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The juvenile justice system was originally set up under the philosophy that juveniles are inherently different than adults and therefore should not be subject to same harsh punishment as adult criminals. Rehabilitative treatment methods became the center of the juvenile justice system in order to reduce recidivism rates and help reintegrate youths back into society as smoothly as possible. This philosophy changed early in the 21st century, and many states began treating youth offenders in ways similar to adult offenders, with a particular increase in direct files of juveniles to adult court. After about a decade of harsh punishment, the system once again reverted back to the rehabilitative model. California did so through several legislative reforms; however these reforms have not been as successful as they should have been, and the system is still in a state of disarray. California is currently balancing a failing state juvenile justice system while trying to simultaneously support realignment efforts to the county level. After evaluating the failures of Division of Juvenile Justice and the capacity of the counties, it is evident that counties are not only physically equipped to take on the increased responsibility but are much better suited to do so financially. To best uphold the original goals of the juvenile justice system and the rehabilitative model, California should move to close the Division of Juvenile Justice and completely realign all responsibility to the counties. Keeping juveniles close to their communities creates stronger ties, more continuity of treatment, and reduces the likelihood a youth will reoffend. By tailoring treatment to the individual on a local level, problems such as mental illness, substance abuse, and anger management, can be directly targeted and solved. Intervening at first arrest with effective treatment programs is crucial to decreasing the chance that a juvenile will become a career adult criminal. These juveniles are the future of society; focusing on the rehabilitation of these youths will not only increase community safety but will also produce healthy, productive citizens to contribute to the economy.

Much academic literature regarding how judges interpret and apply civil procedure rules is based on speculation about human behaviour and legal practitioners’ personal intuition. I seek to apply cognitive psychology research to a number of procedural arrangements in order to create a more accurate picture of the decision-making processes of judges in our civil justice system. My project investigates the implications of findings derived from empirical behavioural psychology for legal reasoning and practice. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first two parts address different cognitive effects that influence judicial decision making in the course of civil litigation: cognitive overload in relation to ‘Laundry List’ rules and confirmation bias in relation to interim remedies. Finally, the third part speaks to the general question of judicial intuition and serves as a link between the first two parts of the dissertation.

The diploma thesis Electronization of civil procedure is devoted to the implementation of the information technologies and institutes of the electronic justice to the Czech civil procedure, mainly to the discovery, executive and arbitrage proceedings. It provides an objective and complex overview of the evolution of these institutes, relations between them, practical problems in the daily use and possible future development. The largest chapter concerns the institutes common to all kinds of civil proceedings, such as acts executed by court (e.g. logging, pleadings, and delivery), acts made by parties (e.g. submissions), evidence and judgment. The course of the discovery proceeding taking into account the electronization is explained in the second chapter. The third one does the same for the executive proceeding. The penultimate chapter is devoted to the arbitrage and mainly to the Online Dispute Resolution. The thesis is ended with the conclusion which summarises the findings (uncoordinated process of adoption, defects in the everyday use, disunited and unlinked user environments) and gives a possible solution to the defects and the disunited user experience of the institutes of electronic justice that has been adopted during the last decade.

This diploma thesis gives comprehensive view of several kinds of civil procedure, whereas it aims for characteristic of their main elements (f.e. principles, participants, kinds of verdicts). By this characteristics the diploma thesis interfers with some problems and questions, which are not solved by legislation. Therefore there is a target to find the answers to these questions with the help of legal and judicial experiences. There are actual questions nowdays, which evoke the law form of concentration of proceedings. We can divide the civil proceses by seven categories. I follow also the partial targets by some category. Within the frame of characteristic of undisputed procedure I compare this procedure with the target to find the fundamental differences between these civil-procedural types of proceedings. In the chapters devoted to execution and insolvence procedure, I especially focus in definition of premises, for which the proceedings can be execute. The attention is devoted to position of creditors from the angle of exercitation and satisfaction their outstanding debts in insolvence proceedings. At the close of diploma thesis I try to draw near law-suits, which can be a subject of arbitration procedure.

