Software testing is crucial for uncovering software defects and ensuring software reliability. Symbolic execution has been utilized for automatic test generation to improve testing effectiveness. However, existing test generation techniques based on symbolic execution fail to take full advantage of programs’ rich amount of documentation specifying their input constraints, which can further enhance the effectiveness of test generation. In this paper we present a general approach, Document-Assisted Symbolic Execution (DASE), to improve automated test generation and bug detection. DASE leverages natural language processing techniques and heuristics to analyze programs’ readily available documentation and extract input constraints. The input constraints are then used as pruning criteria; inputs far from being valid are trimmed off. In this way, DASE guides symbolic execution to focus on those inputs that are semantically more important. We evaluated DASE on 88 programs from 5 mature real-world software suites: GNU Coreutils, GNU findutils, GNU grep, GNU Binutils, and elftoolchain. Compared to symbolic execution without input constraints, DASE increases line coverage, branch coverage, and call coverage by 5.27–22.10%, 5.83–21.25% and 2.81–21.43% respectively. In addition, DASE detected 13 previously unknown bugs, 6 of which have already been confirmed by the developers.

Identification of salt- resistant tree species and genotypes is needed for rehabilitation of lands affected by salinity in Mexico. This dissertation consists of four studies for analyzing the responses of Pinus leiophylla seedlings to salt. In the first study, resistance to salt stress was studied in six-month-old seedlings from eight different sources of seed collected from the areas with contrasting precipitation levels. Plants from the xeric areas were shorter and had smaller stem diameters but were less sensitive to salt stress and recovered faster from salt injury compared with the plants from mesic sites, suggesting that morphological and physiological adaptations to drought were helpful with salt stress resistance. In the second study, fascicle needle production and tissue ion accumulation were examined in NaCl-treated three-month-old seedlings from two populations of the xeric origin and two populations from the mesic areas. Seedlings from the xeric population of San Felipe developed fewer fascicles and had shorter needles compared with seedlings from the remaining three populations. NaCl treatment delayed the emergence of fascicles and reduced the fascicle needle production and needle length. However, the extent of needle injury and ion accumulation in shoots were lower in the San Felipe seedlings compared with the other studied populations. In the third study, the effects of branch pruning and seedling size on total transpiration and accumulation of Na+ and Cl- in tissues were examined. Total plant transpiration, as affected by plant size and branch pruning, was correlated with Na+ and Cl- needle concentrations and needle necrosis. Branch pruning reduced ion accumulation in the shoots and needle necrosis levels in short seedlings but not in the tall seedlings. In the fourth study, sprouting and physiological responses of 16 month-old-seedling to salt were examined. NaCl treatment concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 mM reduced gas exchange and root hydraulic conductance, caused needle injury and triggered sprouting of adventitious shoots. Sprouting from the upper parts of the main stem and lateral branches was three times greater with 100 and 150 mM NaCl compared with 200 mM NaCl treatment but, at the base of the stem, sprout numbers were similar for all NaCl treatments.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 7 uppsatser.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The climate around Prieska differs from other pistachio growing regions in the world in that it receives fewer winter chilling units, has higher maximum temperatures during winter and spring and receives summer rainfall. This possibly results in the observed delayed foliation, flower bud and inflorescence abortion, low fruit set and other flowering disorders, which lower yield potential. In order to increase yields, winter pruning, evaporative cooling and chemical rest breaking were investigated on ‘Ariyeh’, ‘Shufra’ and ‘Sirora’ pistachio trees. Tip-pruning (to remove <2.5cm) and severe heading cuts (to remove 35-45%) of one-year old wood were compared and 4% hydrogen cyanimide (Dormex®), 4% mineral oil (Budbreak®) as well as the combination (0.5% Dormex® + 4% Budbreak®) used as rest breaking agents. Bud break, reproductive bud differentiation, die-back, flower bud retention during winter and early summer as well as yield were evaluated. The results emphasised the interaction of rest breaking and pruning effects, with genetic chill requirements and environmental influences - specifically winter chill build-up. Severe pruning was detrimental to flower bud formation as well as yield. The bud break data suggests that the ability of some rest breaking chemicals to promote lateral development may be explained by their potential to impede the development of apical dominance, rather than a direct effect on the lateral buds. The inability of the chemical treatments to increase yield consistently might indicate other factors involved or that the average winter chill of Prieska is below the minimum amount necessary for adequate rest breaking effects on yield. Evaporative cooling was used to counteract potential negative effects of high maximum day temperatures during autumn and spring on flower bud retention, fruit set and yield. Cooling during autumn (May + June, Southern hemisphere), spring (August + September, Southern hemisphere) and the combination of autumn + spring were investigated during two seasons. Flower bud retention during winter and early summer, flowering patterns, as well as yield were evaluated. The significant effects obtained with evaporative cooling - specifically in autumn + spring, indicated the important role climatic conditions play during both stages of entering and exiting dormancy of pistachio trees. Although all differences are not yet clearly understood, the fact that evaporative cooling resulted in substantially higher yields in the case of ‘Ariyeh’ and ‘Shufra’ in an area with sub-optimal pre-blossom temperatures and less than 40% of the required winter chill of pistachio, emphasises its potential in horticultural management. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Prieska se klimaat verskil van ander pistachio-produksie areas in die wêreld deurdat minder winterkoue-eenhede opgebou word, dit hoër maksimum temperature het gedurende die winter en lente en ’n somer-reënvalgebied is. Dit dra waarskynlik by tot die waargenome vertraagde bot, blomknop- en bloeiwyse abortering, lae vrugset en ander blom-afwykings. Aangesien hierdie faktore opbrengspotensiaal verlaag, is wintersnoei, verdampingsverkoeling en chemiese rusbreking ondersoek as moontlike bestuursoplossings. Tip- (om <2.5cm te verwyder) en topsnitte (om 35-45% te verwyder) van eenjarige lote is met mekaar vergelyk en 4% waterstofsianied (Dormex®), 4% minerale olie (Budbreak®) en hul kombinasie is as rusbrekers aangewend. Bot, blomknop-differensiasie, terug-sterwing, blomknopretensie gedurende winter en vroeë somer sowel as opbrengs is geëvalueer. Die resultate benadruk die onderlinge interaksie van rusbreking- en snoei-effekte met genetiese koue-behoeftes en omgewingseffekte - spesifiek die opbou van winterkoue. Topsnitte was nadelig vir blomknopvorming, sowel as opbrengs. Die bot-data doen aan die hand dat sommige chemiese rusbrekers se potensiaal om laterale breke te bevorder, verduidelik kan word deur hul vermoë om die ontwikkeling van apikale dominansie te onderdruk, eerder as ‘n direkte effek op die laterale knoppe. Die chemiese behandelings se onvermoë om opbrengs deurggaans te verbeter, mag daarop dui dat die gemiddelde winterkoue van Prieska laer is as die minimum hoeveelheid benodig alvorens chemiese rusbreker effekte op opbrengs verwag kan word. Potensiële negatiewe effekte van hoë maksimum dagtemperature gedurende die herfs en lente op blomknopretensie, vrugset en opbrengs is teengewerk deur middel van verdampingsverkoeling. Verkoeling gedurende herfs (Mei + Junie, Suidelike halfrond), lente (Augustus + September, Suidelike halfrond) en die kombinasie van herfs + lente is gedurende twee seisoene ondersoek. Blomknopretensie gedurende winter en vroeë somer, blompatrone, sowel as opbrengs is geëvalueer. Die betekenisvolle verskille verkry met verdampingsverkoeling, dui die belangrike rol aan wat klimaatstoestande gedurende beide stadiums van in-, sowel as uitgang uit dormansie speel in pistachiobome. Hoewel alle verskille nog nie verklaar kan word nie, dien die feit dat verdampingsverkoeling tot substansiële opbrengste in die geval van ‘Ariyeh’ en ‘Shufra’ kon lei in ‘n area met suboptimale voor-bot temperature en gemiddeld minder as 40% bevrediging van die kouebehoefte van pistachios, as beklemtoning van die belang daarvan as hortologiese bestuursmiddel.

