Formulation of local anaesthetics in different dosage forms, including those for oral, parenteral, and topical application have being widely investigated. All of these formulations include local anaesthetics in their salt forms. The lipophilic nature of the bases of local anaesthetics may influence the rate of the pharmacological effect. There has been very little research done towards this aspect of local anaesthetics. Prilocaine base and lignocaine base possess greater lipophilicity than their salts. The salt forms undergo dissociation in the body. To maximise the absorption rate lipophilicity plays an important role. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of using prilocaine and lignocaine individually and in combination as bases for parenteral formulations using cyclodextrins as complexing agents. Cyclodextrins are widely used as complexing agents to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was the first choice amongst the different cyclodextrins to be evaluated as a solubility enhancer as it does not show nephrotoxicity and is more bio-available compared to other cyclodextrins. / Method: Prilocaine base was prepared from its salt and lignocaine base was obtained from Sigma Pharmaceuticals. Solubilities were examined individually and in combination by the phase solubility method and complex formation investigated. The mobile phase used was methanol:water (55:45) with phosphate buffer at pH 5.5. An AL type solubility isotherm was obtained for the influence of HPβCD on the solubilities of prilocaine and lignocaine. Complexation was investigated for both prilocaine and lignocaine to HPβCD by NMR. Results: The measured solubilities of prilocaine and lignocaine individually at 30% HPβCD from 25°C to 42°C were 1.96-7.91 moles/L and 1.69-4.55 moles/L respectively. The solubilities in combination were 0.91-3.68 moles/L for prilocaine and 1.03-8.35 moles/L for lignocaine respectively. The NMR data suggested that complexation involves the aromatic ring for both prilocaine and lignocaine apart from methene and methyl groups for prilocaine and ethyl amide and aromatic methyl groups for lignocaine.

No description available.

Local anaesthetics have been implemented extensively in the case of a variety of painful superficial procedures, venipuncture, skin graft harvesting, anal or genital pruritus, poison ivy rashes, postherpetic neuralgia and several other dermatoses. The dilemma with commercially available local acting anaesthetics is that it may take well up to an hour to produce an anaesthetic effect. Anaesthetics have to traverse the highly efficient barrier, the stratum corneum, in order to reach the intended target site which is the free nerve endings located in the dermis. The objective of this study was to compare the transdermal delivery of an eutectic combination of two ionisable amide types of local anaesthetics, lidocaine HCI and prilocaine HCI, delivered with the novel Pheroid™ technology to that of a commercially available product in order to establish whether the lag time could be significantly reduced. Several techniques of promoting the penetration of these anaesthetics have previously been employed, including occlusive dressing, entrapment in liposomes and miscelles, iontophoretic delivery and so forth. The Pheroid™ delivery system is novel technology that entails improved delivery of several active compounds. It is a submicron emulsion type formulation that possesses the ability to be transformed in morphology and size, thereby affording it tremendous flexibility. Since it primarily consists of unsaturated essential fatty acids, it is not seen as foreign to the body but rather as a skin-friendly carrier. Vertical Franz cell diffusion studies were performed over a 12 hour period using Caucasian female abdominal skin obtained, with the consent of the donor, from abdominoplastic surgery. Comparison was made between the commercial product EMLA® cream, the active local anaesthetics dissolved in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) and the active ingredients entrapped within Pheroid™ vesicles. Distinct entrapment could be ascertained visually by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The amount of drug that traversed the epidermal membrane into the receptor phase was then assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained with the Pheroid™ vesicles revealed a biphasic character with rapid permeation during the first two hours, followed by a plateau between 3 to 12 hours. The initial dramatic increase in percentage yield and flux indicates that the Pheroid™ carrier enhances the transdermal delivery of the actives in order to accelerate the onset of action. