demonstrated. The transportability of the developed method, whereby an artificial neural network trained and tested with a set of data is manipulated and used for the characterization of an unseen and different but plausibly similar data set, was also examined. An artificial neural network-based method was developed that used the power spectral characteristics of the normal pressure fluctuations as input, and its transportability between separate but in principle similar sensors was successfully demonstrated. An artificial neural network-based method was furthermore developed that enhances the transportability of the aforementioned artificial neural networks that were trained for flow pattern recognition. While a redundant system with multiple sensors is an obvious target application, such robustness of algorithms that provides transportability will also contribute to performance with a single sensor, shielding effects of calibration changes or sensor replacements.
15

Etude théorique et expérimentale des micro-lits fluidisés : hydrodynamique et modélisation numérique / Design of micro-fluidized beds by experiments and numerical simulations : flow regims diagonis and hydrodynamic study

Quan, Haiqin 06 December 2017 (has links)
Le travail de thèse porte sur l’étude et la mise au point de nouvelles technologies et de procédés miniaturisés en lit fluidisé. Ce procédé représente une véritable rupture technologique devant les procédés à lits fluidisé traditionnels et offre de nombreux avantages : surface d’échange élevée, bon mélange gaz-solide dans le réacteur, utilisation de faible quantité de produit, coût faible... La présente étude regroupe trois études : conception des micro-lits fluidisés, diagnostic et analyse de l’hydrodynamique des couches fluidisées et modélisation numérique.Dans ce travail quatre MFBs (Micro Fluidized Bed) de 20-4 mm ont été étudiés et comparés à deux réacteurs relativement grands de 100-50 mm. Le rapport du diamètre du réacteur à la hauteur statique des particules (Hs/Dt) a été fixé entre 1-4. La vibration mécanique a été appliquée dans le réacteur de 4 mm. Une nouvelle méthode de diagnostic des régimes de fluidisation a été développée. Elle est basée sur les analyses des fluctuations de pression et le traitement du signal. La modélisation numérique suivant la méthode Eulérien-Eulérien (2D) a été développée. Les résultats obtenus permettent d’identifier six régimes d'écoulement: lit fixe, bouillonnant, bouillonnant/pistonnage, pistonnage, pistonnage/turbulent et bouillonnant/turbulent. On note une fluidisation partielle autour de Hs/Dt=1-2, tandis que le régime de pistonnage s’installe rapidement après le minimum de fluidisation à Hs/Dt=3-4. Dans le réacteur de 4 mm, la fluidisation des particules du groupe B de Geldart montre une meilleure qualité. Les résultats numériques (modélisation) montrent une très bonne concordance avec les données expérimentales / Micro-fluidized bed (MFB) exhibits great advantages such as a large specific contact surface, a fast dissipation of heat (ideal for exothermic reactions) and better mass and heat transfers, but suffers from difficulties in precise control and shows strong frictional wall effect. Present study was conducted experimentally and numerically to understand fundamental hydrodynamics in MFBs. Experimental work was carried out in four MFBs of 20-4 mm compared to two relatively large beds of 100-50 mm using three types of particles (B347: 347 μm, 2475 kg/m3; B105: 105 μm, 8102 kg/m3; A63: 63.8μm, 2437 kg/m3). The ratio of static bed height (Hs) to bed diameter (Dt) was set between 1-4. Mechanical vibration was applied to the 4 mm bed. A new method for flow regimes diagnosis was developed based on pressure fluctuation analyses, which mainly include calculating the standard deviation, autocorrelation function, probability density function, power spectral density function and time-frequency analysis. Numerical simulations were performed under Eulerian-Eulerian framework in 2D. Six flow regimes were identified: fixed bed, bubbling, bubbling/slugging, slugging, slugging/turbulent and bubbling/turbulent. Partial fluidization is encountered at Hs/Dt=1-2 while slugging prevails quickly after minimum fluidization at Hs/Dt=3-4. In the 4 mm bed, fluidization of B347 particles show better fluidization quality, while an increase in Umf is observed for B105 and A63 particles. Mechanical vibration reduces partial fluidization, thus resulting in larger ΔP and smaller Umf. A larger Umb and a delayed Uc were obtained as well. Results by simulations agree reasonably well with experimental data

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