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Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Evan C. Titgemeyer / Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of postruminal amino acid (AA) supplementation on protein deposition and signaling of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. For both experiments, 7 ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (172.7 ± 3.7 and 201.7 ± 3.8 kg initial BW in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) were utilized in 6  6 Latin square designs with 7 d periods. A basal AA solution containing all essential AA, with the exception of lysine, were provided to all steers in each study in order to meet growth requirements, while making lysine the only limiting AA. Steers were fed 2.8 kg/d of a pelleted soyhull diet designed to be low in ruminally undegradable protein. Glucose was infused abomasally and volatile fatty acids were infused ruminally to prevent energy from being limiting. Steers were housed in metabolism crates to obtain total collection of both urine and feces. Blood and muscle biopsies of the longissimus lumborum were collected on the last day of each period. In experiment 1, treatments consisted of 2 levels of lysine (0 or 6 g/d) and 3 levels of leucine (0, 15, or 30 g/d) infused abomasally. Nitrogen retention increased with supplemental lysine. Leucine linearly decreased plasma concentrations of total AA. Plasma urea N (PUN) decreased with supplemental lysine. Total, phosphorylated, and the percent phosphorylated Akt were unaffected by treatments. The percentage of 4E-BP1 phosphorylated decreased linearly when leucine was supplemented. A tendency for a lysine x quadratic leucine effect was observed for the ratio of phosphorylated RPS6²⁴⁰/²⁴⁴ in which the intermediate level of leucine led to a decrease in the percent of RPS6²⁴⁰/²⁴⁴ phosphorylated when no lysine was supplied but increased when 6 g lysine/d was supplied. No differences were observed in the abundance of total, phosphorylated, or percent phosphorylated mTOR or in total abundance of E3 ubiquitin ligase proteins, MuRF1 or MAFbx. Experiment 2 was conducted similarly as experiment 1. Treatments consisted of 2 levels of lysine (0 or 6 g/d) and 3 mixtures of supplemental essential AA [none (control), 103 g/d essential AA (EAA), or EAA plus 30 g/d leucine (EL)] abomasally infused. Supplementation with essential AA, with or without leucine, increased the percentage of RPS6 phosphorylated, with a greater increase when leucine was included as part of the supplement. A lysine x (control vs. EAA+EL) interaction was observed for N retention in which the EAA and EL treatments did not improve N retention when no lysine was supplemented, but they increased it when 6 g lysine/d was provided. PUN increased above control when EAA or EL was provided, but PUN decreased when lysine was supplied. Supplementation of EAA or EL increased plasma total AA concentrations, but EL led to lower total plasma AA than EAA; however, concentrations were greater for EL than for control. In summary, leucine supplementation alone did not yield effects on whole-body protein deposition or on regulatory factors known to affect muscle protein synthesis, whereas a mixture of excess essential AA improved both lysine utilization and phosphorylation of RPS6²⁴⁰/²⁴⁴. These studies demonstrate the effects of essential AA, both limiting and nonlimiting, on protein deposition in growing cattle.