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Local anaesthetics have been implemented extensively in the case of a variety of painful superficial procedures, venipuncture, skin graft harvesting, anal or genital pruritus, poison ivy rashes, postherpetic neuralgia and several other dermatoses. The dilemma with commercially available local acting anaesthetics is that it may take well up to an hour to produce an anaesthetic effect. Anaesthetics have to traverse the highly efficient barrier, the stratum corneum, in order to reach the intended target site which is the free nerve endings located in the dermis. The objective of this study was to compare the transdermal delivery of an eutectic combination of two ionisable amide types of local anaesthetics, lidocaine HCI and prilocaine HCI, delivered with the novel Pheroid™ technology to that of a commercially available product in order to establish whether the lag time could be significantly reduced. Several techniques of promoting the penetration of these anaesthetics have previously been employed, including occlusive dressing, entrapment in liposomes and miscelles, iontophoretic delivery and so forth. The Pheroid™ delivery system is novel technology that entails improved delivery of several active compounds. It is a submicron emulsion type formulation that possesses the ability to be transformed in morphology and size, thereby affording it tremendous flexibility. Since it primarily consists of unsaturated essential fatty acids, it is not seen as foreign to the body but rather as a skin-friendly carrier. Vertical Franz cell diffusion studies were performed over a 12 hour period using Caucasian female abdominal skin obtained, with the consent of the donor, from abdominoplastic surgery. Comparison was made between the commercial product EMLA® cream, the active local anaesthetics dissolved in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) and the active ingredients entrapped within Pheroid™ vesicles. Distinct entrapment could be ascertained visually by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The amount of drug that traversed the epidermal membrane into the receptor phase was then assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained with the Pheroid™ vesicles revealed a biphasic character with rapid permeation during the first two hours, followed by a plateau between 3 to 12 hours. The initial dramatic increase in percentage yield and flux indicates that the Pheroid™ carrier enhances the transdermal delivery of the actives in order to accelerate the onset of action. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Orientadores: Eneida de Paula, Daniele Ribeiro de Araujo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T05:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cereda_CintiaMariaSaia_D.pdf: 3317518 bytes, checksum: 1cb573479b5b4a3a55d35b358811dcd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O controle da dor é de extrema importância em odontologia, já que a maioria dos procedimentos odontológicos envolve estímulos dolorosos. Com a descoberta dos anestésicos locais, que se caracterizam pela capacidade de abolir a dor sem a perda da consciência, deu-se um grande passo para o avanço da odontologia. Um anestésico local ideal deve apresentar ação anestésica duradoura (suficiente para os procedimentos operatórios) e baixa toxicidade. Várias pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas com anestésicos locais objetivando prolongar a duração de seu efeito e diminuir sua toxicidade. Um caminho muito promissor foi aberto com o desenvolvimento de formulações anestésicas de liberação prolongada, utilizando carreadores como lipossomas, que mantêm o fármaco por mais tempo e em maior concentração no sítio de ação. Este trabalho teve por finalidade preparar formulações de liberação prolongada do anestésico local prilocaína, muito usado em odontologia. Objetivouse: (i) preparar prilocaína encapsulada em lipossomas; (ii) caracterizar físicoquimicamente essa formulação, (iii) avaliar a atividade terapêutica, com testes de nocicepção em animais e (iv) avaliar a formulação quanto à estabilidade e à toxicidade local. Após a preparação, testes de caracterização físico-química demonstraram a interação da prilocaína com os lipossomas. Com a técnica de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica pôde-se observar um decréscimo de 11% no parâmetro