Thesis (MscAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Alternate bearing is a common phenomenon in most commercial perennial fruit trees. In citrus, the “on” year consists of a heavy crop load with mostly small fruit, often followed by an “off” year with few, large and coarse fruit. Carbohydrates play an important role in affecting alternate bearing, especially during fruit set, but also flowering and fruit maturation, and are essential in maintaining a regular bearing habit. Changes in starch and total sugar accumulation in the leaves of the alternate bearing prone „Nadorcott‟ mandarin were followed over an entire season for both “on” and “off” trees to evaluate the possibility of using carbohydrate levels to predict bearing potential. Starch accumulation followed a distinct pattern with differences between “on” and “off” trees visible in April and May. Starch concentrations in April showed a moderate negative correlation with yield and a moderate positive correlation with return bloom. Rapid starch accumulation started prior to harvest with a peak at the beginning of flowering. Thereafter a sharp decrease in starch levels occurred until after full bloom followed by a steady decrease from physiological fruit drop towards fruit maturity. “On” trees bore 53% more fruit than “off” trees, but the return bloom of “off” trees was 140% more than “on” trees, thus illustrating the negative effect that a large crop has on the next season‟s bloom. It was concluded that for „Nadorcott‟ mandarin, leaf starch concentration in April can be used as an indication of bearing potential the following season. Pruning is a well-established management tool to control alternate bearing. Summer pruned trees had more spring flush vegetative shoots, more nodes per shoot and also more growth per parent shoot overall, compared to unpruned, control trees. Control trees had higher light levels inside the tree compared to summer pruned trees. However, no differences in leaf starch or total sugar levels during April were measured between treatments. Production of new bearing sites should therefore be considered in this experiment. It was concluded that pruning during November followed by early regrowth management gave the best balance between light penetration and production of new bearing units. Pruning in November, rather than during winter, also allowed selective pruning of shoots with or without flowers, depending on whether it was an “on” or an “off” year. When fruit thinning chemicals are applied at the optimum time and concentration, it is an effective way of moderating an alternate bearing cycle. Unfortunately no significant differences were obtained in this experiment even though the thinning treatments did show slightly higher starch levels in April 2012, indicating that the demand for energy was lower in these trees. This response was most likely due to the slightly lower yield and fruit number of the thinning treatments compared to the control. The dichlorprop treatment also showed a higher fruit growth rate, and future research should focus on timing of chemical thinning sprays in late mandarin cultivars / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alternerende drag is 'n algemene verskynsel by die meeste meerjarige kommersiële vrugtebome. In die “aan” jaar by sitrus word 'n swaar oeslading gedra wat hoofsaaklik uit klein vrugte bestaan gevolg deur 'n “af” jaar met minder, groter en growwer vrugte. Koolhidrate speel 'n belangrike rol, veral gedurende vrugset, maar ook tydens blomtyd en vrugrypwording, en is noodsaaklik om ‟n reëlmatige drasiklus te verseker. Veranderinge in stysel- en totale suiker akkumulasie in die blare van „Nadorcott‟ mandarynbome, is deur die loop van 'n volle seisoen gevolg op beide “aan” en “af” bome om die moontlikheid te ondersoek dat koolhidraatvlakke gebruik kan word om dragpotensiaal te bepaal. Verskille tussen “aan” en “af” bome was in April en Mei sigbaar. Styselvlakke in April het 'n matige negatiewe korrelasie met drag getoon en 'n matige positiewe korrelasie met die volgende seisoen se blom. Styselvlakke het voor oestyd begin toeneem en aan die begin van blomtyd 'n piek bereik waarna 'n skerp daling voorgekom het tot na volblom. Dit is gevolg deur 'n geleidelike afname vanaf fisiologiese vrugval totdat die vrugte ryp was. “Aan” bome het 53% meer vrugte gedra as “af” bome, maar die volgende seisoen se blom van “af” bome was 140% meer. Dit illustreer die negatiewe effek wat ‟n groot oes op die volgende seisoen se blom het. Die gevolgtrekking is dat styselvlakke in blare gedurende April gebruik kan word as 'n aanduiding van die drag-potensiaal vir die komende seisoen vir „Nadorcott‟ mandarynbome. Snoei is 'n gevestigde manier om alternerende drag te beheer. Bome wat in die somer gesnoei is, het 'n groter aantal vegetatiewe lote in die lente, meer knoppe per loot en ook meer groei op ouer-lote gehad in vergelyking met die kontrole bome wat nie gesnoei is. Kontrole bome het hoër ligvlakke binne-in die boom gehad in vergelyking met die bome wat in die somer gesnoei is. Daar is egter in April geen verskille gemeet in die blare se stysel- en totale suikervlakke tussen behandelings