Fraud targeting the elderly has in recent years received more and more attention, although fraudulent behavior against the elderly only constitute a small part of all reported fraud offences the fact that perpetrators intentionally and systematically utilizing their vulnerability should be taken seriously. It is therefore considered important to expand the knowledge regarding elderly exposure to fraud, but not because of the volume of crime rather because of the particular vulnerability the elderly possesses. The present study intends to examine how perpetrators of fraud find the elderly victims and whether or not the principle of public access to information affects elderly exposure to this type of crime. The study has been conducted through semi-structured interviews with individuals from the Swedish police authorities, all with connections to fraud and crime against elderly in different ways. Trough the thematic analysis, it emerged that perpetrators find their intended victims with the help of websites that mass-publish personal information and that this mainly takes place within the framework of organized crime. The principle of public access to information therefore tends to be an important phenomenon to consider in the work of making elderly less suitable targets of fraud.

Magister Legum - LLM / If a company is harmed by the behaviour of a director as a result of financial misstatements, shareholders may suffer the economic consequences in the form of a diminution in the value of their shares. Failure on directorship level in these circumstances has on more than one occasion resulted in aggrieved shareholders seeking to recover damages suffered and losses incurred in terms of section 218(2) of the Companies Act 2008. This was the situation in the recent cases, Hlumisa Investment Holdings (RF) Limited v Kirkinis and in Itzikowitz v Absa Bank Limited. While I am unaware of any reported case arising from the much-publicised Steinhoff scandal, there appear to be moves in the direction of court action to recover pure economic loss. Steinhoff shareholders are seeking to hold the retail group‘s directors to account. Scandals like Steinhoff and African bank are disturbing because it points to a lack of clarity and certainty in South African company laws in respect of director‘s personal liability in these circumstances. It is for this reason that this study investigates whether shareholders can institute personal liability claims against directors for causing shareholders a diminution of the value of the shares in the company as a result of poor decision making on directorship level, since such a loss is merely reflective of the company‘s loss. Although, after Itzikowitz v Absa Bank Limited, the position seems to be settled in our law, we still have incidences where shareholders are seeking to hold directors personally liable for the diminution in share price under section 218(2) of the Companies Act 2008. It is for this reason that the study explores the scope of section 218(2) and investigates many related questions surrounding section 218(2), in light of directors‘ personal liability and shareholder protection.

The principle of contradictory in Criminal Proceedings Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the principle of contradictory of criminal proceedings, its various concepts and characteristics, especially its practical manifestations in Czech criminal proceedings. The aim of the work is to provide an insight into possible concepts of this principle, an overview of individual contradictory elements in criminal proceedings and then to draw attention to those elements that rather weaken the principle of contradictory. The work is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the definition of the principle of contradictory. It offers several possible conceptions of this principle presented mainly by Czech authors. The chapter also contains a selection from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, which ranks the principle of contradictory among the foundations of the right to a fair trial. The case law of the Czech Constitutional Court, which defines principle of contradictory following the example of the Strasbourg court, also corresponds to this. Finally, the chapter deals with the enshrinement of the principle in the current Criminal Procedure Code, but mainly the role of the principle in recodification work on the new Criminal Procedure Code. Chapter two describes some contradictory...

This thesis deals with speed measuring and speed measurement sensors. It’s designed equipment for the demonstration of the sensors principle. In the next part it’s designed the assignment for BMFV lesson and it’s made the measuring on this equipment.

This diploma thesis is concerned with topic of lithium-ion batteries recycling. In this document the particular methods containing commercial used recycling processes or only laboratory used processes are discussed. Because rising amount of spent Li-ion accumulators is necessary find proper methods to recycle this type of accumulators. Also legislation question of this issue is important. In practical part is described procedure and results performed recycling method.