de ordem da membrana lipossomal, em presença do anestésico local. Com a análise por espalhamento de luz quase-elástico (light scattering) observou-se que as vesículas lipossomais apresentaram diâmetro médio de 382nm (±30), que não sofreu variação significativa (p>0,05) após encapsulação da prilocaína. Ensaios de liberação in vitro evidenciaram taxa de liberação mais lenta para a prilocaína lipossomal (equilíbrio em 90 min) que para prilocaína em solução (60 min). Análises por light scattering (p>0,05), de peroxidação lipídica (p>0,05) e ressonância magnética nuclear de prótons (H1-NMR) mostraram que, após processo de esterilização em autoclave, a prilocaína lipossomal permaneceu estável por um período de 30 dias após a preparação. Esses experimentos não mostraram diferenças na estabilidade físico-química da prilocaína ou da preparação lipossomal, estéreis ou não. Testes de bloqueio do nervo infraorbital em ratos e de tail-flick em camundongos revelaram maior efeito analgésico para a prilocaína lipossomal em relação à prilocaína em solução (p<0,001 e p<0,05, respectivamente). Já em comparação com a formulação comercial de prilocaína ¿ que contém o vasoconstritor felipressina -não ocorreram diferenças significativas (p>0,05) para o efeito da prilocaína lipossomal. A avaliação da toxicidade local em ratos mostrou que a prilocaína lipossomal não provocou edema de pata, quando comparada com soluções controle: salina, tampão, prilocaína em solução e lipossoma (p>0,05). Na avaliação histológica da mucosa oral dos ratos, não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os animais tratados com prilocaína lipossomal e seus controles. Com esses resultados, pôde-se concluir que a encapsulação de prilocaína em lipossomas aumentou a duração do bloqueio nervoso sensorial sem induzir o aumento na toxicidade local, podendo ser considerada mais uma opção no arsenal já disponível para a anestesia local em odontologia / Abstract: Pain control is an extremely important issue in dentistry since most of the dentistry procedures involve painful stimuli. The discovery of local anesthetics, which have the capability of abolishing the pain without loosing the consciousness, meant a major step in dentistry advance. An ideal local anesthetic must present lasting anesthetic action (long enough for surgery procedures) and low toxicity. Many researches have been developed with local anesthetics aiming at the prolongation of their anesthetic effect duration and decrease of their toxicity. A very promising path was open with the development of long-acting local anesthetics formulations, using carriers as liposomes that are able to enhance the bioavailability, to reduce the systemic toxicity and to increase the local anesthetic half-life in vivo. This present study comprised (i) the preparation of liposomal prilocaine ( a local anesthetic widely used in dentistry) formulation, (ii) the physicochemical characterization of the formulation, (iii) the assessment of its anesthetic efficacy and (iv) the evaluation of its physicochemical stability, as well as of its toxic effects. After preparation, the physicochemical characterization showed the prilocaine-liposome interaction. Electron spin resonance results showed a decrease in the order parameter of liposomal membrane, in presence of prilocaine. Laser light-scattering analysis revealed a vesicle population of liposomes with 382nm (± 30) diameter, without size changes after prilocaine incorporation. In the in vitro drug release assay, the liposomal formulation led to a slower release rate of prilocaine compared to its plain formulation. Equilibrium was delayed from 60 min (prilocaine in solution) to 90 min with the drug delivery system. Liposomal prilocaine was found to be stable up to 30 days after preparation, according to the analysis by laser light scattering (p > 0.05), thiobarbituric acid reactions (p > 0.05) and H1-nuclear magnetic resonance, once these assays did not show differences on physicochemical stability of prilocaine in solution or prilocaine liposomal, sterilized or not. Rat infraorbital nerve blockade and mice tail-flick tests revealed that a prolonged anesthetic effect was produced by liposomal prilocaine in comparison to prilocaine in solution (p<0,001 e p<0,05, respectively). However, no statistical differences were found after comparison between liposomal prilocaine and vasoconstrictor-containing prilocaine (p>0,05). Local toxicity evaluation in rats showed that the liposomal prilocaine did not evoke rat paw edema when compared to the control