The wettability of contact lenses has become an area of intense research, with the belief that the more "hydrophilic" or wettable the lens surface is, the more comfortable the lens may be, as the posterior surface of the eyelid will move more smoothly over it, hence increasing comfort. <br /><br /> There are many ways to assess the wettability of a given material, namely sessile drop,¹ captive bubble ² or Wilhelmy plate. ³ This thesis used the sessile drop method to determine the surface wettability of various hydrogel contact lens materials, by measuring the advancing contact angle made between the lens surface and a pre-determined volume of HPLC-grade water. This was followed by measuring the surface wettability following periods in which the lens materials were soaked in various contact lens care regimens. Further studies determined wettability of lens materials after various periods of in-eye wear and finally a study was undertaken to evaluate if a novel biological technique could be used to differentiate proteins that deposit on hydrogel lens materials that may affect wettability and cause discomfort. <br /><br /> A variety of hydrogel lenses, taken directly from their packaging and after soaking in various care regimens, were analyzed to determine their sessile drop advancing contact angles, in vitro. These studies indicated that poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA)-based lenses are inherently more wettable than silicone-based lenses, unless they have a surface treatment that completely covers the hydrophobic siloxane groups. Additionally, certain combinations of lens materials and care regimens produce inherently more wettable surfaces when measured in vitro. <br /><br /> Suitable methods to assess contact lens wettability ex vivo, or after subjects had worn lenses for set periods of time, were developed. It was determined that using latex gloves to remove lenses had no impact upon the lens surface wettability and that rinsing of the lens surface after removal from the eye was required to determine the wettability of the underlying polymer. <br /><br /> The final wettability studies involved an analysis of various lens materials from clinical studies conducted within the Centre for Contact Lens Research (CCLR). These studies investigated differences in wettability between silicone hydrogel lenses manufactured from differing polymers and variations in ex vivo wettability of several combinations of lens materials and solutions, worn for varying periods of time. <br /><br /> A novel method to investigate proteins extracted from lenses using 2D-Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) found that this technique could be used to analyze proteins extracted from contact lenses. The data obtained showed that there was no difference between a group of subjects who were symptomatic of lens-induced dryness or a control group, and that care solutions had a minimal influence on the pattern of deposition seen. <br /><br /> The overall conclusion of these studies is that hydrogel lens wettability is affected by the polymer composition and that care regimen components can modify the surface wettability.

The wettability of contact lenses has become an area of intense research, with the belief that the more "hydrophilic" or wettable the lens surface is, the more comfortable the lens may be, as the posterior surface of the eyelid will move more smoothly over it, hence increasing comfort. <br /><br /> There are many ways to assess the wettability of a given material, namely sessile drop,¹ captive bubble ² or Wilhelmy plate. ³ This thesis used the sessile drop method to determine the surface wettability of various hydrogel contact lens materials, by measuring the advancing contact angle made between the lens surface and a pre-determined volume of HPLC-grade water. This was followed by measuring the surface wettability following periods in which the lens materials were soaked in various contact lens care regimens. Further studies determined wettability of lens materials after various periods of in-eye wear and finally a study was undertaken to evaluate if a novel biological technique could be used to differentiate proteins that deposit on hydrogel lens materials that may affect wettability and cause discomfort. <br /><br /> A variety of hydrogel lenses, taken directly from their packaging and after soaking in various care regimens, were analyzed to determine their sessile drop advancing contact angles, in vitro. These studies indicated that poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA)-based lenses are inherently more wettable than silicone-based lenses, unless they have a surface treatment that completely covers the hydrophobic siloxane groups. Additionally, certain combinations of lens materials and care regimens produce inherently more wettable surfaces when measured in vitro. <br /><br /> Suitable methods to assess contact lens wettability ex vivo, or after subjects had worn lenses for set periods of time, were developed. It was determined that using latex gloves to remove lenses had no impact upon the lens surface wettability and that rinsing of the lens surface after removal from the eye was required to determine the wettability of the underlying polymer. <br /><br /> The final wettability studies involved an analysis of various lens materials from clinical studies conducted within the Centre for Contact Lens Research (CCLR). These studies investigated differences in wettability between silicone hydrogel lenses manufactured from differing polymers and variations in ex vivo wettability of several combinations of lens materials and solutions, worn for varying periods of time. <br /><br /> A novel method to investigate proteins extracted from lenses using 2D-Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) found that this technique could be used to analyze proteins extracted from contact lenses. The data obtained showed that there was no difference between a group of subjects who were symptomatic of lens-induced dryness or a control group, and that care solutions had a minimal influence on the pattern of deposition seen. <br /><br /> The overall conclusion of these studies is that hydrogel lens wettability is affected by the polymer composition and that care regimen components can modify the surface wettability.

