Public administrators continuously look for ways to improve administrative support processes, including the procurement of goods and services. The system of management developed by the late Dr. W. Edwards Deming has been advanced as a candidate to accomplish such improvements. His "System of Profound Knowledge" is a robust, theoretically based framework which provides the means to analyze these processes using data and facts and advances an interdependent set of activities designed to liberate and use human capital to effect continuous improvement. Included in Dr. Deming's framework is a theory for procuring goods and services which results in cooperation and trust between the supplier and the customer. In contrast, the Federal procurement system is perceived to rely heavily on competition and embody a lack of trust between the suppliers and the government. This research examined the relationships four Federal organizations implementing versions of continuous improvement are establishing with their suppliers in order to illuminate government's ability to apply Dr. Deming's theory. / Ph. D.

This work approaches the restrictive factors that interfere in the optimization of the planning of the process of recruiting of goods and services between the sectorial demand and the service of the request for the Unit of Administration in two Federal Universities. The theme is discussed found in the authors' visions as Etzioni (1967), Barnard (1968), Tironi et al (1991), Tofler (2003), Mintzberg (2004), Senge (2005), Matus (2006), Marchi and Wittmann (2008), Motta (2010), Baily et al. (2010), Morin (2011), Tridapalli, Fernandes and Machado (2011), Morgan (2011), Juran (2011), Dias e Costa (2012), Drucker (2012), among others. The protected concepts for the authors allow to notice new possibilities for the administration of the process of recruiting of goods and services in our organizations in times of changes. The objective of the research consists of analyzing the restrictive factors that interfere in the optimization of the planning of the process of recruiting of goods and services between the sectorial demand and the service of this request for the Unit of Administration in the Federal Universities of Maranhão (MA) and Santa Maria (RS). This case study has character exploratory, descriptive, of qualitative nature. They were accomplished 12 (twelve) interviews that made possible the collection and the analysis of the data, the method of the analysis of the interviewees' speech was used to reveal problems associated to planning, the organizational structure, that interferes in the planning of the process of recruiting of goods and services. The results reveal that the researched organizations maintain inadequate organizational structures. The unit of central planning guides the dissociated expense of the reality of the administration of the sectorial units. / Este trabalho aborda os fatores restritivos que interferem na otimização do planejamento do processo de contratação de bens e serviços entre a demanda setorial e o atendimento da solicitação pela Unidade de Gestão em duas Universidades Federais. O tema é discutido alicerçado nas visões de autores como Etzioni (1967), Barnard (1968), Tironi et al. (1991), Tofler (2003), Mintzberg (2004), Senge (2005), Matus (2006), Marchi e Wittmann (2008), Motta (2010), Baily et al. (2010), Morin (2011), Tridapalli, Fernandes e Machado (2011), Morgan (2011), Juran (2011), Dias e Costa (2012), Drucker (2012), dentre outros. Os conceitos defendidos pelos autores permitem perceber novas possibilidades para a gestão do processo de contratação de bens e serviços nas organizações em tempos de mudanças. O objetivo da pesquisa consiste em analisar os fatores restritivos que interferem na otimização do planejamento do processo de contratação de bens e serviços entre a demanda setorial e o atendimento desta solicitação pela Unidade de Gestão, nas Universidades Federais do Maranhão (MA) e de Santa Maria (RS). Este estudo de caso tem caráter exploratório, descritivo, de natureza qualitativa. Foram realizadas 12 (doze) entrevistas que possibilitaram a coleta e a análise dos dados. Utilizou-se o método da análise do discurso dos entrevistados, para revelar problemas associados a planejamento, a estrutura organizacional, que interfere no planejamento do processo de contratação de bens e serviços. Os resultados revelam que as organizações pesquisadas mantêm estruturas organizacionais inadequadas. A unidade de planejamento central orienta a despesa dissociada da realidade da gestão das unidades setoriais.

