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In 1977 the Unevangelized Fields Mission (UFM) broke relations with their daughter church in Zaire, where they had been working since 1931, and left the country. There had been no government ban on missions nor any apparent external reason for their doing so. The reasons for the schism lay within the history of the mission in Zaire and in their relationship with their daughter church, the Communaute Episcopale Evangelique au Zaire (CEEZ). The purpose of this research, therefore, is to try and establish what effect politics and economics had on this relationship. The location of the dispute, in North-Eastern Zaire, is also interesting in that this area has been one of the lest economically developed parts of the country and has had a history of political extremism both during the colonial and in independent eras. In attempting to make a case study of this schism within the ranks of the Unevangelized Fields Mission it is necessary to analyse the history of the mission in the context of the political and economic developments of the country at large. It is to be noted also that the mission began as a result of an earlier schism within the heart of Africa Mission in 1931 and that a history of one cannot be made without a history of the other. A Case study of both can be made which conveniently spans the two main eras in Zairian history---the colonial period and the period since independence. This history of both missions is confined to their Congo/Zaire fields.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The basic design of the research underlying this dissertation involves an attempt to measure change, in selected areas of leadership, which may be attributed to the Institute training program of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Data were gathered from the delegates before, during, and after the Province III (Middle Atlantic States) training program to determine as accurately as possible the amount, and direction, of change in three areas--the leader role image, training skills, and the general approach to a training task. The research project had two goals: (1) the measurement of the described change, and (2) the development of instruments for such measurement. Six instruments were designed and administered. Because of the bulk of data gathered, those from three instruments were deleted in the presentation of the findings--the Trainers' Report, the Case Study, and the Categories Instrument. With the information from the Biographical Data Instrument used as background, the reported findings are based on the data from the Traits Instrument (on the leader role image) and the Training Skills Instrument. The raw score data and the score-shifts from one administration to another were tabulated and presented in frequency tables and grapha. Simple mathematical calculations furnished percentages of stability and change--the bases for the many comparisons made between various items of an instrument, groups of items, and groups of people. A coordinated statistical procedure was used to obtain t values. The personal observations of the writer throughout the Institute proved valuable in providing interpretation of the data and the findings therefrom. The findings include the following: 1. Every indication to date shows the instruments to be valid and reliable. Suggestions are made for possible revision of wording and/or the handling of the data. 2. The overall program of the Province III Institute accomplished net gains toward sponsor goals (stated norms) in most of the traits and skills. 3. In comparison with the 1964 Protestant Church Laboratory, Green Lake, Wisconsin, the data indicate that the Institute achieved greater net gains in every overall trait group and in most of the subgroups of traits. 4. In comparing the three aspects of the leader role image, the date indicate a definite patterns highest net gains in the Ideal Image, lower net gains in the Self Image, and the lowest net gains in the Social Image. 5. The rank order of net gains for the trait groups presented was: highest--those traits of greatest importance to the sponsor which also had the greatest potential for change toward the stated norms; next--those of greatest potential for change toward the stated norms (without other qualification); next--the entire group of twenty traits; lowest--those with the greatest potential for change but not of the greatest importance to the sponsor. 6. The self-scores of the participants indicated net gains in skill improvement ranging from 13.6% to 32.2%, a substantial change for such a relatively abort period of time. Research is needed regarding the following: 1. To what extent were the changes indicated by these data peculiar to this one Institute? To any and every Institute? 2. Will the measured changes endure? Did other unmeasured changes occur? 3. In what way(s) could the net gains be increased in each of the area under consideration? 4. What caused the differences in net gains between the Institute and the Protestant Church Laboratory? 5. Was the large amount of shift away from the stated norms due to the inadequacy of the norms or of the Institute program? 6. What interpretation should be placed on the presence or absence of congruity, or the increase or decrease in congruity variance, for any pair of leader role images? / 2031-01-01

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Michigan, 1937. / Reproduced from type-written copy. "Selected bibliography": leaf at end.

Thesis--M.A., University of Hong Kong. / Typewritten.

published_or_final_version / History / Master / Master of Arts

From 1908 to 1955, readers of conservative Protestant journals (Moody publications and The Sunday School Times) and more mainline journals (Zion’s Herald and Christian Herald), both asked questions about God’s role in suffering. In turn, writers for each of the journals responded by asserting that even if suffering did not seem to make immediate sense that it would one day make sense. While both conservatives and more mainline journals described suffering as being ultimately beneficial, views of why humans suffered were relayed in the most punitive terms in conservative journals. However, with regard to how one was to suffer, it was mainline writers who appeared a great deal harsher. Further, mainline views of how one was to suffer were gendered and made men the model for suffering. / Graduate / 0320 / 0337

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No description available.

This thesis is concerned with the creation and maintenance of the collective memory in contemporary Northern Ireland. It considers which past events are remembered as socially significant, how they are recalled and how this history is used to underpin the sense of difference between the Protestant and Catholic communities. It explores the creation of a social memory from two theoretical perspectives. First by using Paul Connerton's argument to highlight the importance of public ritual occasions at which the significant past is collectively re-enacted. In this case it is the form of the activity that is the focus of interest. Second, I consider the importance of visual images in memory production. These give insight into the meaning that is imposed on the past by those acting in the present. These ideas are then related to Northern Ireland by describing and analysing the major commemorative parades that are held across the province through the "Marching Season" which lasts from Easter to September and the visual displays, that are associated with them. The first section draws out some of the history of the tradition of parading from the 17th century to the present and shows how at times of crisis extra emphasis has been given to visual displays which have steadily expanded in scale and complexity over this period. The ethnographic data then considers how the practice of parading, of displaying painted silk banners and painting murals on the gable walls of houses is used today by both the Nationalist and Unionist communities. I argue that this practice has been intimately linked to the process of creating the sectarian divisions in the north and today it is important in sustaining divisions by emphasising the differences between the two communities and while ignoring much of the shared past.