nie. Produksie van nuwe dra-posisies moet dus vir hierdie eksperiment in ag geneem word. Die gevolgtrekking was dat, deur in November te snoei en vroeë bestuur van nuwe groei toe te pas, die beste boomvorm verkry is. Deur in November te snoei eerder as in die winter, kon daar ook selektief gesnoei word aan lote met of sonder blomme, afhangende of dit ‟n “aan” of “af” jaar was. Korrekte chemiese vruguitdunning is een van die mees effektiewe maniere om ‟n alternerende drag-siklus te verminder. Ongelukkig is geen betekenisvolle verskille in hierdie eksperiment verkry nie, ten spyte van die feit dat die uitdunningsbehandelings wel ietwat hoër styselvlakke in April 2012 getoon het. Dit dui daarop dat die behoefte aan energie in hierdie bome laer was. Die reaksie was waarskynlik te wyte aan die effens laer oes en vruggetalle as gevolg van die uitdunningsbehandelings in vergelyking met die kontrole. Die dichlorprop-behandeling het ook ‟n hoërvruggroeitempo gestimuleer. Navorsing in die toekoms behoort te fokus op die tydberekening waarvolgens die chemiese uitdunningsmiddels op laat mandarynkultivars toegedien word.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-10T16:45:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaellaMAF_TESE.pdf: 543494 bytes, checksum: 06bfe6731f1f26395107e2ca68db5430 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:45:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaellaMAF_TESE.pdf: 543494 bytes, checksum: 06bfe6731f1f26395107e2ca68db5430 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaellaMAF_TESE.pdf: 543494 bytes, checksum: 06bfe6731f1f26395107e2ca68db5430 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pruning and thinning are practices that can change the source:sink relations and thus influence the quality and fruit storage capacity. This study evaluated the influence of the pruning of the main stem and the fruit thinning in quality and postharvest conservation of melon. For this, two experiments were conducted, with Galia melon (hybrid Amaregal) and Charentais melon (hybrid Banzai), both with two phases, field and laboratory. In the field, the plants were submitted to the pruning of the main stem and the fruit thinning; the fruits were harvested at 66 and 74 days after sowing (DAS), respectively for Galia and Charentais melon. In the laboratory, the fruits were cleaned, characterized and stored in the freezer. The experiment was conducted in split-plot, and the portion composed of the factorial 2 x 4 + 1: pruning (pruning and unpruning), thinning times (32, 35, 38 and 41 DAS to Galia melon; and 42, 45, 48 and 51 DAS for the Charentais melon) and an additional control (unpruning and unthinning); and the sub-plot was constituted by the storage times (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days), with four blocks. The following analyzes were performed: number of fruits per plant (NFP), fruit weight (FW), productivity (PROD), weight loss (WL), external (EA) and internal appearance (IA), epicarp and mesocarp color, flesh firmness (FF), titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) , total soluble sugars (TSS), reducing sugars (RS) and non-reducing sugar (NRS), and vitamin C (VITC). In the Galia melon, pruning improved the epicarp color and increased the NRS, but reduced the SS. Thinning to 41 DAS depreciated the EA and reduced SS, TSS and NRS, but was positive for epicarp and mesocarp color, and increased VITC. Pruning reduced the TA and the loss in FF at 14 and 28 days of storage, respectively. Pruning associated with thinning to 38 DAS reduced the WL after 28 days of storage and result in an increased RS. In storage was observed decreasing in EA, IA, SS, RS, NRS, TSS and VITC. In the Charentais melon, the pruning reduced WL to 28 days of storage. Pruning also decreased TA. The treatments with pruning and thinning positively influenced the fruit epicarp color. Thinning to 42 DAS increased the SS and SS/TA ratio. In storage period there was a reduction in EA, IA, FF, TA, RS, VITC and increase in SS, SS/TA ratio, TSS and NRS / Poda e raleio são práticas que podem alterar as relações fonte:dreno do meloeiro e, assim influenciar a qualidade e capacidade de armazenamento dos frutos. Assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da poda da haste principal e do raleio dos frutos na qualidade e conservação pós-colheita de melão. Para isto, foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo um com o melão Gália ‘Amaregal’ e o outro com melão Charentais ‘Banzai’, ambos com uma fase de campo e outra de laboratório. Em campo, as plantas foram submetidas à poda da haste principal e ao raleio dos frutos, com a colheita ocorrendo aos 66 e 74 dias após a semeadura (DAS), respectivamente para o melão Gália e Charentais. Os frutos foram levados para o laboratório, onde foram higienizados, caracterizados e armazenados em câmara fria. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em esquema de parcelas sub-divididas, sendo a parcela constituída pelo fatorial 2 x 4 +1: poda (sem poda e com poda), épocas de raleio (32, 35, 38 e 41 DAS para o melão Gália; e 42, 45, 48 e 51 DAS para o melão Charentais) e uma testemunha adicional (sem poda e sem raleio); e a sub-parcela constituída pelo armazenamento (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), com quatro blocos. As seguintes análises foram realizadas: número de frutos por planta (NFP), massa média dos frutos (MMF), produtividade (PROD), perda de massa (PM), aparência externa (AE) e interna (AI), cor do epicarpo e mesocarpo, firmeza de polpa (FP), acidez titulável (AT), teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcares redutores (AR) e não-redutores (ANR), e vitamina C (VITC). Verificou-se no melão Gália que a poda da haste principal do meloeiro realçou a cor do epicarpo e aumentou o ANR, porém reduziu os SS. O raleio aos 41 DAS depreciou a AE e reduziu os SS, AST e ANR, mas foi positivo para a cor do epicarpo e mesocarpo, bem como aumentou a VITC. A poda reduziu a AT e a perda na FP dos frutos aos 14 e 28 dias de armazenamento, respectivamente. A poda associada ao raleio aos 38 DAS reduziu a PM aos 28 dias de armazenamento e propiciou incremento no AR dos frutos. E ao longo do armazenamento houve redução nas notas de AE e AI e nos teores de SS, AR, ANR, AST e VITC. Por outro lado, no melão Charentais, a poda reduziu a PM dos frutos aos 28 dias de armazenamento. A poda também diminuiu a AT dos frutos. Os tratamentos de poda e raleio influenciaram positivamente a cor do epicarpo dos frutos. O raleio aos 42 DAS elevou os SS e a relação SS/AT. Durante o período de armazenamento houve redução na AE, AI, FP, AT, AR e VITC, e incremento nos SS, relação SS/AT, AST e ANR / 2017-01-10

A partir do consenso já existente, de que o desenvolvimento urbano é responsável, em parte, pelo desequilíbrio ambiental predominante nas cidades mais populosas, nas quais a administração dos resíduos gerados torna-se um grande desafio, este estudo foi realizado com a finalidade de desenvolver um modelo de gerenciamento para os resíduos de poda de árvores de espaços públicos, visando a utilização do material podado, considerado de boa qualidade, o que minimizaria a disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um modelo diferenciado do ponto de vista de legal, gerencial, tecnológico e econômico, que pudesse servir de base à pesquisa e gerar estratégias para beneficiar o meio ambiente. A Unidade de Conservação, que pertence à Fundação Parques e Jardins da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, localizada na Taquara, foi analisada no Estudo de Caso. As espécies arbóreas que produzem maior volume de poda nessa seção foram selecionadas de modo que fosse possível o seu aproveitamento econômico-ecológico. Concluiu-se que há uma inviabilidade para segregação dos resíduos de poda por parte da Fundação Parques e Jardins e que os mesmos poderiam ser transferidos diretamente para o aterro receptor, em fase de encerramento de atividades, sem custos excedentes. Foi feita uma apreciação especial do Centro de Tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos de Gericinó, por ser grande receptor dos resíduos produzidos nas operações de manejo da área em evidência. Foi elaborada a proposta de criação de uma Usina Verde nas áreas já desativadas do aterro, como forma complementar ao processo de revitalização da área aterrada após o término de suas atividades. Esta ação contemplaria a região com um bosque, onde seriam absorvidos todos os produtos dos resíduos de poda. Haveria, também, a probabilidade de utilização operacional dos catadores nas etapas de obtenção de compostos orgânicos, cobertura morta e equipamentos paisagísticos entre outros. / Its agreeded that the urban development is responsable for the enviromental disequilibrium that predominates in the most populous cities, where the administration of residues becomes a great challenge. This study was made in order to develop a model of urban residues pruning trees management in public places, intending to use of the pruned material which is considered in good conditions. It would also minimize the residues deposit in sanitary landfills. For this, a differentiated model was developed through legal, managemental, tecnological, and economical point of view, which could serve as a reserch base and benefit the enviroment. The Conservation Unit which belongs to the Rio De Janeiro City hall Parks and Gardens Foundation, that is located in Taquara, was analized in the case study. The tree species that produce greater volume of pruning had been selected in this section so that that it was possible the economic and ecological exploitation. It was concluded that it is unviable for the Gardens Foundation to segregate the pruning residues it self, and that, the residues could be transferred directly to its final destination, in closing of activities phase, without extra cost. A special appreciation of the Solid Waste Treatment Center located in Gericinó was done, because of the fact that it is a great receiver for residues produced in the area in evidence handling operations. It was elaborated a proposal of creation of a Green Work in the landfill disactivated areas, as a complementary form to the area filled with earth revitalizating process, after the activity end. This action would comtemplate the regions with a urban forest, where all the pruning residues products would be absorbed. Theres also a operational use probability for the landfill workers in the organic composite attainment stages, death covering and landscaping equipament, among others.