Protein pharmaceuticals is one of the fastest growing class of therapeutics today. However, they pose a lot of challenges in production lines due to their poor stability. Protein aggregation is one of the most common results of protein instability and is a risk factor regarding the quality of therapeutics. This master thesis at RISE focused on validating the techniques Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and multi angle DLS (MADLS) with respect to detection of aggregation. The model protein B-lactoglobulin was used to assess the robustness and accuracy of DLS. A comparison between two instruments from Malvern, Zetasizer Nano (2006) and Zetasizer Ultra (2018) was done with respect to DLS. It was determined that they were in many ways equivalent, but the newer model Ultra was favourable due to reduced noise and its ability to detect a lower concentration of aggregates. MADLS produced more precise results which is reflected in narrower distributions and has a higher sensitivity than DLS with regards to separating particles near in size. Both techniques proved sensitive enough to differentiate between aggregates and native protein. Experimental trials were performed with an active pharmaceutical ingredient, API. The experimental trials with the API aimed to investigate what conditions and surface-interfaces that might pose a risk for aggregation. Despite efforts put in creating an environment where aggregation could be monitored, aggregation could not be established. Measurements with the API generated less reliable results due to noisy data and a lack of reproducibility between individual measurements.

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22293号 / 理博第4607号 / 新制||理||1661(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 細川 暢子, 教授 森 和俊, 教授 杤尾 豪人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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In this work we report a new mechanism for ageing, where passive aggregation and stochastic segregation of protein aggregates can switch cells from a non-ageing to an ageing state. This switch is activated by the increase in the total amount of protein aggregates. We established a damage reporter system by labeling Hsp104, a chaperone which binds protein aggregates, with GFP. By observing that the accumulation of Hsp104 labeled aggregates correlated with the majority of cell death in the population, and that cells which are born with a high level of aggregates are more likely to die, we validated protein aggregation as being an ageing factor in S. pombe. To identify the mechanism of damage segregation, we monitored nucleation, fusion and partition of aggregates at division. We established that aggregates are present in the cytoplasm fraction which is not occupied by vacuoles and lipid vesicles, and that they are not actively transported by the cytoskeleton. Protein aggregates were not distributed in a biased manner at division. Their position in the cytoplasm dictates to which cell they will be partitioned at division, as confirmed by studies using an asymmetrically dividing mutant, pom1Δ, in which the larger cells inherited more aggregates. This shows that aggregate segregation in S.pombe is a stochastic process. Stochastic distribution contributes to a constant dilution of damage and the maintenance of a non-ageing division, where the total levels of damage in the individuals are on average maintained constant. Together with Steven Lade and Thilo Gross, from the MPI-PKS, we designed a model in which passive aggregation and stochastic segregation reproduced our experimental results. Surprisingly, when cells are exposed to heat stress and the total levels of protein aggregates increase, aggregates are unequally segregated, i.e., ageing is turned on. The switch in segregation results from increased fusion due to a higher number of aggregates, which generates large single aggregates, which are retained by one of the cells at division. Our model reproduced the heat stress condition, showing that fusion is an essential parameter to generate clean cells quickly after the levels of damage increase. Fission yeast cells can therefore switch between non-ageing and ageing like division depending on the total amount of damage at birth. To clarify if other cellular components could be ageing factors in S. pombe, we tested if the inheritance of the old cell wall at the cell pole was associated with an increase in division time, similarly to what occurs in E. coli. We also tested if the inheritance of the new centrosome-analog, the SPB, which is segregated to the ageing mother cell in S. cerevisiae, resulted in an increase in division time. We did not find evidence for ageing associated with these structures. Finally we determined that the feature of slow division was not a transmissible trait, i.e., daughters of slow diving cells divided faster than their mothers. Another ageing hallmark, the cumulative increase in division time with the total number of divisions before death, was not present in S.pombe. Our combined results from damage segregation and pedigree analysis show that stochastic segregation of damage is a viable strategy to avoid ageing. Passive aggregation in the presence of a high number of aggregates can switch on ageing, representing an alternative to active segregation mechanisms and to the existence of pre-defined ageing lineages, as shown for other organisms. Finally, our results show that ageing is not ubiquous to life, and that it can be a facultative strategy to cope with stress.

