Orientador: Eduardo Fagnani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:58:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gripp_CamilaCordeiroAndrade_M.pdf: 1333719 bytes, checksum: 56c996391ba2c38efccb4f133780e609 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Em 1981, sob o governo ditatorial de Augusto Pinochet, o Chile realizou a mais radical privatização previdenciária da história. Anos depois, a previdência privada chilena tornou-se um modelo advogado pelo Banco Mundial e fonte de inspiração de várias outras reformas na América Latina e no mundo. O modelo de capitalização individual implementado que prometeu aposentadorias melhores e expansão da cobertura, logo mostrou-se demasiadamente custoso, e a exclusão de milhares de chilenos não permitiu a esperada diminuição do gasto estatal com o sistema previdenciário. As distorções do sistema previdenciário chileno tornaram-se mais explícitas ao serem admitidas por organismos internacionais que o haviam defendido e pelo governo de Michelle Bachelet, que no atual momento cumpre a promessa de realizar uma reforma de vulto. A reforma que começou a ser discutida em 2006, no entanto, não poderia prever a crise financeira de 2008 que agora coloca sua efetividade em xeque aumentando os riscos de não alcance de benefícios previdenciário definidos como mínimos. / Abstract: In 1981, under the dictatorship of the general Augusto Pinochet, the Chilean pension system went through the most radical reform ever seen. Years later, the Chilean private pension system became a role model recommended by the World Bank and inspired several other reforms in Latin America and around the globe. Soon, the implemented model that had promised higher pensions and extended coverage proved itself excessively costly, and the fiscal expenses supposed to decrease, turned out higher than expected. The short comes of the Chilean pension system became more explicit once international agencies that had once supported it started admitting the failures. Also, Michelle Bachelet's government stated the need for change, putting into practice the promised considerable reform. However, the reform started being discussed in 2006, before the financial crises of 2008 that now puts its effectiveness in doubt and brings up the risk of forcing many Chileans to have pensions below the set minimum amount. / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Access to clean water and wastewater services has been gaining importance as a global issue as we have become increasingly aware of the widespread and growing failures to meet this human need, which many argue is a basic human right. These failures have significant, adverse human health consequences including thousands of preventable deaths each day. Water service privatization has been promoted by international donor organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as one way to address current water issues, particularly in developing nations. They have argued that private entities can improve water management because they can: (1) obtain access to capital needed to improve infrastructure; (2) improve system performance; (3) reduce water rates; and (4) be more responsive to consumer needs. As a result, in the 1980s, water privatization partnerships emerged in various parts of the world, including Latin America. Many of these partnerships have since been rescinded. The reasons given for abandoning privatization include: large increases in water rates, changes in economic conditions, deterioration of water quality, and failure to provide services to less-profitable areas. Currently, water privatization remains one of the most controversial issues in water policy circles. As the main goal of my dissertation, I plan to research the similarities and differences in outcomes of water privatization projects in two Latin American countries, Bolivia and Puerto Rico. These two countries have differing histories, demographics, types of governments, economies, and geographies. They both, however, have granted concessions to private European water companies to manage all or parts of their water services. While Bolivia has had quality, quantity, and access problems under privatization, Puerto Rico enjoys universal access to water but has suffered mostly from quality issues. The varied settings and experiences of the two countries and the different projects within each country provide opportunities to better understand the public - private debate and the complexities associated with water privatization. In particular, given my legal and policy background, my research will focus on the political and legal processes, and the outcomes of water privatization in each country in terms of improving water services. To do this, I will travel to each country to carry out an in-depth study of each successful or failed privatization venture, thereby obtaining closer insight into the intricacies of each water privatization project. This research will enable me to analyze issues related to accessibility, quality, and operational efficiency of water management. The results of this research have potential implications for the future of water policy, including the evaluation of factors affecting the viability of privatization of water operations as a means of better and more equitably managing water services in diverse settings.

v anglickém jazyce Legal and Historical Background of Shortcomings and Problems of State Property Privatization after 1989 The Doctoral Thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal - historical background of the shortcomings and problems of the process of privatization of state property after 1989 in the Czechoslovak (Czech) Republic in relation to each of the fundamental privatization methods - i.e. small privatization, large privatization (inl. coupon privatization) and restitution. The Doctoral Thesis introduces the historical context of the adoption of relevant legal norms, then provides a detailed legal analysis of their shortcomings and focuses on problems induced by their application. With regards to the identified shortcomings and problems, the Doctoral Thesis analyzes the forms of their mitigation; i.e. addresses the not only the amendments of the respective privatization legal acts, but also the decisions of the general courts as well as the Constitutional court which contributed to their righteous interpretation. Despite the fact that from the time perspective, the first half of 90- s is the decisive period for the Doctoral Thesis, one can identify several overlaps until the present time given by the inconclusive character of several privatization processes. The remarkable...