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 muraishi_ri_me_jabo.pdf: 172407 bytes, checksum: 09fe9bde72c559512205ec4e2f28c4ee (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A necessidade de se estudar a utilização do resíduo de podas de árvores é de grande importância ambiental para solucionar os problemas de resíduos sólidos gerados nas áreas urbanas junto com os resíduos de lixos domésticos. O estudo deste material foi avaliado com base no desenvolvimento de mudas de ipê-amarelo [Tabebuia Chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) standl.] cultivados em diferentes substratos e com 2 tipos de água para irrigação. O experimento foi instalada no setor de plasticultura do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal. Foram realizados 2 experimentos, avaliados conjuntamente com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, de 8 substratos, 2 qualidades de águas e 4 repetições, totalizando 64 parcelas. Cada parcela foi composta por 30 plantas (5 linhas de 6 plantas), sendo consideradas como úteis, as 3 linhas de 4 plantas centrais da parcela. Para estudar o desenvolvimento das mudas de ipê amarelo, foram avaliadas a altura da parte aérea das plantas (H), diâmetro do colmo (D), matéria seca (MS) e composição química. As características de desenvolvimentos foram avaliadas aos 21, 42, 63 e 84 dias após a emergência das plantas. Da análise dos resultados concluiu-se que os substratos estudados promoveram diferenças significativas para altura média das plantas, diâmetro médio de colmo, acúmulo de matéria seca e teores de nutriente nas folhas em todos os períodos de avaliação. Houve interação positiva entre substrato e água de irrigação, para altura média das plantas e diâmetro médio de colmo aos 42, 63 e 84 dias após emergência e em todos nutrientes foliar. Os substratos 3 (5% composto lixo + 95% composto de poda, 4 (10% composto de lixo +90% composto de poda) e 5 (20% de composto de lixo + 80% composto de poda) e a água residuária apresentaram os melhores resultados no desenvolvimento das mudas de ipê amarelo. / The need to study the use of waste pruning of trees is of great importance to solve the environmental problems of solid waste in the urban areas along with the waste of household waste. The study of these materials was evaluated with the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe [Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Sandl.] in mixtures of different substrates and types of water for irrigation. The experiment was installed at the Department of Rural Engineering of de São Paulo University State, Campus of Jaboticabal. Two experiments were conducted, evaluated together with experimental design in randomized blocks of 8 substrates, 2 qualities of water and 4 repetitions, totaling 64 parcels. Each parcel was composed of 30 plants (5 rows of 6 plants) and is regarded as useful, the 3 lines of 4 plants of the central plot. Eight substrates were tested, resulting from the combination of commercial substrate, composed of household waste and composed of pruning of trees with 2 types of irrigation water (clean water and residuary) and 4 repetitions. To observe the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe, were evaluated the height of the shoots of plants, diameter of the stem, dry material and leaf analysis. The characteristics were evaluated at 21, 42, 63 and 84 days after the emergency. The analysis of results allowed to conclude that the substrates studied promoted significant differences in average height of the plants, stem diameter, dry material and leaf analysis in all periods of assessment. The interaction between substrate and water for irrigation were to average height and diameter of the plant stem at 42, 63 and 84 days after emergency and in all of leaf analysis nutrients. The substrates 3, 4 and 5 with residuary water showed the best results in the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1184892 bytes, checksum: b89f6757d17f943bbbab9ffdaa5ae7af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective was to evaluate the interference of the control method, the diameter of the crown and pruning early in the initial growth of eucalyptus in Silvopastoral System, to provide data for developing control strategies focused on the Integrated Management of Weeds. Two experiments were conducted: the first, we evaluated the diameter of crown on the early growth of eucalypt in silvopastoral system. To do so, quantify the growth of plants by height, diameter at ground level, leaf area and shoot dry matter. The plots were composed of five crown diameters (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 m) surrounding the plants of eucalyptus. The second experiment evaluated the effects of two methods of weed control (chemical weeding with glyphosate and mechanical weeding hoe) and pruning on early growth of eucalyptus in silvopastoral system. We evaluated five levels of pruning, 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the