Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / Hard benthic reefs are increasingly known as highly diverse biodiversity ecosystems where sponges constitute a significant proportion of inhabitants. Nearly 60% of the seabed over the inner and outer shelf on the Agulhas Bank comprises hard substrata, and in combination with the convergence of the cold Benguela and the warm Agulhas Currents serves to create a nutrient rich zone supporting multiple fish nurseries. Here we provide the first information on hard benthic reef habitats on the subphotic zone of the Agulhas Bank complex marine protected area, which include Alphard Banks, 72 Mile Reef and 45 Mile Reef, as well as the shallow reefs which include 12 Mile Reef, 6 Mile Reef, 7 Mile Reef, Marthas Reef and inshore reefs within the Tsitsikamma marine protected area. The aim is to provide baseline data on the sponge fauna by identifying species and describing the biodiversity of these hard reefs between the depths 10–200 m on the south coast of South Africa. / 2024

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19031号 / 農博第2109号 / 新制||農||1031(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4913(農学部図書室) / 31982 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 栗山 浩一, 教授 福井 清一, 准教授 秋津 元輝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The TEBA recruitment centre in Pafuri has come under discussion and debate with the developments of the GLTP. The site has played a signficant role in the social and economic history of this dynamic permeable borderzone. Through documenting the experienced memory and meaning of the site on either side of the border, developments of the site as a heritage site in a Transboundary protected area have been considered. Ethnographic interviews were used to document these meanings. TEBA is a reminder of a prosperous past amidst the current desperate poverty and unemployment and with little faith in the government, the Kruger and Limpopo Parks, TEBA is looked to for the provision of employment. This lack of faith in the parks and their insensitivity towards the historical significance reflects the lack of real transformation in conservation philosophy that the Transfrontier Initiative claims to have achieved. In order for the site to be holistically and ethically represented, greater and more real incorporation of stakeholders is necessary.

In 2001, Cowichan Tribes successfully negotiated the protection of an important cultural landscape, preventing imminent logging and development through a treaty-related measures (TRM) agreement with British Columbia (BC), Canada and the Hul’qumi’num Treaty Group (HTG). This was the first land protection TRM in BC which protected 1700 hectares at Hw’teshutsun, located in the Cowichan Valley on southeast Vancouver Island, BC. The TRM followed the declaration of a “tribal preserve” by Cowichan Tribes (Cowichan Tribes, 2000a) and a ceremony between five Hul’q’umi’num’-speaking communities to share, “protect, preserve and maintain Hw’te shutsun for the use and benefit of present and future generations” (Cowichan Tribes, Stz’uminus First Nation, Halalt First Nation, Lyackson First Nation and Penelakut Tribe 2000). This protection TRM is notable as it is an exercise of provincial jurisdiction which attends to the cultural, rather than ecological, value of Hw’teshutsun: legislative actions undertaken through the TRM protect Hw’teshutsun in accordance with Hul’q’umi’num’ teachings. In effect, the TRM is an entanglement of Hul’q’umi’num’ and Canadian law which has resulted in the protection of an off-reserve Hul’q’umi’num’ cultural landscape – a green, forested area observable in satellite imagery amidst a territory that is over 85% privately owned and devastated by logging and urban development. In such a context, the work done by Cowichan Tribes leadership is a significant achievement, a successful assertion of their jurisdiction to protect a Hul’q’umi’num’ cultural landscape in accordance with their teachings. This thesis documents the work done by Cowichan Tribes in asserting their authority and jurisdiction at Hw’teshutsun through both their own legal pathways and in relation to municipal, provincial and federal governments to prevent logging and the construction of a dump and a race car track. Teachings shared by Cowichan Elders and knowledge keepers about Hw’teshutsun stem from an intimate knowledge of “place” (for examples of intimate relationships with place, see Basso 1996; Mohs 1994; Thom 2017; Charlton 2018; Thornton 2008), which is reflected in Hul’q’umi’num’ law (Morales 2014; McLay et al. 2008; Morales and Thom 2020). Through extensive work by Cowichan Tribes leadership, teachings about the integrity of the landscape – particularly quiet and seclusion around places within Hw’teshutsun – shaped exercises of provincial jurisdiction, protecting a large area through rather than typical mitigation strategies that seek to shrink Indigenous peoples’ relationships with the land to tiny, isolated sites. Understanding these legal entanglements opens possibilities for innovative governance that attends to Indigenous peoples’ teachings of places and their enactments of their own laws shaping the governance of shared landscapes. / Graduate

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<p> Embedded deterministic test (EDT) is a manufacturing test paradigm that combines the compression advantage of built-in self-test with the high fault coverage of deterministic stimuli inherent to methods based on automatic test pattern generation and external testers. Despite enabling the use of low cost testers for rapidly achieving high fault coverage, EDT must consciously use the available tester channels to ensure non-disruptive scaling to future devices of increased complexity. The focus of this thesis is to introduce a new EDT approach for systems-on-a-chip (SOCs) that are designed using embedded cores that are intellectual property (IP)-protected.</p> <p> Following an introduction to integrated circuit testing and an overview of the related work, we define the criteria that must be satisfied by the EDT approaches for the future SOCs of ever growing complexity. Then we observe that the necessary amount of compressed volume of test data transferred from the tester to the embedded cores in an SOC varies significantly during the testing process. This motivates a novel approach to compressed SOC testing based on time-multiplexing the tester channels. It is shown how the introduction of test control channels will reduce the number of required test data channels which will then have increased usage, as the embedded cores will receive compressed test data only when necessary. Through the use of modular and scalable hardware for on-chip test control and test data decompression, we define a new algorithmic framework for test data compression that is applicable to SOCs comprising IP-protected blocks. Experimental results indicate that our approach compares to the existing approaches for EDT that have similar design criteria and methodology constraints, while providing a seamless integration to low cost test equipment.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Dairy cows are extremely inefficient at converting dietary nitrogen (N) to productive N. Approximately 25-30% of dietary N is used for milk protein while the remaining N is lost to the environment. According to National Research Council (NRC, 2001) recommendations, dairy cow rations are formulated in terms of metabolizable protein (MP) which often causes many amino acids (AA) to be fed in excess. A better understanding of protein and AA requirements could help to improve the nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows. The objective of this work was to examine the effects of feeding a low protein diet supplemented with rumen protected (RP) AA on production and N efficiency of dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein and 24 Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows were used in a Youden square design consisting of 3 periods. Cows were randomly assigned to one of 8 treatments: 1) a standard diet containing 17% crude protein (+Con), 2) a 15% crude protein diet (-Con), 3) â Con plus RP methionine (+M, 16g/d), 4) â Con plus RP lysine (+K, 47g/d), 5) â Con plus RP leucine (+L, 181g/d), 6) â Con plus RP methionine and lysine (+MK), 7) â Con plus RP methionine and leucine (+ML), and 8) â Con plus RP methionine, lysine, and leucine (+MKL). Cows fed the â Con as well as the +MKL diet experienced a reduction in milk production and milk protein yield (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake decreased only for those animals on the +ML diet (P < 0.05). Milk urea N (MUN) decreased for all diets when compared to the +Con treatment (P < 0.05). In accordance with the decrease in MUN, N efficiency was numerically increased in the diets supplemented with RP AA, but this improvement was not significant. Phosphorylation of signaling proteins important for protein synthesis were also examined. Animals fed the +MK treatment increased phosphorylated and total forms of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) when compared to the +Con and â Con (P < 0.05), but this increase in abundance did not affect the ratio of phosphorylated to total abundance. Feeding dairy cows a low protein diet supplemented with RP AA has the ability to alleviate the loss in milk production associated with feeding a low protein diet as well as to increase nitrogen efficiency. / Master of Science