The problem of the present study is twofold (1) analyze the impacts of institutions and private property rights on the banking industry, and (2) the effects of property rights, contracting rights and intellectual property rights concurrent to privatization of state owned enterprises on a wide range of industries. First, it uses a sample of 37 countries to assess the effects privatization on industry growth of output, value added and establishments with regards to property rights institutions, using 3SLS technique. Consistent with the law and finance view, our results show that privatization works better in settings with better contracting, patents, and IPRs laws to foster industry growth. The results suggest that least developed countries can accelerate the growth of their industrial sector by structurally bettering their legal institutions to benefit from their privatization programs. There is strong evidence of structural unemployment in sectors that are more capital intensive; privatization has a crowding out effect channeled through financial development. The results have broad implications vis-à-vis policy choices for institutional reforms specifically in terms of control of corruption, enhancing property rights, contracting rights, and IRPs protection for privatization to bear fruits. Second, this study assumes that banks in countries with infective institutions operate in a highly risky environment, which is reflected in the interest rates spread, loan quality, and net interest margin. It investigates the relationships between banks and institutions using seemingly unrelated regressions and data from 79 countries. It shows that institutional improvements abate inefficiencies in the banking sector, reduce obstacles to external finance, and improve the quality of bank loan portfolios. Specifically, had a country in the 25th percentile of the institutional quality index, depth of credit information, and the spread improved its value to the mean sample of these variables, banks in that country would have had an annual decrease of 2.24% in net interest margin, 1.57% in unpaid loans, and 0.822 basis points in the spread. Other institutions including private and public registries are effective in improving access to external finance. Importantly, information on borrowers past loan repayment patterns significantly decreases the spreads only when controlled for predated institutional quality. This finding highlights the significance of institution-building especially in countries where sudden power shifts result into pendular swings in public policies. Third, using three independent samples to investigate the institutional factors affecting the performance of the banking sector around the world, this study finds that financial effects of three sets of institutions including private creditors’ right, property rights, and institutional quality on bank performance are strong. It uses SEM technique to show that better quality of institutions is negatively related to bank profitability while private creditors’ right and property rights institutions are positively related to bank profitability.

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Most privatization literature, of which outsourcing/contracting out is a sub-set, discusses: 1) localized anecdotes of how organizations privatized; 2) privatization's history; 3) its types; and/or 4) its pros and cons. What is missing is a methodologically defensible, comprehensive, macro-view of whether or not outsourcing has saved money and/or improved service quality. Using the vote-counting analytical procedure, this dissertation provides one comprehensive view by analyzing and combining the findings of 40 sources covering 222 outsourced services at all levels of US government. The author found that contracting out resulted in cost savings 79% of the time, but improved service quality only 48% of the time. The author also found that outsourcing savings and improved service quality declined as the level of government got smaller. This phenomenon could be an artifact of the federal requirement that a private contractor must show savings of at least 10% or $10 million before any outsourcing occurs. The lower levels of improved service can generally be explained by surveys which show that government managers treat service quality improvement as an afterthought. The findings of this study are consistent with other authors (e.g., Hodge, Savas, Dehoog, Moore) and led the author to the following insights: 1) Outsourcing continues to grow. 2) The amount of evidence regarding outsourcing effectiveness is minimal, confusing, and highly subjective. 3) Outsourcing saves money, but at the expense of quality or at least without improving it. 4) Contracting out can be a solution, but is not the only solution to government funding and service quality shortfalls. 5) Successful outsourcing has been implemented in certain ways. 6) Outsourcing does not spell the end of public administration. / Ph. D.