Foram realizados dois ensaios experimentais a fim de avaliar diferentes níveis de lisina digestível e zinco quelato para frango de corte macho, da linhagem Ross na fase dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 5 x 2, cinco níveis de lisina e dois níveis de zinco 43 e 243ppm. As dietas foram formuladas para conter 3.150 kcal de EM/kg e 19% de PB. No ensaio I, os níveis de lisina digestível foram 0,841, 0,874, 0,995, 1,019 e 1,028%, aplicados a três unidades experimentais. A unidade experimental correspondeu a 1 boxe com 30 frangos com peso médio inicial de 957,38g. Avaliaram-se características de desempenho, rendimento de cortes e composição corporal. No ensaio II, os níveis de lisina digestível foram 0.779, 0,825, 0,961, 1,066 e 1,222%, aplicados a seis repetições. A unidade experimental correspondeu a uma gaiola com três animais com peso médio inicial de 866,22g. Determinou-se, nesse estudo, o balanço de nitrogênio e a digestibilidade das dietas. Constatou-se interação do nível de lisina e zinco nas variáveis: peso final, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, matéria seca ingerida, nitrogênio ingerido, energia bruta ingerida, energia bruta excretada e balanço energético. Porcentagem de peito e porcentagem de coxa e sobrecoxa foram crescentes pelo aumento na concentração de lisina digestível na dieta, seguindo equação linear. O melhor nível de lisina, de acordo com o desempenho, foi de 1,06% de lisina total ou 0,93% de lisina digestível para dietas com 43ppm de zinco. Para dietas com 253ppm, a exigência de lisina digestível foi igual ou maior que 1,028%. / In order to evaluate the different levels of digestible lysine and zinc chelate effect on Ross male broiler chicken from 22 to 42 days of age, two trials were carried out. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 5x2 arrangement, with treatments consisting of five levels of lysine and two levels of zinc chelate (43 and 243ppm). All diets contained 3,150 kcal of ME/kg and 19% of crude protein. In trial I, a 30 poultry pen was considered one experimental unit and three pens received the following lysine levels: 0.841, 0.874, 0.995, 1.019 and 1.028%. Average weight at pen was 957.38g. For this trial, parameters evaluated were: performance traits, cut yield and body composition. In trial II, each three birds cage, weighting 866.22g in average, was considered one experimental unit. Birds were fed in repetition another five lysine levels: 0.779, 0.825, 0.961, 1.066 and 1.222%. In this latter trial, data on nitrogen-balance and diets digestibility were determined. Interaction between lysine and zinc chelate was observed for weight at day 42, weight gain, feed:ration gain, dry matter intake, nitrogen intake, crude energy intake, crude energy excreted and energy balance. There was an increasing in breast, thigh and drumstick percentage concomitant with the increase of lysine levels on diet, following a linear equation. The most effective lysine level, accordingly to performance traits, was 1.06% of total lysine, or 0.93% of digestive lysine, when the zinc chelate level was 43ppm. A 253ppm diets required lysine levels of 1.028% or greater.

Foram realizados dois ensaios experimentais a fim de avaliar diferentes níveis de lisina digestível e zinco quelato para frango de corte macho, da linhagem Ross na fase dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 5 x 2, cinco níveis de lisina e dois níveis de zinco 43 e 243ppm. As dietas foram formuladas para conter 3.150 kcal de EM/kg e 19% de PB. No ensaio I, os níveis de lisina digestível foram 0,841, 0,874, 0,995, 1,019 e 1,028%, aplicados a três unidades experimentais. A unidade experimental correspondeu a 1 boxe com 30 frangos com peso médio inicial de 957,38g. Avaliaram-se características de desempenho, rendimento de cortes e composição corporal. No ensaio II, os níveis de lisina digestível foram 0.779, 0,825, 0,961, 1,066 e 1,222%, aplicados a seis repetições. A unidade experimental correspondeu a uma gaiola com três animais com peso médio inicial de 866,22g. Determinou-se, nesse estudo, o balanço de nitrogênio e a digestibilidade das dietas. Constatou-se interação do nível de lisina e zinco nas variáveis: peso final, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, matéria seca ingerida, nitrogênio ingerido, energia bruta ingerida, energia bruta excretada e balanço energético. Porcentagem de peito e porcentagem de coxa e sobrecoxa foram crescentes pelo aumento na concentração de lisina digestível na dieta, seguindo equação linear. O melhor nível de lisina, de acordo com o desempenho, foi de 1,06% de lisina total ou 0,93% de lisina digestível para dietas com 43ppm de zinco. Para dietas com 253ppm, a exigência de lisina digestível foi igual ou maior que 1,028%. / In order to evaluate the different levels of digestible lysine and zinc chelate effect on Ross male broiler chicken from 22 to 42 days of age, two trials were carried out. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 5x2 arrangement, with treatments consisting of five levels of lysine and two levels of zinc chelate (43 and 243ppm). All diets contained 3,150 kcal of ME/kg and 19% of crude protein. In trial I, a 30 poultry pen was considered one experimental unit and three pens received the following lysine levels: 0.841, 0.874, 0.995, 1.019 and 1.028%. Average weight at pen was 957.38g. For this trial, parameters evaluated were: performance traits, cut yield and body composition. In trial II, each three birds cage, weighting 866.22g in average, was considered one experimental unit. Birds were fed in repetition another five lysine levels: 0.779, 0.825, 0.961, 1.066 and 1.222%. In this latter trial, data on nitrogen-balance and diets digestibility were determined. Interaction between lysine and zinc chelate was observed for weight at day 42, weight gain, feed:ration gain, dry matter intake, nitrogen intake, crude energy intake, crude energy excreted and energy balance. There was an increasing in breast, thigh and drumstick percentage concomitant with the increase of lysine levels on diet, following a linear equation. The most effective lysine level, accordingly to performance traits, was 1.06% of total lysine, or 0.93% of digestive lysine, when the zinc chelate level was 43ppm. A 253ppm diets required lysine levels of 1.028% or greater.

Avaliaram-se diferentes níveis de lisina digestível para frangos de corte, machos, utilizando-se 1050 aves dos 12 aos 22 e 1015 aves dos 37 aos 49 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, sete repetições e as unidades experimentais continham, respectivamente, trinta e vinte e nove, correspondentes às fases inicial e final. Nas duas fases, as dietas dos tratamentos eram isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas à base de milho e farelo de soja, suplementadas dos demais aminoácidos, quando necessário. Na fase inicial, os tratamentos corresponderam aos níveis 1,05; 1,10; 1,15; 1,20 e 1,25% de lisina digestível, em dietas com 3050 kcal de EM/kg e com 19% de PB. Na fase final, os tratamentos corresponderam aos níveis 0,90; 0,95; 1,00; 1,05; 1,10% de lisina digestível, em dietas com 3250 de EM/kg e 18% de PB. Avaliaram-se ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, composição e deposição de nutrientes corporais, e na fase final as características e rendimento de cortes na carcaça. Na fase inicial, os níveis de lisina dietéticos influenciaram o consumo de ração, constatando-se resposta (P<0,01) quadrática. Observou-se efeito (P<0,01) linear ascendente no peso da carcaça. Dos componentes químicos, expressos em porcentagem na carcaça, houve resposta (P=0,02) quadrática do teor de lisina digestível na concentração de proteína bruta. Efeitos similares foram observados na deposição de proteína e água da carcaça e do corpo vazio, com aumento (P<0,01) linear, em resposta ao acréscimo de lisina na dieta. Da mesma forma, houve efeito (P<0,01) linear ascendente dos níveis de lisina digestível da ração sobre o peso vivo reconstituído. Na composição química das vísceras e sangue observou-se efeito (P<0,10) do nível de lisina apenas na concentração de matéria mineral do corpo vazio e a resposta foi decrescente com o aumento do aminoácido. O nível 1,10% de lisina digestível satisfaz as necessidades do desempenho de frangos de corte machos, dos 12 aos 22 dias de idade, mas ao considerar a composição química e deposição dos nutrientes corporais esta exigência torna-se igual ou maior a 1,25%. Na fase final, das variáveis do desempenho, apenas conversão alimentar foi influenciada pelos níveis de lisina digestível na ração, caracterizando-se efeito (P<0,01) linear descendente. Das características de carcaça e rendimento de cortes, apenas gordura abdominal teve efeito (P=0,02) quadrático em função dos níveis de lisina empregados nas rações. Nas variáveis de composição química da carcaça e do corpo vazio, observou-se efeito (P<0,01) quadrático dos níveis de lisina digestível apenas no teor da matéria mineral. Nas demais frações, vísceras e sangue, não houve efeito dos níveis de lisina digestível na composição química. Observou-se, contudo, indicação de aumento (P=0,09) linear na taxa de deposição de proteína da carcaça e do corpo