The Diploma thesis deals with the problem of energy-efficient train control. It presents the basic survey of mathematical models used in the problem of energy-efficient train control, analysis of optimal driving regimes, determining optimal switching times between optimal driving regimes and timetabling of the train. The mathematical formulation of the problem is done using Newton's second law of motion and other known physical laws. To analyse optimal driving regimes and determine the switching times between optimal driving regimes, we apply tools of optimal control theory, particularly Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. The timetabling of the train is discussed from the numerical solution of the settled non-linear programming problem.

This thesis deals with speed measuring and speed measurement sensors. It’s designed equipment for the demonstration of the sensors principle. In the next part it’s designed the assignment for BMFV lesson, it’s made the measuring on this equipment and the exemplary protocol is elaborate.

This thesis deals with analysis of internal and external spa environment which is used for definition of business strategies. These strategies should be implemented by company for increase its ability to compete. The thesis also describes potentialities and benefits of using e-marketing.

L’étude de l’interprétation de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises du 11 avril 1980 (CVIM) révèle la nécessité de la mise en œuvre d’un principe d’interprétation autonome, également affirmé dans d’autres instruments juridiques (conventions onusiennes, Principes UNIDROIT). Le principe d’interprétation autonome, inhérent au droit transnational, impose la prise en compte du caractère international des normes à interpréter ainsi que la promotion de leur uniformité d’application. Il s’agit ainsi d’assurer l’autonomie des termes du texte juridique à interpréter. Le comblement des lacunes du texte, qui constitue le second versant de l’interprétation juridique, est opéré par le recours aux principes généraux sous-tendant le texte. Le recours aux règles de droit interne n’aura lieu qu’en dernier ressort. L’étude se propose d’évaluer la mise en œuvre du principe d’interprétation autonome lors de l’application de la CVIM. A cette fin, il convient d’observer l’attitude du juge français lors de l’application du texte, non sans examiner la jurisprudence internationale ainsi que les sentences arbitrales l’appliquant également. Certaines dispositions et expressions conventionnelles ont été privilégiées afin d’examiner leur interprétation (par exemple : le contrat de fourniture, la contravention essentielle, le raisonnable, l’article 78 imposant l’application d’intérêts à toute somme due sans en fixer le taux). Le principe de bonne foi, guidant l’interprétation de la CVIM est également décortiqué dans sa relation avec l’interprétation de la CVIM. Il ressort de l’étude que la jurisprudence française méconnait le principe d’interprétation autonome lors de l’application de la CVIM. La comparaison avec d’autres juridictions montre que certaines d’entre elles font état d’une meilleure considération des règles d’interprétation édictées dans la Convention (Allemagne, Italie). La jurisprudence arbitrale révèle des sentences particulièrement enclines à la mise en œuvre du principe d’interprétation autonome sans que cette pratique ne soit uniforme. Les arbitres du commerce international sont souvent dotés d’une culture internationaliste et surtout, ils ne relèvent d’aucun ordre juridique national. Ils sont par conséquent beaucoup moins susceptibles d’être influencés par des références de droit interne et ainsi plus à même d’opérer une interprétation autonome des textes internationaux qu’ils mettent en œuvre. Ceci étant, l’affirmation explicite de l’application d’un principe d’interprétation autonome est quasiment inexistante dans la jurisprudence arbitrale comme dans celle des tribunaux étatiques.La présente étude a pour ambition d’élargir la connaissance du principe d’interprétation autonome par les interprètes du droit matériel uniforme en utilisant la CVIM comme support de démonstration. Le rôle du principe d’interprétation autonome sera fondamental dans l’expansion et la bonne application du droit uniforme. En effet, cette méthode d’interprétation est à même de respecter l’objectif du droit uniforme. / When analyzing the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods adopted the 11 April 1980 (CISG), a principle of autonomous interpretation appears. This principle is stated in other legal texts (as United Nations conventions and UNIDROIT Principles). The principle of autonomous interpretation belongs to the transnational law and leads to take into account the international character of the legal provisions to be interpreted and to promote the uniformity of their application as “expressed” in the article 7 of the CISG. General principles underlying the CISG are used for gap-fillings which is the second side of legal interpretation. Using national laws is the ultimate resort.The principle of autonomous interpretation in the application of the CISG will be studied. For this purpose, judicial decisions and arbitral awards will be examined. Dispositions from the Convention have been chosen for their interpretation to be examined. The principle of good faith is also examined in its relation with the CISG interpretation. It will be observed that French case-law doesn’t acknowledge the principle of autonomous interpretation. Arbitral awards show a more important tendency to apply the principle of autonomous interpretation but there is no uniformity. The arbitrators in international trade have multicultural traditions and do not depend on a forum. Therefore they are less likely to be “influenced” by national “references” and so much more capable to interpret autonomously international dispositions. Nevertheless the “express” affirmation of a principle of autonomous interpretation is missing from arbitral awards and judicial decisions. This thesis aims to enlarge the acknowledgement of the principle of autonomous interpretation by the interpreters of uniform law using the CISG as a model. The function of the principle of autonomous interpretation will be fundamental to the expansion and to the correct application of uniform law. This method of interpretation is respectful of the objective of uniform law.