Nature reserves affect the local environment and communities. I use household data from the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) to estimate the impacts of nature reserves on several aspects of rural households: migration, local off-farm work, and off-farm income. This thesis also examines the heterogeneous impacts of nature reserves across administrative levels, lengths of existence time, and types. To reduce selection bias, propensity scores matching (PSM) is carried out to match counties with nature reserves to counties that have a similar possibility of establishing nature reserves, but that do not yet have any. Considering that counties with nature reserves might affect their neighboring counties without nature reserves, I construct two additional samples: one that excludes adjacent counties, and the other that generates new indicators for adjacent counties to check spillover effects directly. I use models with year fixed effects and county fixed effects to estimate the impacts across samples. The estimation results show that national nature reserves (NNRs) generally decrease the possibility of migration, while the impact depends on how long the NNRs have been in place. In the short run, NNRs increase migration. Forest NNRs significantly decrease migration but increase participation in local off-farm work and off-farm income. Nonforest NNRs have positive influences on migration and off-farm income. Although both forest and nonforest NNRs increase off-farm income, the sources might be different. The off-farm income increase in counties with forest NNRs might come from local off-farm work because forest NNRs encourage local off-farm work. The off-farm income increase in counties with nonforest NNRs might come from migration work because nonforest NNRs increase migration. Provincial nature reserves (PNRs) increase the likelihood of migration and the estimates also imply that PNRs only have short-run impacts on the local communities. Forest PNRs increase migration while nonforest ones decrease migration. PNRs generally decrease participation in local off-farm work and off-farm income, except for nonforest PNRs increase both of them. The results indicate that nature reserves of different administrative levels and lengths of existence time negatively affect local off-farm participation and off-farm income. These results imply that nature reserves in China during 2002-2013 had overall negative impacts on the local livelihood. / M.S. / Nature reserves are a crucial ecological policy in China for protecting endangered species and the environment. There is no doubt that nature reserves are beneficial to the environment. However, the multi-faceted social impacts of the establishment of nature reserves on the local households are unclear. This thesis studies the impacts of nature reserves on migration, participating in local off-farm work, and household off-farm income. I obtained household data from the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP). The selection of nature reserves' locations is nonrandom: counties with nature reserves and those without are different in geographic characteristics, such as the distances to the nearest provincial capital and prefecture, average slope, and average elevation, which could be correlated with local economic development. Without eliminating those differences, the results will be misleading when comparing counties with nature reserves with those without nature reserves. This thesis considers the heterogeneous impacts of nature reserves across administrative levels, lengths of existence time, and types. Considering that counties with nature reserves might also affect their adjacent counties without nature reserves, I construct two additional samples: one that excludes adjacent counties and the other that generates new indicators for adjacent counties to measure the spillover effects directly. The results show that different designations of nature reserves have various impacts on migration. National nature reserves (NNRs) decrease migration, while provincial nature reserves (PNRs) generally increase migration. In the short run, NNRs increase migration and PNRs also increase migration. In general, nature reserves across different administrative levels and lengths of existence time all decrease local off-farm participation and off-farm income. This result implies that nature reserves in China during 2002-2013 had overall negative impacts on the local livelihood in the aspects of participation in local off-farm work and off-farm income.

This work is focused on the design, fabrication and characterization of high performance MEMS-based micro gas chromatography columns having wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industry, environmental monitoring, petroleum distillation, clinical chemistry, and food processing. The first part of this work describes different approaches to achieve high-performance microfabricated silicon-glass separation columns for micro gas chromatographic (µgC) systems. The capillary width effect on the separation performance has been studied by characterization of 250 µm-, 125 µm-, 50 µm-, and 25 µm-wide single-capillary columns (SCCs) fabricated on a 10à 8 mm2 die. The plate number of 12500/m has been achieved by 25 µm-wide columns coated by a thin layer of polydimethylsiloxane stationary phase using static coating technique. To address the low sample capacity of these narrow columns, this work presents the first generation of MEMS-based "multicapillary" columns (MCCs) consisting of a bundle of narrow-width rectangular capillaries working in parallel. The second contribution of this work is the first MEMS-based stationary phase coating technique called monolayer protected gold (MPG) for ultra-narrow single capillary (SCC) and multicapillary (MCC) microfabricated gas chromatography (μGC) columns yielding the highest separation performance reported to date. This new μGC stationary phase has been achieved by electrodepositing a uniform functionalized gold layer with an adjustable thickness (250nm-2µm) in 25μm-wide single columns as well as in four-capillary MCCs. The separation performance, stability, reproducibility and bleeding of the stationary phase have been evaluated over time by separating n-alkanes as non-polar and alcohols as polar gas mixtures. / Master of Science