groups: saline, Hepes buffer, prilocaine in solution and liposome (p > 0.05). There were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between lipossomal prilocaine and their controls, in histological evaluation of rat oral mucous. In conclusion, the prilocaine encapsulation in liposomes enhanced the nerve sensorial blockade, without increasing local toxicity. Liposomal prilocaine can, therefore, be considered an option to local anesthesia in dentistry / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientador: Gilberto De Nucci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosaCastelli_Maisa_M.pdf: 2792033 bytes, checksum: 8d7ee3cc5a3af831f35e49968b355af5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A anestesia tópica é uma das estratégias mais usadas para minimizar a ansiedade, dor e o desconforto no local da inserção da agulha ou de procedimentos cirúrgicos. As formulações tópicas têm como objetivo promover a permeação no local de aplicação e obter um rápido início de ação. Para tanto, é necessário que a permeação cutânea atravesse de forma efetiva as camadas dérmicas, principalmente o estrato córneo. Os sistemas de liberação de fármacos representam uma parcela importante dentre as estratégias de otimização terapêutica, tendo como objetivo a manipulação racional do perfil farmacológico das drogas e, concomitantemente, seus índices terapêuticos. Os sistemas de liberação nanoestruturados, ou nanocarreadores, podem ser empregados para a melhora de distintos caracteristicas: solubilidade, biodistribuição, biocompatibilidade, biodegradabilidade e liberação da droga. São estruturas com escala nanométrica, com tamanho variando de 1 a 100 nanometros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização morfológica das nanocápsulas poliméricas que compõem o nanoanestésico e o desenvolvimento clínico do nanoanestésico, compreendendo a avaliação de eficácia e de segurança do produto. O nanoanestésico é um hidrogel composto pela mistura eutética de 2.5% de lidocaína e 2.5% de prilocaína. Metade desta concentração está nanoencapsulada, enquanto que o restante do ativo encontra-se livre no gel, através dos respectivos sais cloridratos. A suspensão de nanocápsulas foi analisada através de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e foram identificadas estruturas correspondentes com as nanocápsulas poliméricas e com tamanhos condizentes ao esperado a partir dos dados de diâmetro médio proveniente do Espalhamento de Luz Dinâmico. O produto final, o nanoanestésico, foi analisado a partir da técnica de criofratura e também foram identificas estruturas correspondentes as nanocápsulas em meio ao hidrogel. Foi realizado o desenvolvimento clínico do nanoanestésico, compreendendo a avaliação do perfil farmacocinético (n=8 voluntários) e estudos de eficácia (n= 100 voluntários). O nanoanestésico atinge concentrações plasmáticas seguras de lidocaína e prilocaína: 6,5 ng.mL-1 e 1,7 ng.mL-1, respectivamente. Verificou-se também que o nanoanestésico possui eficácia não inferior ao EMLA® (Aztrazeneca) quando comparado após 1 (uma) hora de permanência sobre a pele e submetido a estimulo doloroso de inserção de agulha de venopunção. Além disso, de forma controlada por placebo, os voluntários foram submetidos a um estimulo doloroso em tempos inferiores a 1 hora e verificou-se que o nanoanestésico apresenta eficácia significativa a partir de 10 minutos da aplicação. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o nanoanestésico pode ser uma alternativa dentre os anestésicos tópicos já estabelecidos no mercado e otimizar os procedimentos nos quais ele é necessário / Abstract: Topical anesthetic is the most used strategy to minimize anxiety, pain and local discomfort on the site of needle stick. The topical formulations aim to promote permeation on the application site and obtain a rapid onset of action. To achieve this, the skin permeation must cross the layers of skin, mainly the stratum corneum. Drug delivery systems are an important part of therapy optimization strategies, which target to improve the drug pharmacological profile and its therapeutic ratio. The nanostructured systems, like polymeric nanocapsules, may be used to improve a many features: solubility, biodistribution and drug release. They are nanoscale structures, with size ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. This present study comprised morphologic characterization of polymeric nanocapsules which compose the nanoanesthetic and its clinical development with evaluation of efficacy and