INTERROGATION TACTICS The purpose of this diploma thesis is to systematically summarize knowledge and information about fundametal tactics and methods of an interrogation used in interrogation practice. Knowledge of these procedures is necessary for proper execution of an interrogation and also is suitable for legal practice. The thesis consists of 4 main chapters, each of them deals with relevant issues within the field of an interrogation. The First chapter "Interrogation as a forensic method" includes general discussion about an interrogation and a statement such as definitions of basic concepts, definition of a nature and a purpose of an interrogation. In addition to further this chapter also contains analysis and evaluation of Czech legislation governing the interrogation. The Second chapter "Preparation of an interrogation" is focused on a preparation of an examiner before an interrogation as one of important elements to succesfully realize itself interrogation and to achieve its goals. The Third Chapter "Interrogation tactics" first concetrates on particular phases of an interrogation namely an introduction phase, a monologue and a dialogue where emphasize issues of questioning in practice. Attention is also paid to various situations that may occur during interrogations. This part of third...

ABSTRACT A group of 133 hips with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) are reviewed in the form of a clinical audit. The aim of the study is to determine the relevance of measuring the ossific nucleus centre edge angle (ONCEA) to determine if this measurement can be used to predict the final outcome and the need for a secondary procedure at an earlier age than currently determined. The ONCEA is defined as an approximation of the lowest centre edge angle within six months of removal of the Batchelor POP, following reduction (mean age 24.1 months). It is measured earlier than the centre edge angle (CEA), which is generally used from the age of five years. The ONCEA was divided into three groups: - Reduced (>=10°) – Group A - Mild subluxation (-9° to 9°) – Group B - Severe subluxation (<=-10°) – Group C The significance of the ONCEA was confirmed using the ONCEA/AI ratio, which was also divided into three groups: - Reduced (>0.5) – Group A - Mild subluxation (0 to 0.5) – Group B - Severe subluxation (<0) – Group C Outcome was assessed radiologically by way of the Severin score: In group C there were only 1/13 hips (8%) with an excellent result, in group B there were 20/44 hips (45%) with an excellent result and in group A there were 39/76 hips (51%) with an excellent result. Using Fisher’s exact test, a statistically significant association was shown between each group and subsequent outcome (p=0.001). A significant result was also shown in a comparison of the three ONCEA groups using the McKay classification (a clinical outcome measurement). The ONCEA/AI ratio was also used to include the degree of acetabular coverage. It had similar statistically significant results as described for the above ONCEA results, thus confirming the findings. In conclusion, the ONCEA or ONCEA/AI ratio can be used at an early age (within six months following removal of POP after reduction, at a mean of 18 months of age) for two purposes: 1. To prognosticate the medium and long-term outcome of the patient. 2. To enable the clinician to determine whether a secondary procedure should be performed at an earlier age than usual. A prospective study will be necessary to confirm this.

The study of how the law worked at a local level in rural communities, and in the role of the rural magistrate at summary level, has been the subject of relatively little attention by historians. More attention has been given to the higher courts, when the majority of plebeian men and women who experienced the law during the long eighteenth century would have done so at summary level. Although some work has been carried out on summary proceedings, this has also tended to focus either on metropolitan records, a small number of sources, or on a specific, limited, number of offences. There has not been a broader study of rural summary proceedings to look at how the role and function of the rural magistrate, how local communities used this level of the criminal justice system, as complainants, defendants and witnesses, and how they negotiated their place in their local community through their involvement with the local magistrate. The research presented here uses the surviving summary notebooks of 13 magistrates working across central and southern England as primary sources, taking both a quantitative and qualitative approach to examine how rural summary proceedings operated. It shows that there was wide participation in the summary process in rural England, and that rural magistrates had a more individualised approach to their summary work and decision-making than their London equivalents. It reveals how even the poorest members of rural societies were able to employ agency and display authority in their appearances before the magistrate, and demonstrates the extent to which the use of discretion, mediation and arbitration were key functions of the rural justice.

This report describes a systematic procedure designed to give students pronunciation feedback on suprasegmental features of English in spontaneous production (rather than students' pronunciation during a read-aloud task). The procedure was developed to find out if written feedback (given frequently enough) could impact students' spontaneous production of suprasegmentals. Pronunciation feedback was given to the treatment group by marking transcripts of spontaneous speech with written symbols. Both the treatment group and the control group received form-focused pronunciation instruction. After 14 weeks, there was no significant difference between the groups, but there was a statistically significant improvement in students' comprehensibility overall (regardless of the feedback condition). Students were also surveyed to determine if either group perceived a greater benefit from the pronunciation instruction or if either group perceived a greater improvement in pronunciation. Surveys revealed a meaningful correlation between the group that received the treatment and the group that found the pronunciation instruction to be beneficial.

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