vazio em resposta a elevação do nível de lisina digestível. Com base no desempenho o nível de lisina digestível deve ser igual ou maior a 1,10%, mas em relação à quantidade de gordura abdominal o indicado seria 1,00%. Essas informações das duas fases estudadas confirmam que a exigência de lisina digestível para desempenho in vivo é inferior às reais demandas para síntese protéica na deposição de massa muscular esquelética / A group of 1050 commercial male broilers, ranging from 12 to 22 days of age, and a group of 1015 commercial male broilers, ranging from 37 to 49 days of age were used to evaluate different digestible lysine levels. A completely randomized trial was used, with 5 treatments (1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20 and 1.25% of digestible lysine, respectively) in Initial Phase and 5 treatments (0.90, 0.95, 1.00, 1.05 and 1.10% of digestible lysine, respectively) in Final Phase, applied in 7 replications and 35 experimental units. The experimental unit was 30 birds in first group and 29 birds in second group. Lysine levels were added in isoenergetic (3050 and 3250 kcal of ME/kg for groups, respectively) and isoproteic (19 and 18% of Crude Protein, for groups, respectively) corn and soy meal rations. The rations were balanced with several amino acids when needed. Weight gain, feed intake, feed: gain rate, body composition, nutrient deposition were measured and carcass characteristics and cut yield in Final Phase. In Initial Phase dietary lysine levels influenced ration consumption (P<0.01), with increasing linear effect on carcass weight (P<0.01). Quadratic effect was observed of the digestible lysine on crude protein concentration (P=0.02), when chemical compounds were analyzed. Protein and water deposition was observed (P<0.01), in carcass and empty body, with linear increase, due to the lysine addition in ration. Same effects were observed on reconstituted body weight. Chemical composition of blood and offal were statistically different (P<0.10) in empty body mineral matter concentrations with decreasing values when increasing lysine levels. Lysine levels of 1.10% was sufficient for 12 to 22 day old male broiler development requirements, however, considering body chemical composition, the level needed would not be down 1.25%. In Final Phase, dietary lysine levels influenced feed: gain rate (P<0.01), with decreasing linear effect. Quadratic effect was observed (P=0.02) due to lysine levels used when evaluating carcass characteristics and cuts, abdominal fat deposition. Chemical composition of carcass was statistically different (P<0.01) in empty body mineral matter, with squared effect due to the lysine level considered. Blood and offal chemical composition had no effects, however, linear increase (P=0.09) was shown in carcass protein deposition and empty body due to the increase of lysine levels. Considering the performance, digestible lysine level might be 1.10% or higher, however, for abdominal fat composition, suggested level is 1.00%. According to the given results, the needs for in vivo performance are lower than the real requirements for protein synthesis in skeletal muscle formation

Avaliaram-se diferentes níveis de lisina digestível para frangos de corte, machos, utilizando-se 1050 aves dos 12 aos 22 e 1015 aves dos 37 aos 49 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, sete repetições e as unidades experimentais continham, respectivamente, trinta e vinte e nove, correspondentes às fases inicial e final. Nas duas fases, as dietas dos tratamentos eram isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas à base de milho e farelo de soja, suplementadas dos demais aminoácidos, quando necessário. Na fase inicial, os tratamentos corresponderam aos níveis 1,05; 1,10; 1,15; 1,20 e 1,25% de lisina digestível, em dietas com 3050 kcal de EM/kg e com 19% de PB. Na fase final, os tratamentos corresponderam aos níveis 0,90; 0,95; 1,00; 1,05; 1,10% de lisina digestível, em dietas com 3250 de EM/kg e 18% de PB. Avaliaram-se ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, composição e deposição de nutrientes corporais, e na fase final as características e rendimento de cortes na carcaça. Na fase inicial, os níveis de lisina dietéticos influenciaram o consumo de ração, constatando-se resposta (P<0,01) quadrática. Observou-se efeito (P<0,01) linear ascendente no peso da carcaça. Dos componentes químicos, expressos em porcentagem na carcaça, houve resposta (P=0,02) quadrática do teor de lisina digestível na concentração de proteína bruta. Efeitos similares foram observados na deposição de proteína