One of the most controversial questions in public administration today is the question of effectiveness and how well it is achieved by public and private organizations. Some studies hold private enterprise up as more effective; however, some others have argued the case in favor of the public sector. In examining the question, theorists have largely neglected the issue of quality of service. This study generates an effectiveness rating that takes into account quality as a major factor in addition to costs. This research uses the largest manpower training program in America, Job Corps, as a model for study. Job Corps encompasses both the public and private sectors, with a majority of the 107 Job Corps centers managed by private enterprise under contract to the United States Government. Two public and two private Job Corps centers were compared. Data were compiled from the following sources: 1) direct personal observation; 2) in-depth interviews; 3) Job Corps financial reports; and 4) student survey results. An effectiveness quotient for each center was developed from the data. Results show that each of the four centers has its own characteristic strengths and weaknesses. The public centers offered somewhat better quality of services as well as lower costs, and therefore noticeably better effectiveness than did the private centers. The public centers also surpassed the private centers in successfully meeting the job satisfaction needs of their employees. Unexpected findings included the fact that the centers that kept their costs the lowest also had the highest quality, and thus were scored as more effective. We conclude that the differentiating factor between public and private Job Corps centers is not their ownership, public or private, but rather how well-managed a center or class of centers is. In order to improve Job Corps operations, this study recommends a change in the assessment procedures for Job Corps, emphasizing quality of services and effectiveness of services rather than statistics on cost and average length of stay. It also suggests that continuing attention be paid to program management systems, including elements as diverse as communication among staff and control of students. / Ph. D.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The disposal of state assets is proceeding at a very slow pace in South Africa, mainly due to conflicting interests. On the one hand the business community supports privatisation and perceives the hesitance of government as a lack of commitment. On the other hand labour is opposed to privatisation, as to them it is synonymous with an increase in unemployment, will lead to price increases and the discontinuation of the extension of basic services to the poor. Government approaches each privatisation on a case-by-case basis and no definite decision on what should be done with the proceeds from privatisation has been reached. South Africa is currently in a position where it can learn from the models used in other developing countries. This study seeks to explore the unique method of privatisation used in Bolivia, namely capitalisation, and to determine which aspects can be applied in the South African context. Government did not receive the proceeds from the sale of the SOEs; it was reinvested in the enterprise to be used for development and expansion. Government relinquished control as the investor received 50% of the equity and full management control, while the remaining 50% of the equity was distributed to the general population through a private pension fund. In South Africa the state-owned enterprises are in dire need of recapitalisation to meet expansion targets and to remain competitive in the global environment. Even though the government is reluctant to relinquish control it is obvious that this will be inevitable to attract quality foreign investors. It is imperative that the necessary legal and regulatory structures be in place before embarking on the process. Effective regulation is especially important when exclusivity rights are granted to prevent public monopolies from being perpetuated as private monopolies. Involvement of the unions is important in the South African environment and has been formalised through the National Framework Agreement. South Africa is in a position to improve on the method used to distribute benefits to the general population in Bolivia. As in Bolivia, it would be senseless to let the population only benefit on retirement, considering the low life expectancy. The National Empowerment Fund was created to provide the previously disadvantaged access to shares of the privatised state-owned enterprises at a reduced price. The government should consider allocating 50% of the equity instead of the traditional 5 to 15%, to be held in individual portfolio accounts at no cost to individuals. Considering the importance of development in South Africa it is suggested that part of the revenue received from privatisation should be allocated to a fund, which can be used to expand services to the poorer communities and subsidise consumers who are unable to pay for these services. The Bolivian model is no panacea, but contains valuable lessons, which cannot be / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verkoop van staatsbates verloop teen 'n baie stadige tempo in Suid-Afrika, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van botsende belange. Aan die een kant ondersteun die sakegemeenskap privatisering en word die weifeling aan regeringskant beskou as 'n gebrek aan verbondenheid aan die proses. Aan die ander kant is die vakbonde gekant teen privatisering, aangesien dit vir hul 'n toename in werkloosheid simboliseer. Volgens hulle sal dit ook lei tot prysstygings en tot die onderbreking van die uitbreiding van basiese dienste na die behoeftiges. Die regering evalueer elke privatiseringsgeval op 'n individuele grondslag en geen definitiewe besluit is al geneem oor hoe die opbrengste uit privatisering aangewend gaan word nie. Suid-Afrika is tans in 'n posisie om te leer