safety. The nanoanesthetic is a hydrogel with 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine, which are 50% of the active products in polymeric nanocapsules. The remaining 50% of the drugs are in the form of their chloridrate salts. The suspension of nanocapsules was examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and the identified structures correspond to the polymer nanocapsule and the size results matched the expected Dynamic Light Scattering data. The finished product, the nanoanesthetic, was evaluated by cryofracture, and the polymeric nanocapsules were observed. The clinical development was performed with pharmacokinetics profile (n= 8 healthy volunteers) and efficacy study (n=100 healthy volunteers). The nanoanesthesic security reaches plasmatic concentrations of lidocaine and prilocaine: 6,5 ng.mL-1 e 1,7 ng.mL-1, respectively. EMLA® (Astrazeneca) and the nanoanesthetic were left on the skin for one hour, and then exposed to needle insertion. It was observed that the nanoanesthetic efficacy is not lower than EMLA® product. Beyond that, a placebo-controlled study was performed. The volunteers were submitted to a painful stimulus for periods shorter than one hour and it was verified that the nanoanesthetic has a significant efficacy after 10 minutes of application. The results showed that the nanoanesthetic can be an alternative as a topical anesthetics among the ones that have already been commercialized in the market and it can also optimize the procedures in which it is needed / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestra em Farmacologia

A anestesia local da cavidade bucal é uma etapa fundamental na maioria dos procedimentos odontológicos. A administração não-invasiva efetiva de anestésicos locais na cavidade bucal visando substituir as doloridas injeções, possibilitaria o aprimoramento de procedimentos rotineiros e cirúrgicos. No entanto, a anestesia profunda e pelo tempo adequado de regiões estratégicas da mucosa bucal requer a penetração do anestésico em quantidades efetivas. A combinação dos cloridratos de lidocaína (LCL) e prilocaína (PCL) é uma estratégia interessante do ponto de vista farmacocinético, visto que a lidocaína inicia sua ação mais rapidamente, porém a prilocaína apresenta uma potência maior. A velocidade de liberação e permeação dos fármacos pode ser aumentada e modulada através da aplicação da iontoforese. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a influência da iontoforese na permeação de PCL e LCL através de mucosa esofageal suína a partir de uma formulação semi-sólida mucoadesiva. Para tanto, um hidrogel à base de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose foi desenvolvido e o efeito do pH (5,8 e 7,0) avaliado em função da iontoforese (1 mA/cm2 por 60 minutos). Um método analítico de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foi validado para quantificação simultânea dos fármacos, apresentando satisfatória seletividade, linearidade no intervalo de 0,25 a 10 ?g/mL, sensibilidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez. A recuperação dos fármacos a partir da mucosa esofageal suína forneceu níveis adequados conforme preconizado pela literatura. A formulação desenvolvida apresentou uniformidade de conteúdo e propriedades mecânicas e mucoadesivas adequadas para a aplicação bucal. A combinação dos fármacos na formulação não ocasionou a formação de uma mistura eutética, porém promoveu mudanças nos coeficientes de distribuição mucosa/formulação do PCL, tendo maior caráter hidrofílico em pH 7,0 e maior caráter hidrofóbico em pH 5,8. Nos estudos de permeação in vitro através de mucosa esofageal suína, a iontoforese a partir da formulação pH 7,0 foi capaz de aumentar as quantidades de PCL permeada e recuperada da mucosa quando isolada e combinada na formulação. Porém, as quantidades de LCL foram aumentadas por iontoforese apenas na mucosa quando combinada ao PCL. A iontoforese a partir da formulação contendo os fármacos isolados em pH 5,8, com o intuito de promover maior ionização dos fármacos, aumentou o fluxo do PCL e do LCL. No entanto, o fluxo passivo foi menor em pH 5,8 e o maior aumento de fluxo proporcionado pela iontoforese neste pH não acarretou em maiores quantidades de fármaco permeadas. O pré-tratamento da mucosa com LCL aumentou ligeiramente o fluxo passivo do PCL, porém quando a iontoforese foi aplicada, tanto o fluxo quanto o acúmulo do PCL na mucosa diminuíram após o pré-tratamento. Assim, para a anestesia não invasiva em procedimentos odontológicos, é recomendável