"The rights of refugees and basic human rights are inextricably linked. Today's human rights abuse is tomorrow's refugee movements. Quite often, refugees' rights are curtailed by the same states that declare them in accordance with international and domestic instruments, only because they are non-nationals. While the foundation of refugee rights is the principle that all men and women have the right to belong to a society in which they are protected by the state, the respect to the principle of non-refoulement is at the core of being a refugee. Even though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) proclaims rights to all, including refugees, states use international principles of sovereignty to shut their doors in front of asylum seekers. Furthermore, it is not easy to utilise international mechanisms of protection to instigate complaints against a potential host state, based on its arbitrary act to shut its doors. This is because one needs to seek remedies before authorities of the same country where she or he has been denied. In addition, international law has few precedents on the matter even assuming it was treated as an exception to the former rule. This situation puts refoulement victims in a dilemma. ... Since the first time when the wave of asylum seekers from Rwanda hit Tanzania in 1959, the flow of refugees continues. Tanzania has hosted refugees not only from its neighbouring countries, but also as far as from South Africa, Zimbabwe and Somalia. With an estimated number of 602,00 refugees population in 2004, Tanzania was among the top five refugee-hosting countries in the world. Tanzania ratified the international and regional refugee instrumetns, as well as other human rights instruments that may enhance the protection of refugees. Subsequently, Tanzania enacted appropriate legislation in order to make the refugee instruments enforceable within the national legal framework. The principle of non-refoulement is enshriend in all legal instruments of which Tanzania has an international, regional and national obligation to respect. However, in recent years a trend of sporadic incidents in which the principle of non-refoulement was not respected, has been observed. For instance, in October 2004, 68 Burundian asylum seekers were forced to return to Burundi following the orders of the local authorities. One of the most recent incidents occurred in January 2005 when the government returned two families of nine persons, despite assurances made to UNHCR that they would be granted refugee status. This research looks at the obligation of the Government of Tanzania to protect rights of asylum seekers and refugees. This is in line with the principle of non-refoulement as enshrined under international and regional instruments of which Tanzania ratified. It further explores the role of international communities in responsibility sharing (often referred to in the humanitarian community as 'burden sharing') as a way to ensure that all states respect the principle of non-refoulement. ... The first part of this research is the introduction, that is, the background to the problem, problem statement, scope of the research, hypotheses, objective of the research, literature review, research methodology, and outline of chapters. The second chapter looks at the right to non-refoulement under international, regional and national legal instruments. Chapter three deals with respect of the principle of non-refoulement in the refugee operation of Tanzania. Chapter four examines the relationship between the principle of non-refoulement and responsibility sharing with a view to reflect on the role of the international community in promoting refugee rights. The last chapter is the conclusion of the research and recommendations." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Atangcho Nji Akonumbo at the Department of Social Science and Management, Catholic University [of Central Africa] in Yaounde, Cameroon / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM