The thesis examines social practices of reconciliation regarding British prisoners of war's experience of captivity by the Japanese in World War II. It draws on theoretical issues of social remembering, discursive psychology and discourse analysis. It concerns the social organisation of identity and accountability, i.e., ways in which issues of identity, blame, apology and forgiveness concerning past actions and events are used to address the significance of reconciliation. Talk and texts are examined to understand how private and collective memories of the past are mobilised and made relevant to present and future lives of the POWs.

Problems affecting the female prison population have become increasingly acute. In response to a spirit of 'toughness' in penal policy, the number of women prisoners has grown sharply and more women are being sent to prison despite arguments in favour of decarceration and alternative sanctions. In prison, women make greater demands on prison health services and are generally considered to carry a greater load of physical and mental ill-health than their male counterparts. However, a gender-sensitive theory based on an understanding of the relationship between women's health and women's imprisonment has not been formulated. Health is a complex phenomenon of inseparable physical, mental and social processes. Research conducted in three women's prisons in England set out to explore the relationships between these processes. Data were generated from group discussions, in-depth interviews, a questionnaire survey and observation and participation in 'the field'. The findings suggest that women's imprisonment is disadvantageous to 'good' health. Deprivations, isolation, discreditation and the deleterious effects of excessive regulation and control all cause women to suffer as they experience imprisonment. These are not medical problems. Yet, they often become so once they cause, as they inevitably do, stress and anxiety. The woman prisoner who finds herself unable to cope is likely, eventually, to come into contact with the prison medical enterprise where a medicalised view of suffering de-politicises the significance of women's distress. Social and cultural factors in women's pre-prison and prison lives interact to influence their health and their freedom to choose 'correct' health behaviours. While different in degree, the problems facing women prisoners are of the same kind as those they face in their outside lives and the same kinds of 'solutions' are adapted to deal with them. Such solutions often have unforeseen consequences which can intensify the pains of imprisonment and be further prejudicial to health. These findings raise questions about the philosophies underpinning current models of prison health care where the benevolent aims of 'health promotion' may become extremely punitive.

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Afrikaans: Die effek van korrektiewe toesig op die eggenote of saamwoonmaat van die manlike toesiggeval en die gepaardgaande stigmatisering en viktimisering vanuit verskeie samelewingsisteme is tydens die navorsing verken. Parsons se Aigemene Handelingsteorie is gebruik om die studie te rig en die bevindinge te interpreteer. Die unieke wyse waarop elke gesinslid korrektiewe toesig beleef, is beklemtoon. In Ondersoekgroep van 20 respondente is deur middel van In sneeubal- en versadigingsteekproef-seleksie soos volg saamgestel: een respondent se eggenoot of saamwoonmaat het minder as vier maande korrektiewe toesig verrig, drie respondente se eggenotes of saamwoonmaats het tussen vier en ses maande korrektiewe toesig uitgedien, vyf respondente se eggenote of saamwoonmaats was reeds tussen sewe en nege maande met korrektiewe toesig besig, vier respondente se eggenote of saamwoonmaats is tussen tien en twaalf maande onder korrektiewe toesig, terwyl ses respondente se eggenote of saamwoonmaats al langer as een jaar onder korrektiewe toesig is. Navorser het tydens die studie van 'n konteksspesifieke metodologiese benadering gebruik gemaak, waarvolgens daar op die eggenote of saamwoonmaat se belewenis van korrektiewe toesig gefokus is. Uit die ontleding en analise van data blyk dit dat die toesiggeval se gesin en veral die eggenoot of saamwoonmaat deur persone in die samelewing (sosiale subsisteem) gestigmatiseer en geviktimiseer kan word. Sekere faktore wat 'n invloed op die respondent of haar gesin se belewenis van korrektiewe toesig kan hê, is geïdentifiseer, onder andere byvoorbeeld die wyse waarop die respondent of haar gesin van korrektiewe toesig as vonnis verneem het, die tydsduur van die hofverrigtinge, die lengte van die vonnis en die kategorie van korrektiewe toesig. Navonsingsbevindinge dui daarop dat die faktore 'n invloed op die gesin se belewenis van korrektiewe toesig kan uitoefen. Elke individuele gesinslid funksioneer binne 'n bepaalde gesins- en samelewingsopset wat kan veroorsaak dat die belewenis van korrektiewe toesig 'n effek op verskeie subsisteme kan hê, naamlilk die biologiese, persoonlikheid-, sosiale en kulturele subsisteme. Die manier waarop die samelewing teenoor die gesin van die toesiggeval optree, kan sekere handelinge by die respondent en haar eggenoot of saamwoonmaat tot gevolg hê. Die wyse waarop die eggenote of saamwoonmaat die invloed en interaksie vanuit elke sisteem beleef, bepaal die mate waartoe sy aanpas, haar doel bereik, met die samelewing integreer en gedragspatrone gehandhaaf word. Die behoefte van die eggenote of saamwoonmaat van toesiggevalle het duidelik tydens die onderhoude na vore gekom. Die bevindinge van die navorsing het dit moontlik gemaak om praktiese voorstelle met betrekking tot die eggenote of saamwoonmaat se belewenis van korrektiewe toesig te maak. Die samelewing behoort ingelig te word aangaande die aard, toepassing en realiteit van korrektiewe toesig as 'n alternatiewe vonnisopsie. Die bevindinge van die ondersoek beklemtoon ook sekere terreine en moontlikhede vir toekomstige navorsing. English: The effect of correctional supervision on the wife or partner of the probationer, as well as stigmatisation and victimisation was studied according to various systems in society. Parson's General Action theory was used to direct the research and the interpretation of data. The study highlighted the unique way in which each family member experienced correctional supervision. A group of 20 respondents was selected by means of snowball and saturation sampling methods as follows: one respondent's husband or partner had completed less than four month's correctional supervision, three respondents husbands or partners has completed between four and six months of correctional supervision, five respondents husbands or partners had been doing between seven and nine months, four respondents husbands or partners had completed between ten and twelve months and six respondent's husbands or partners had completed more than one year. A context specific methodological approach was used which focused on the experiences of the spouse or partner of the probationer during correctional supervision. The interpretation and analysis of the data showed that the probationer's family especially the spouse or partner experienced stigmatisation and victimisation by the society. Certain factors that can influence the respondent or her family, has been identified, for example the means by which the respondent has been notified of the sentence, the duration of the court cases, the length of the sentence and the category of supervision. Research results further showed that these factors could influence the way the family of the offender experienced correctional supervision. Each individual family member functions within a specific family and social system, which implies that the subsystems, for namely the biological, personality, social and cultural subsystems, can be influenced by the family's experience of correctional supervision. The means by which society reacts towards the family of the probationer, can have an effect on the actions of the respondent and her husband or partner. The needs of probationers' wifes or partners have clearly emerged through the interviews. These results have made it possible to advance practical recommendations with regard to probationers' families' experience of correctional supervision. Society should be informed about the nature, application and realities of correctional supervision as an alternative sentence. In addition, the results highlighted further areas and possibilities for future research. / Dissertation (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Mater of Arts in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1992. / The prisoner, and especially the "board prisoner", is confronted with the possibility of becoming institutionalised. While being incarcerated in the conventional prison, his life world is of necessity institutionally ruled and governed- Upon release he is confronted with a world where he once more has to make his own decisions; he has to be prepared for his reintroduction into a free society and for taking up his responsibilities and obligations as a free citizen. This entails much more than finding accommodation or employment - the question arises whether the conventional prison is the appropriate place for this process of reintegration into community life. The establishment and efficient functioning of transitional havens may be instrumental in preparing the prisoner, who is still under sentence and whose treatment programme makes provision for admittance to such an institution, for reintroduction into free society. The objective of this study was to undertake an investigation of existing research literature relating to transitional havens, in order to describe the origin and development as well as the structure and functioning of these institutions. Arising from the "reintegration model" with its emphasis on community treatment and community integration, the prisoner is assisted and supported towards returning to society as Cx5 a responsible and accountable person- As a community-based release preparatory approach, transitional havens offer a unique opportunity towards addressing the needs of the prisoner. The creation and development as well as the structure and functioning of transitional havens are described. The rapid expansion of transitional havens was originally based on the theoretical assumption that these havens would lower residivism, ensure more humane treatment and reduce expenditure. Apart from different names given to transitional havens by different countries, or even states within countries, it appears that control of these havens may rest with the state or private welfare organisations. Transitional havens controlled by the state are run at lower cost that those controlled by private institutions. State controlled havens utilise the services of personnel, who also serve in conventional prisons, on a rotating basis. It has been found that, with regard to the selection of residents, different criteria is adopted. The intervention programme includes, inter alia, personal counselling, family and marital therapy, reality therapy and social ski1Is training. The transitional haven is regarded as the focus point for the mobilisation of community members and community sources towards addressing the needs of ex-prisoners by facilitating co-operation with existing organi- sations, such as training centres, businesses and service centres. The haven encompasses Cxi> the very important possibility that convicted persons may be transferred there directly, allowing them to continue with professions held prior to conviction. The creation of transitional havens will therefore serve two important objectives: firstly, it wil1 counteract institutional dependency amongst prisoners who qualify for admittance and secondly, it will contribute considerably towards the prisoner's reintegration into community life- > Based on this study it is recommended, as a matter of priority, that the creation of transitional havens by the Department of Correctional Services, be considered- / University of Zululand

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