aplicar a iontoforese diretamente na formulação que contém a combinação de PCL e LCL, em pH 7,0. Desta forma, alia-se início de ação mais rápido (LCL) e potência (PCL) e alcançam-se maiores quantidades permeadas e retidas na mucosa para ambos os fármacos. / Local anesthesia of the oral cavity is a key step in most dental procedures. The effective non-invasive administration of local anesthetics in the oral cavity, in order to replace the painful injections, would enable the improvement of routine and surgical procedures. However, deep anesthesia for a suitable period of time of strategic regions of the oral mucosa requires penetration of the anesthetic in effective amounts. The combination of lidocaine hydrochloride (LCL) and prilocaine (PCL) is an interesting strategy, since lidocaine begins to act more quickly, but prilocaine has a higher potency. The rate of release and permeation of drugs can be enhanced and modulated by the application of iontophoresis. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of iontophoresis on the permeation of PCL and LCL through porcine esophageal mucosa from a mucoadhesive semisolid formulation. Thus, a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel was developed and the effect of pH (5.8 and 7.0) evaluated in function of iontophoresis (1 mA/cm2 for 60 minutes). An analytical method of high performance liquid chromatography was validated for the simultaneous quantification of drugs with satisfactory selectivity, linearity in the range 0.25 to 10 ?g/mL, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The recovery of the drugs from the porcine esophageal mucosa provided adequate levels, as related in the literature. The formulation developed had uniformity of content and mechanical and mucoadhesive properties suitable for buccal application. The combination of the drugs at the formulation did not cause the formation of an eutectic mixture, but provided changes in the distribution coefficients (mucosa/formulation) of PCL, having greater hydrophilicity at pH 7.0 and higher hydrophobic character at pH 5.8. Regarding the in vitro permeation studies across porcine esophageal mucosa, iontophoresis from the formulation at pH 7.0 was able to increase the amounts of PCL permeated and recovered when isolated and combined at the formulation. For LCL, the amount was enhanced by iontophoresis only at the mucosa when the drug was associated with PCL. Iontophoresis from the formulation at pH 5.8, in order to promote higher ionization of the drugs, increased the flow of PCL and the LCL. However, the passive flux was lower at pH 5.8 and the greater increase of flow provided by iontophoresis at this pH did not result in higher amounts of total permeated drug. Pretreatment of the mucosa with LCL slightly increased passive flux of PCL, but when the iontophoresis was applied, both the flow and the amount of PCL recovered from the mucosa decreased after pretreatment. Thus, for a non-invasive anesthesia for dental procedures, it is recommended to apply iontophoresis directly at the formulation containing the combination of PCL and LCL, at pH 7.0. Therefore, it combines a faster onset of action (LCL) and higher potency (PCL), providing larger amounts permeated and recovered from the mucosa for both drugs.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Laufer.pdf: 1246261 bytes, checksum: 67bab31b5ee267fca6c8c43076e3729b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-22 / The no invasive anesthesia by application of an anesthetic gel in the interior of the periodontal pocket appears as an alternative in the periodontal treatment. The objective of this study was to manipulate, to test the physical-chemical properties, the percutaneous absorption of a gel thermosetting topical anesthetic lidocaine/prilocaine 5 Test) and evaluates its biocompatibility. Preformulation studies, microbiological and percutaneous absorption (PA) in vitro and in vivo, has been done. To evaluate aspects of biocompatibility 2 techniques had been done: vascular permeability (VP) and descriptive histological analyses (HA). In the PV, 60 rats and 3 periods of observation had been used (3, 6, 9 hours) and were evaluated,visually, for the area of the inflammation and for dye concentration applied, by spectrophotometric analysis, after mplantation of 0,1 mL of the substances: G1- Teste; G2-Emla; G3-Poloxamer; G4-Controle. In AH, 60 rats, were divided in 4 groups (in the same way cited before) with subcutaneous implantation of polyethylene tubes with substances had been used, in periods