height of the crown living of eucalyptus and two types of weeding (mechanical and chemical). We evaluated the gain in height and diameter at ground level and canopy volume at 90, 180, 270 and 360 DAA and 640 DAA to evaluate the length, diameter and stem dry matter. It was observed in the first experiment, the plants had not mowed lower growth compared to undergo the crown. Crown diameters of 2.51 and 2.64 m allowedgreater growth in height and diameter ofeucalyptus plants, respectively, in all periods. The production of biomass and the increase in leaf area per plant at 360 DAP, were also influenced by the different diameters of crowning. The crown that showed higher dry matter accumulation of stems, leaves and branches, and leaf area were 2.94, 2.39, 2.95 and 2.27 respectively. It was observed in all evaluations an optimal diameter for weed control in the vicinity of the eucalyptus plants 2 to 3 meters. In the second experiment, no significant difference for the parameters evaluated in terms of weeding methods, however, was no effect for the intensity of pruning and time of evaluation. In all periods, the increase in the level of pruning caused a reduction in growth in height and diameter. At 90 DAA, 40% of plants with pruning showed a reduction in height growth of 69% and 87% for diameter, compared to plants not pruned. And at 360 DAA, this difference fell to 21.8 and 22.8% for height and diameter, respectively. At 640 DAA, there was indicative of recovery of pruned plants, even though there was a negative linear relationship between the intensity of pruning in relation to growth. It was concluded that the crown about 2 feet in diameter provided favorable conditions for early growth of eucalypt and less involvement in the area occupied by forage. The type of weeding did not influence the early growth of Eucalyptus and pruning early facilitates the application of glyphosate, but causesreduction in plant growth. / Objetivou-se avaliar a interferência do método de controle, do diâmetro de coroamento e da desrama precoce sobre o crescimento inicial de eucalipto em Sistema Silvipastoril, visando fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de estratégias de controle voltadas para o Manejo Integrado de Plantas Daninhas. Foram realizados dois experimentos: no primeiro, avaliou-se o diâmetro de coroamento sobre o crescimento inicial de plantas de eucalipto em Sistema Silvipastoril. Para isso, quantificou-se o crescimento das plantas, através da altura, do diâmetro ao nível do solo, da área foliar e da matéria seca da parte aérea. As parcelas foram compostas por cinco diâmetros de coroamento (0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 3,0 m) no entorno das plantas de eucalipto. No segundo experimento, foram avaliados os efeitos de dois métodos de controle de plantas daninhas (capina química com glyphosate e capina mecânica com enxada) e da desrama precoce sobre o crescimento do eucalipto em Sistema Silvipastoril. Foram avaliados cinco níveis de desrama, 0; 10; 20; 30 e 40 % da altura da copa viva do eucalipto e dois tipos de capina (mecânica e química). Avaliou-se o ganho em altura e diâmetro ao nível do solo e o volume de copa aos 90, 180, 270 e 360 DAA, e, aos 640 DAA avaliou-se o comprimento, diâmetro e matéria seca do caule. Observou-se, no primeiro experimento, que as plantas não capinadas tiveram menor crescimento, quando comparadas às submetidas aos coroamentos. Diâmetros de coroamento de 2,51 e 2,64 m permitirammaior crescimento em altura e em diâmetro das plantas de eucalipto, respectivamente, em todas as épocas avaliadas. A produção da biomassa e o incremento da área foliar, por planta, aos 360 DAP, também foram influenciadas pelos diferentes diâmetros de coroamento. Os coroamentos que proporcionaram maior acúmulo de matéria seca de caule, folhas e galhos, e área foliar foram 2,94; 2,39; 2,95 e 2,27 m, respectivamente. Observou-se em todas as avaliações um diâmetro ótimo de controle das plantas daninhas no entorno das plantas de eucalipto entre 2 e 3 metros. No segundo experimento, não houve diferença significativa para os parâmetros avaliados em função dos métodos de capina, entretanto, houve efeito para a intensidade de desrama e época de avaliação. Em todas as épocas avaliadas, o aumento no nível de desrama proporcionou redução no crescimento em altura e diâmetro. Aos 90 DAA, plantas com 40% de desrama apresentaram redução no crescimento em altura de 69% e de 87% para diâmetro, em relação às plantas não desramadas. E aos 360 DAA, essa diferença caiu para 21,8 e 22,8% para altura e diâmetro, respectivamente. Aos 640 DAA, observou-se indicativos de recuperação das plantas desramadas, entretanto ainda verificou-se relação linear negativa entre a intensidade de desrama em relação ao crescimento. Concluiu-se que o coroamento em torno de 2 metros de diâmetro proporcionou condições favoráveis ao crescimento inicial das plantas de eucalipto e menor comprometimento na área ocupada pela forrageira. O tipo de capina não influenciou o crescimento inicial do eucalipto e que a desrama precoce facilita a aplicação de glyphosate, porém causa redução no crescimento das plantas.