9 ABSTRACT For proper function proteins should have a native conformation. If their conformation is impaired due to environmental stress or genetic mutation, proteins become prone to aggregation. There exist various types of protein aggregates. Stable non-membraneous inclusions can form which can serve for clearance of aberrant proteins from place where they can interfere with essential cellular processes. Another type of aggregates can serve as transient deposits of proteins thus protecting them from stress conditions. Stress granules (SG) are a such example of transient granules. Their formation is induced by heat shock for example. SGs contain mRNA, components of translation machinery, and other proteins. One of these proteins is Mmi1, small highly conserved protein with unknown function. Association of Mmi1 with stress granules and partial co-localization with chaperon Cdc48 and proteasom indicates Mmi1 can mediate heat stress damaged protein degradation. We have uncovered that yeast prion protein Sup35 is a component of stress granules as well. With regard to its aggregation capability there existed an assumption that prion domain of Sup35 could serve as scaffold for SG assembly. However as we show deletion of prion domain of Sup35 protein does not affect stress granules formation dynamics. Yeast...

α-Synuclein (AS) is a small intrinsically disordered protein expressed in neurons and abundantly present in synapses where it is involved in regulation of synaptic vesicle-mediated protein trafficking. Misfolding of AS into amyloid fibrils is a key process in progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which has no cure to date. Inhibition of AS aggregation and blocking of cell-to-cell spreading of AS fibrils is a promising strategy for PD treatment. However, rational design of inhibitors of this type remains complicated due to the lack of thorough knowledge about the mechanisms of aggregation. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to gain deeper knowledge about AS aggregation and to apply it for developing inhibitors of AS fibrillization. In my work on the mechanisms of AS aggregation, I first determined that the concentration of AS that enables the fibril growth is an order of magnitude lower than the concentration of AS required for initial fibril formation from monomers. I explored fibril disaggregation at AS concentrations below its Kd value, and characterized AS aggregation at low micromolar concentrations. I then investigated how different modifications of AS C-terminus (namely, extensions of various sizes and charges) affect fibril growth and...

Highly corrosion-resistant alloys are used in sensitive environments such as the human body and food environments. However, even tiny amounts of released metals from these surfaces could potentially cause adverse effects. It is hence important to study the biointerface between corrosion-resistant alloys and protein-rich environments. This licentiate thesis focused on the metal release processes for stainless steels and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys in different protein-rich environments. It aimed at investigating the effect of protein displacement (Vroman effect), gamma irradiation, and friction on the metal release processes. Trace metal analysis was the main tool, combined with other solution analytical tools, electrochemical methods, and surface sensitive techniques. The effect of gamma irradiation, of relevance for cancer radiotherapy, on metal release from CoCrMo and stainless steel 316L was investigated in Paper I. The effect was minor, however the released amount of metals increased after irradiation causing an enhanced surface passivation effect. Whether the displacement of surface proteins (Vroman effect) was playing a role on the metal release and corrosion processes of stainless steels 316L and 303, and of CoCrMo, was investigated in Papers II and III. A Vroman effect influencing the metal release could be observed for stainless steel 316L, but not for CoCrMo and stainless steel grade 303. However, the displacement of the smaller protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) from the surface by the larger protein fibrinogen (Fbn) was observed for both stainless steel grades. The Vroman effect also caused a higher corrosion susceptibility of stainless steel 303, probably due to a thicker layer or patches of adsorbed Fbn. Most probably, protein aggregation and precipitation caused an underestimation of the extent of metal release, especially in the case of CoCrMo. Protein aggregation and precipitation were significantly observed in all studies, especially for solutions with high protein concentrations (Papers II-IV). The effect of friction, by using different setups (stirring with physical contact and sliding in a pin-on-disk machine), on metal release from stainless steel 316L and CoCrMo was investigated in Papers II and IV. Friction induced an increased extent of metal release, increased protein aggregation and precipitation, and enhanced metal precipitation. A combined friction and complexation effect was observed for stainless steel 316L, resulting in an etching effect and relatively high amounts of released metals. Due to enhanced precipitation effects and the experimental setup, it is recommended to strongly consider protein aggregation and metal precipitation events in systems where this could be expected and where friction is present. Otherwise, there is a risk to strongly underestimate the extent of metal release in these protein-rich environments. / <p>QC 2020-09-28</p>