Section 217 of the Constitution of South Africa regulates the procurement of goods and or services by any organ of state. Similarly, this section mandates state-owned institutions to adhere to a procurement system that promotes groups that were previously disadvantaged by past colonial and apartheid regimes. In this dissertation I argue that due to South Africa’s oppressive culture, the law has been ineffective in promoting the socio economic interests of black women due to race, gender and class subjugation. Firstly, central to my argument is the judiciary’s traditional role that is still steeped in an interpretative process of the law that is detrimental to the transformative spirit of the Constitution. In identifying the South African judiciary system as positivistic in nature I will critically analyse the Sonke Gender Justice Network v Malema hate speech court case. I posit that the Equality Court’s decision was mainly result based and as a result fell short of addressing the core issues affecting black women on the basis of race, gender and class which mirror the substantial part of the South African socio economic structure. Secondly, in support of my argument, I criticise a legislative framework that perpetuates socio economic disparities at the expense of a group in society it claims to protect. Whilst I will rely on American Legal Realism and Critical Legal Studies in support of my arguments, my main theoretical approach will be based on Critical Race Feminism. Lastly, intersectionality will be used in contextualising the interrelationships of race, gender and class as they impact on black women’s material circumstances in the regulatory legislative public procurement process. When the Constitution came into effect in 1994 South Africa became an egalitarian state. Nevertheless, the country is struggling with the prevalence of unemployment, poverty, HIV/Aids, skills shortages, male violence including rape, to name just a few. These social ills pose a threat to a Constitution that extolls values like dignity, freedom and equality for all. It so happens also that the majority of the people confronted by these socio economic challenges are black women. The tender process faces numerous challenges and by identifying the South African culture as oppressive supported by a legal process that stifles transformation, this study expounds the experiences of black women by engaging in a contextual analysis of the courts and legislation. This consciousness raising exercise is not meant to portray black women as victims or invoking “special treatment” in the legal realm. It resonates with Steve Biko’s theme of black consciousness, being aware of the marginalisation and addressing it. Black consciousness represents an emancipatory state and optimistic outlook. Consciousness raising situates the oppression of black women in any form as a site for struggle, a struggle for social and individual change. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Jurisprudence / unrestricted

Фокусом научного исследования, проведенного в рамках настоящей магистерской диссертации, является механизм осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в условиях его реформирования. Цель исследования: анализ механизмов осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в субъекте Российской Федерации и формирование рекомендаций для совершенствования их работы. Основными методами проведения исследования стали качественный и количественный анализ, а именно экспертное интервью, контент-анализ. В процессе исследования были изучены теоретические основы контрактной системе в сфере закупок товаров, работ, услуг в Российской Федерации; рассмотрена нормативно-правовая база закупочной деятельности на международном, федеральном и региональном уровнях; предложено новое определение механизма закупочной деятельности; сформированы модели организации закупочной деятельности в регионах Российской Федерации; подготовлены практические материалы, которые могут быть использованы специалистами по закупкам в их профессиональной деятельности. Предложенные автором рекомендации по совершенствованию механизма государственных закупок региона Российской Федерации внесут уточнения в действующее законодательство, а также упростят и ускорят работу специалистов по закупкам. / The focus of the research conducted within the framework of this master's thesis is the mechanism of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the context of its reform. The purpose of the study: to analyze the mechanisms of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the subject of the Russian Federation and to form recommendations for improving their work. The main methods of conducting the research were qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely expert interviews, content analysis. In the course of the research, the theoretical foundations of the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, and services in the Russian Federation were studied; the regulatory and legal framework of procurement activities at the international, federal, and regional levels was considered; a new definition of the procurement mechanism was proposed; models of the organization of procurement activities in the regions of the Russian Federation were formed; practical materials were prepared that can be used by procurement specialists in their professional activities. The recommendations proposed by the author on improving the mechanism of public procurement in the region of the Russian Federation will clarify the current legislation, as well as simplify and speed up the work of procurement specialists.