e água da carcaça e do corpo vazio, com aumento (P<0,01) linear, em resposta ao acréscimo de lisina na dieta. Da mesma forma, houve efeito (P<0,01) linear ascendente dos níveis de lisina digestível da ração sobre o peso vivo reconstituído. Na composição química das vísceras e sangue observou-se efeito (P<0,10) do nível de lisina apenas na concentração de matéria mineral do corpo vazio e a resposta foi decrescente com o aumento do aminoácido. O nível 1,10% de lisina digestível satisfaz as necessidades do desempenho de frangos de corte machos, dos 12 aos 22 dias de idade, mas ao considerar a composição química e deposição dos nutrientes corporais esta exigência torna-se igual ou maior a 1,25%. Na fase final, das variáveis do desempenho, apenas conversão alimentar foi influenciada pelos níveis de lisina digestível na ração, caracterizando-se efeito (P<0,01) linear descendente. Das características de carcaça e rendimento de cortes, apenas gordura abdominal teve efeito (P=0,02) quadrático em função dos níveis de lisina empregados nas rações. Nas variáveis de composição química da carcaça e do corpo vazio, observou-se efeito (P<0,01) quadrático dos níveis de lisina digestível apenas no teor da matéria mineral. Nas demais frações, vísceras e sangue, não houve efeito dos níveis de lisina digestível na composição química. Observou-se, contudo, indicação de aumento (P=0,09) linear na taxa de deposição de proteína da carcaça e do corpo vazio em resposta a elevação do nível de lisina digestível. Com base no desempenho o nível de lisina digestível deve ser igual ou maior a 1,10%, mas em relação à quantidade de gordura abdominal o indicado seria 1,00%. Essas informações das duas fases estudadas confirmam que a exigência de lisina digestível para desempenho in vivo é inferior às reais demandas para síntese protéica na deposição de massa muscular esquelética / A group of 1050 commercial male broilers, ranging from 12 to 22 days of age, and a group of 1015 commercial male broilers, ranging from 37 to 49 days of age were used to evaluate different digestible lysine levels. A completely randomized trial was used, with 5 treatments (1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20 and 1.25% of digestible lysine, respectively) in Initial Phase and 5 treatments (0.90, 0.95, 1.00, 1.05 and 1.10% of digestible lysine, respectively) in Final Phase, applied in 7 replications and 35 experimental units. The experimental unit was 30 birds in first group and 29 birds in second group. Lysine levels were added in isoenergetic (3050 and 3250 kcal of ME/kg for groups, respectively) and isoproteic (19 and 18% of Crude Protein, for groups, respectively) corn and soy meal rations. The rations were balanced with several amino acids when needed. Weight gain, feed intake, feed: gain rate, body composition, nutrient deposition were measured and carcass characteristics and cut yield in Final Phase. In Initial Phase dietary lysine levels influenced ration consumption (P<0.01), with increasing linear effect on carcass weight (P<0.01). Quadratic effect was observed of the digestible lysine on crude protein concentration (P=0.02), when chemical compounds were analyzed. Protein and water deposition was observed (P<0.01), in carcass and empty body, with linear increase, due to the lysine addition in ration. Same effects were observed on reconstituted body weight. Chemical composition of blood and offal were statistically different (P<0.10) in empty body mineral matter concentrations with decreasing values when increasing lysine levels. Lysine levels of 1.10% was sufficient for 12 to 22 day old male broiler development requirements, however, considering body chemical composition, the level needed would not be down 1.25%. In Final Phase, dietary lysine levels influenced feed: gain rate (P<0.01), with decreasing linear effect. Quadratic effect was observed (P=0.02) due to lysine levels used when evaluating carcass characteristics and cuts, abdominal fat deposition. Chemical composition of carcass was statistically different (P<0.01) in empty body mineral matter, with squared effect due to the lysine level considered. Blood and offal chemical composition had no effects, however, linear increase (P=0.09) was shown in carcass protein deposition and empty body due to the increase of lysine levels. Considering the performance, digestible lysine level might be 1.10% or higher, however, for abdominal fat composition, suggested level is 1.00%. According to the given results, the needs for in vivo performance are lower than the real requirements for protein synthesis in skeletal muscle formation