of 2, 5 and 15 days. The pharmacotechnical results had shown values of pH 7,71, density (gel 1,020),not occurring microorganisms growth (gram+, gram- and fungi) in the substance Test and showing a good viscosity, adjusted for use in oral cavity. AP did not show significant differences between the GI and GII, with p>0,05 (Mann-Whitney) for the experiments in vitro and in vivo. In the PV, G1 and G2 had bigger values (p< 0,05) than G3 and G4. The histological analysis did not show areas of necrosis, nor severe inflammatory response. It is concluded that the gel Test presents adequate properties and showed not to induce severe inflammatory response in the subcutaneous, showing biocompatibility when compared with the control group. / A anestesia não invasiva com a aplicação de gel anestésico no interior da bolsa periodontal surge como uma alternativa no tratamento periodontal. Esse estudo teve como objetivo manipular, testar as propriedades físico-químicas, de absorção percutânea de um gel anestésico tópico termosensível (lidocaína/prilocaína 5 - Teste) e avaliar a sua biocompatibilidade. Foram realizados estudos de préformulação, microbiológicos e absorção percutânea (AP) in vitro e in vivo do fármaco. Para biocompatibilidade foram utilizadas 2 técnicas: permeabilidade vascular (PV) e análise histológica descritiva (AH). Na PV foram utilizados 60 ratos e 3 períodos de observação (3, 6, 9 horas) em que avaliou-se a área da inflamação visualmente e por quantificação do corante aplicado sob análise de espectrofotometria após implantação de 0,1 mL das substâncias sendo: G1-Teste; G2-EMLA; G3-Poloxamer; G4-Controle. Na AH foram utilizados 60 ratos divididos em 4 grupos (os mesmos supra citados) com implantação subcutânea de tubos de polietileno preenchidos com as substâncias, em períodos de 2, 5 e 15 dias. Os resultados de farmacotécnica mostraram valores de pH 7,71, densidade (gel 1,020), não ocorrendo crescimento microbiano (gram+, gram- e fungos) na substância Teste e mostrando uma boa viscosidade, adequada para uo em cavidade bucal. A AP não mostrou diferenças significativas entre o GI e GII com p>0,05 (Mann-Whitney) para os experimentos in vitro e in vivo. Na PV G1 e G2 tiveram valores maiores (p< 0,05) que G3 e G4. A análise histológica não mostrou áreas de necrose, nem resposta inflamatória severa. Conclui-se que o gel Teste apresenta propriedades adequadas e mostrou não induzir resposta inflamatória severa no subcutâneo de ratos, mostrando-se biocompatível quando comparado com o grupo controle .

Background: Several studies have suggested that the likelihood of paraesthesia may depend on the local anaesthetic (LA) used. The purpose of this study was to analyze reports of paraesthesia among dental LAs used in the U.S. Methods: Reports of paraesthesia involving LAs between November 1997 through August 2008 were obtained from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Chi-Square analysis compared expected frequencies, based on U.S. LA sales data, to observed reports of oral paraesthesia. Results: During the study period 248 cases of paraesthesia following dental procedures were reported. Most (94.5%) cases involved mandibular nerve block. The lingual nerve was affected in 89.0% of cases. Reports involving 4%-prilocaine and 4%-articaine were 7.3-times and 3.6-times, respectively, greater than expected (χ2, p<0.0001) based on LA usage by U.S. dentists. Conclusions: Consistent with previous reports, these data suggest that paraesthesia is more common following use of 4% LA formulations.

Background: Several studies have suggested that the likelihood of paraesthesia may depend on the local anaesthetic (LA) used. The purpose of this study was to analyze reports of paraesthesia among dental LAs used in the U.S. Methods: Reports of paraesthesia involving LAs between November 1997 through August 2008 were obtained from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Chi-Square analysis compared expected frequencies, based on U.S. LA sales data, to observed reports of oral paraesthesia. Results: During the study period 248 cases of paraesthesia following dental procedures were reported. Most (94.5%) cases involved mandibular nerve block. The lingual nerve was affected in 89.0% of cases. Reports involving 4%-prilocaine and 4%-articaine were 7.3-times and 3.6-times, respectively, greater than expected (χ2, p<0.0001) based on LA usage by U.S. dentists. Conclusions: Consistent with previous reports, these data suggest that paraesthesia is more common following use of 4% LA formulations.