uit die modelle wat in ander ontwikkelende lande toegepas is. Hierdie studie ondersoek die unieke metode van privatisering wat in Bolivia gebruik is, naamlik kapitalisering en probeer vasstel watter aspekte in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks van toepassing is. Die opbrengste van privatisering het nie na die staatskoffers gegaan nie, maar is herinvesteer in die betrokke staatsondernemings om gebruik te word vir ontwikkeling en uitbreiding. Die regering het beheer opgesê en die belegger het 50% van die aandele ontvang sowel as volle bestuursbeheer, en die oorblywende 50% is aan die algemene bevolking deur middel van 'n private pensioenfonds versprei. In Suid-Afrikaanse staatsondernemings is daar 'n dringende behoefte aan herkapitalisering om ontwikkelingsdoelwitte te bereik en om kompeterend in die globale omgewing te bly. Ten spyte daarvan dat die regering teësinnig is om beheer op te sê, is dit duidelik dat dit onvermydelik sal wees om kwaliteit buitelandse beleggers te lok. Dit is ook noodsaaklik dat die relevante regs- en reguleringstrukture in plek moet wees voordat die proses geïnisieer word. Effektiewe regulering is veral van belang as eksklusiwiteitsregte aan beleggers toegesê word om te verhoed dat staatsmonopolieë in private monopolieë omskep word. Betrokkenheid van die vakbonde is baie belangrik in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks en is reeds deur die Nasionale Raamwerkooreenkoms geformaliseer. Suid-Afrika is in die posisie om te verbeter op die Boliviaanse metode om voordele na die algemene bevolking te versprei. Soos in Bolivia sal dit sinneloos wees om die bevolking eers by aftrede te laat baatvind as die lae lewensverwagting in ag geneem word. Die National Empowerment Fund is gestig om aan die agtergeblewenes toegang tot aandele in die geprivatiseerde staatsondernemings teen "n verlaagde prys te bied. Die regering kan gerus oorweeg om 50% van die aandele, in plaas van die tradisionele vyf tot 15%, in afsonderlike portefeuljes teen geen koste te plaas. Om die proses van ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika te steun, word daar voorgestel dat "n gedeelte van die inkomste van privatisering aan "n fonds toegesê word wat gebruik kan word om basiese dienste uit te brei na minderbevoorregtes, en om subsidies te verskaf aan verbruikers wat nie in staat is om vir hierdie dienste te betaal nie. Die Boliviaanse model is geen wonderkuur nie, maar bevat waardevolle lesse wat Suid- Afrika kwalik kan bekostig om te ignoreer.

Thesis (MBA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The 1990s witnessed a substantial increase in privatization of SOEs in African countries. In some countries, like Zambia, privatization was greatly motivated by IFIs, through SAPs. However, for other countries like South Africa, the drive came from the desire to improve efficiency in the delivery of services and enhance economic growth. This study seeks to assess privatisation processes in Africa, with special reference to South Africa and Zambia. The motives for privatisation are discussed, as well as the role played by IFI in African privatisation programs. Privatisation in Zambia is regarded by many, including the World Bank as a success story. The government of Zambia, through the ZPA, has shown commitment towards privatisation and embarked on a rigorous privatisation programme which saw the transfer of 85 percent of the Zambia's economy to the private sector. In South Africa, privatisation's pace is slower than expected a nd there has been a shift of focus from pure privatisation to investment into efficiency of the state enterprises. There is no consensus from various stakeholders. The business criticises the government for the slow paced privatisation process, while organised labour, for fear of job losses, is putting resistance to the process. This study concludes by mapping a way forward for African countries. African countries should continue cautiously with the privatisation process. Proper regulatory framework should be established and issues like poverty reduction and long tern development should be addressed as well when drawing privatisation policies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die 1990's getuig van 'n beduidende toename in die privatisering van ondernemings in staatsbesit (State-owned Enterprises - SOEs) in Afrikalande. In sommige lande, soos Zambië, is privatisering grootliks deur Internasionale Finansiële Instellings (IFI's) via Gestruktureerde Aanpassingsprogramme (Structural Adjustment Programmes - SAPs) gemotiveer. Die dryfkrag in ander lande, soos Suid-Afrika, spruit egter uit die begeerte om doeltreffendheid in dienslewering te verbeter en om ekonomiese groei te versterk. Hierdie ondersoek kyk na die assessering van privatiseringsprosesse in Afrika, met spesiale verwysing na Suid-Afrika en Zambië. Die beweegredes vir privatisering word bespreek, sowel as die rol wat IFI's in privatiseringsprogramme in Afrika speel. Baie mense en organisasies, insluitend die Wêreldbank, beskou die privatisering in Zambië as 'n suksesverhaal. Die regering van Zambië, via die ZPA, het hom tot privatisering verbind, en het 'n streng privatiseringsprogram aangepak waarvolgens 85 persent van Zambië se ekonomie na die private sektor oorgedra is. Die tempo van privatisering in Suid-Afrika is stadiger as wat verwag is, en daar is 'n klemverskuiwing van suiwer privatisering na 'n belegging in die doeltreffendheid van staatsondernemings. Daar is geen eenstemmigheid tussen die verskillende belangegroepe nie. Sakeondernemings kritiseer die regering vir die stadige privatiseringsproses terwyl georganiseerde arbeid, uit vrees vir verlore poste, die proses teenstaan. Hierdie studie sluit af deur 'n pad vorentoe vir Afrika-lande uit te stippel. Afrika-lande moet versigtig voortgaan met die privatiseringsproses. Behoorlike regulatoriese raamwerke moet gevestig word, en aangeleenthede soos armoedeverligting en langtermynontwikkeling moet aandag geniet wanneer beleid oor privatisering opgestel word.