Submitted by MAYRA CRISTINA TEIXEIRA CAETANO null (mayracae@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-08T19:27:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Mayra Caetano.pdf: 1059335 bytes, checksum: e108dcf3dc02d0f804596f8298f62a38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-09T19:15:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 caetano_mct_dr_jabo.pdf: 1059335 bytes, checksum: e108dcf3dc02d0f804596f8298f62a38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T19:15:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 caetano_mct_dr_jabo.pdf: 1059335 bytes, checksum: e108dcf3dc02d0f804596f8298f62a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-24 / É importante estudar compostos orgânicos na produção de mudas de T. heptaphylla, principalmente com resíduos considerados problemáticos como compostos a base de lixo urbano e restos vegetais oriundos de podas de árvores, bem como o tipo de água de irrigação utilizada. Com o trabalho o objetivo é analisar os substratos formados pela associação de doses de composto de lixo urbano e composto de poda de árvore, em condição de irrigação com água residuária e potável, nas características biométricas e na composição química foliar das mudas de Tabebuia heptaphylla. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 8x2, sendo oito combinações de substratos (S): T1 (100% substrato comercial); T2 (100% C.P.A.); T3 (5% C.L. + 95% C.P.A.); T4 (10% C.L. + 90% C.P.A.); T5 (20% C.L. + 80% C.P.A.); T6 (40% C.L. + 60% C.P.A.); T7 (60% C.L. + 40% C.P.A.); e T8 (100% C.L.), associadas a irrigações com dois tipos de água (residuária e potável). As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do coleto, massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e análise química foliar para determinação da concentração de macronutrientes. Os tratamentos que proporcionaram o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de Tabebuia heptaphylla, foram os tratamentos 4 (10% CL + 90% CPA), 5 (20% CL + 80% CPA) e 6 (40% CL + 60% CPA). Sendo assim, os resultados permitem concluir que as combinações entre o composto de árvore e de lixo proporcionam resultados satisfatórios no desenvolvimento das mudas e que a utilização da água residuária influencia positivamente no desenvolvimento destas. / It is important to study organic compounds in the production of T. heptaphylla seedlings, especially with problematic considered as waste compounds to urban waste -based and plant remains derived from tree pruning, as well as the type of irrigation water used. The aim of this work was to analyze the biometric characteristics and the chemical composition of T. heptaphylla seedlings developed on different substrates formed by the association between different doses of urban waste compounds (CL) and compost of prunings trees (CPA) in irrigation condition with wastewater and drinking water. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 8x2 factorial design, with eight different combinations of substrates (S): S1 (100%) commercial substrate); S2 (C.P.A. 100%); S3 (5% + 95% C.L. C.P.A.); S4 (10% + 90% C.L. C.P.A.); S5 (20% + 80% C.L. C.P.A.); S6 (40% + 60% C.L. C.P.A.); S7 (60% + 40% C.L. C.P.A.); and S8 (100% C.L.) and with irrigation with two types of water (wastewater and potable). We evaluated the shoot height, stem diameter and leaf analysis to determine the concentration of macronutrients. Treatments that provided the best development of Tabebuia heptaphylla were treatments 4 (10% CL + 90 % CPA ), 5 (20 % CL + 80 % CPA) and 6 ( 40 % CL + 60 % CPA ) . The results obtained allow to conclude that the combination of the compound of tree and garbage provide satisfactory results development of the seedlings and the use of wastewater positively influences the development of these.