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23600号 / 理博第4762号 / 新制||理||1683(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 細川 暢子, 教授 杤尾 豪人, 教授 森 和俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Résumé : La répétition de l’hexanucléotide GGGGCC est le facteur génétique le plus présent chez les patients atteints de démence fronto-temporale (DFT) et de sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA). Elle apparait au niveau du cadre de lecture ouvert 72 du chromosome 9 (C9orf72). D’une part, la DFT se caractérise par des troubles de la personnalité, du langage et du comportement causés principalement par une dégénérescence de neurones corticaux, thalamiques, hippocampiques et cérébelleux. D’autre part, les patients SLA sont atteints de paralysie des muscles squelettiques causée par la mort de motoneurones au niveau de la moelle épinière et du système moteur central. Ces deux pathologies partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques cliniques et génétiques, suggérant qu’il existe des mécanismes communs entre elles.D’abondantes inclusions cytoplasmiques de protéines issues de la traduction des ARN d’hexanucléotides ont été retrouvées dans le cerveau de patients décédés de SLA et de DFT. On appelle ces polypeptides : Protéines à Répétitions de Dipeptides (PRD), car ils ne sont composés que d’une suite de deux résidus : glycine-alanine (GA), glycine-proline (GP), glycine-arginine (GR), proline-arginine (PR) et proline-alanine (PA). La toxicité de ces PRD a été mise en évidence dans des modèles cellulaires, chez la drosophile mais aussi la souris. Cependant, peu d’études se sont concentrées sur la caractérisation biochimique de ces PRD.Le travail de cette thèse a consisté en la production et la caractérisation in vitro de PRD. J’ai réalisé la caractérisation biochimique de ces protéines et étudié leur capacité à s’auto-assembler au sein de l’équipe « Repliement des protéines in vitro et maladies conformationnelles » dirigée par Ronald Melki. Les PRD recombinants poly-GA, poly-PA et poly-GP ont été produits. Nous avons déterminé les conditions in vitro dans lesquelles ces protéines s’assemblaient. La morphologie des agrégats a été étudiée par microscopie électronique, tandis que la structure des protéines a été déterminée par spectromètre de dichroïsme circulaire pour la forme monomérique et par spectroscopie à infrarouge pour les assemblages.La toxicité, la propagation et la capacité de ces PRD à être internalisé sont testées dans des modèles cellulaires en collaboration avec l’équipe du Pr. Mimoun Azzouz de l’Université de Sheffield. / Abstract : The most common genetic factor between familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is the repetition of (GGGGCC)n in the open reading frame 72 of chromosome 9 (C9orf72). FTD is characterized by personality, behavior and language disorders due to neuronal degeneration in the cortex, thalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum. ALS patients, on the other hand, exhibit motor symptoms primarily consisting of paralysis of the skeletal muscles caused by motoneuronal loss in the spinal cord and the central motor system. These pathologies have significant genetic and clinic overlaps suggesting common mechanisms.Large amounts of cytoplasmic inclusions of the Dipeptide Repeat Proteins (DRP), translated from C9orf72 RNA, were found in brains of patients who died from ALS or FTD.These proteins are constituted of repetitions of Dipeptides : glycine-alanine (poly-GA), glycine-proline (poly-GP), glycine-arginine (poly-GR), proline-arginine (poly-PR) and proline-alanine (poly-PA). The toxicity of the aggregated DRP has been shown in various cellular models as well as in drosophila and mice. Nevertheless, few studies have described the biochemistry of the DRP. The aim of my thesis is the in vitro caracterization of the DRP. I have characterized the biochemistry of these proteins and in particular their self-assembly abilities in Ronald Melki’s team « Proteins folding and conformational diseases ».Recombinant DRP of different lengths and nature have been produced to determined the in vitro conditions in which they assemble. The morphology of the related aggregates has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Structure informations of DPR were obtained with Circular Dichroïsm spectrometry for monomers and Infrared spectroscopy for assemblies. Lastly, the toxicity and internalization abilities of these proteins and their assemblies are tested on culture cells in collaboration with Pr. Mimoun Azzouz of the University of Sheffield.