Human excrement is seldom considered to be an integral part of the human condition. Despite the relative silence regarding it, however, excrement has played a significant role in American history. Today the U.S. has more than two million miles of sewer pipes underneath it. Every year Americans flush more than a trillion gallons of water and fertilizer down the toilet, and farmers spend billions of dollars to buy artificial fertilizer. Furthermore, excrement is bound up in many complicated power relationships regarding race, gender, and ethnicity. This dissertation examines the period in American history, from the Civil War through the Progressive Era, when excrement transformed from commodity to waste. More specifically, it examines the cultural and social factors that led to its formulation as waste and the roles it played in the histories of American health, architecture, and imperialism. The first chapter assesses the vast changes to the country’s infrastructure and social fabric beginning in the late nineteenth century. On the subterranean level, much of America’s immense network of sewers was constructed during this era—making it one of the largest public works projects in U.S. history. Above ground, the United States Sanitary Commission, founded at the onset of the Civil War, commenced a widespread creation of sanitary commissions in municipalities, regions, and even internationally, that regulated defecation habits. Chapter Two assesses the social and architectural change that occurred as the toilet moved from the outhouse to inside the house—specifically, how awkwardly newly built homes accommodated this novel room and how the toilet’s move inside actually hastened its removal. The third chapter shifts focus to the way Americans considered their excrement in relation to their body in a time when efficiency a great virtue. Americans feared ailments related to “autointoxication” (constipation) and went to absurd lengths to rid their bodies of excrement. The fourth chapter analyzes the way excrement was racialized and the role it had in the various projects of American imperialism. The colonial subjects and potential American citizens—from Native Americans to Cubans, Filipinos, and Puerto Ricans—were regularly scrutinized, punished, and re-educated regarding their defecation habits. / text

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a progressive exercise program on vestibular control of standing balance, in older adults referred for home care physiotherapy because of balance impairment. Methods: Ability to use vestibular inputs for postural control in standing was assessed using the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB). Participants who had CTSIBTest 5 scores of < 15 seconds were accepted into the study. Participants were randomly assigned to an 8 week intervention of progressive balance exercise targeting ability to use vestibular control and high intensity progressive resistance exercise (PRE) or high intensity PRE only. Results: The difference in CTSIBTest 5 scores of the RBE Group (median 23.3 s) was greater than the difference in CTSIBTest 5 scores for the RE Group (median 0.60 s) (W = 18.0, p <0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study provide preliminary evidence that the ability to use vestibular control in older adults, referred for home care physiotherapy for balance impairment, can be modified by progressive balance training and resistance exercise but not by resistance exercise alone.

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The objective of my research is to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the micro-seismicity, tectonics and crustal structure in southwest Yukon in order to improve seismic hazard assessments in this region. I used a combination of single event and multiple event location techniques to determine earthquake locations and depths. As well, frequency-magnitude statistics were calculated to analyze rates of seismicity and possible changes in the rates of seismicity. The addition of the YUK array in August 2010 has enabled location of smaller events and detection of a systematic northeast trend of earthquakes. Seismicity is concentrated in four main areas: 1) Yaktutat Block-Fairweather Fault, 2) Duke River Fault, 3) Denali Fault, and 4) a NE-trend. There was relatively little seismic activity during this period along the northern Denali Fault segment and only a small amount of activity along the southern portion of the Denali Fault. There is significantly more seismic activity along the Duke River Fault and NE-trend and a clear region of seismicity just west and parallel to the Alaska-Yukon border between the Duke River Fault and northern Denali Fault. Frequency-magnitude statistics and seismic hazard analyses for southwest Yukon were improved by decreasing the minimum magnitude of completeness from M3.0 to M1.0. Between September 2010 and November 2011, event magnitudes ranged from 0.2 to 4.7 and depths from 0 to 35 km. To address how the YUK array has improved single event locations and depths, we use a single-event location technique to monitor seismic activity. Only 37 of the 106 events detected for the Duke River Fault and NE-trend could potentially be located without the YUK array. When the Alaska Earthquake Information Center (AEIC) network was combined with the Canadian National Seismograph Network (CNSN), events within the NE-trend shift on average 6.6 km to the northeast and the depth increased on average 2.6 km. Within the Duke River and NE-trending clusters, there is an average maximum horizontal error of ±0.9 km and an average error in depth of ±3.2 km. Free depths in the Duke River and NE-trending clusters range from 0 to 20 km. These depths are not well-constrained as the closest station is more than 20 km away. Two events within the southern Denali Fault cluster have well-constrained depths of 4.8 km and 8.2 km at distance less than ~8 km from station YUK6, consistent with upper crust (2-10 km) focal depths. A Progressive Multiple Event Location technique (PMEL) was used to identify and better constrain spatial patterns along the Duke River Fault and NE-trend. Results clearly shows that events fall along the Duke River Fault and that the NE-trend events are located on a previously unidentified active fault. To determine rates of seismicity and possible changes in the rates of seismicity, I examine b-values from frequency-magnitude statistics for each cluster of earthquakes before and after the 2002 M7.9 Denali Fault earthquake. b-values increased from 0.81 ± 0.14 to 1.05 ± 0.22 , suggesting higher Coulomb stress and more frequent smaller earthquakes. / Graduate

Thesis (MEd)--University of South Australia, 1997

Thesis (B.A.)--Haverford College, Dept. of Religion, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Ashland Theological Seminary, 2007. / Abstract. Includes manual: Spiritual formation: pastors/ministers mentoring manual. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-164, 201-206).

Thesis (M.A.)--Southwest Texas State University, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-108).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Education. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-233). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29322

Thesis (D. Min.)--Ashland Theological Seminary, 2007. / Abstract. Includes manual: Spiritual formation: pastors/ministers mentoring manual. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-164, 201-206).