Este trabalho trata das discussões que envolvem a Psicanálise Aplicada. Nesse sentido são apresentados a questão do nome e os limites para o analisável, assim como os chamados e lembretes que estão presentes nas falas de psicanalistas na atualidade. Diante dessas questões, recorremos à história da psicanálise. Acompanhamos com Freud as nuances desse fazer psicanalítico, evidenciando o papel central que ocupa em sua teoria, afastando a possibilidade de uma dicotomia entre psicanálise clínica e psicanálise aplicada. Além disso, é possível notar que Freud, dentre outros objetivos, busca com a psicanálise aplicada transmitir a psicanálise na cultura. O psicanalista ora coloca-se como um colonizador de territórios alheios, ora como um estrangeiro que, na fronteira com outra área do conhecimento, produz inflexões em ambas, sem recorrer ao educativo, mas fazendo descobrir. Em seguida, com a ida a Lacan, observam-se as novas formulações do autor e em que medida ele se diferencia da proposição de Freud acerca da psicanálise aplicada, propondo uma visão original. Sua proposta ocorre em meio às mudanças da Psicanálise no cenário francês, contexto que influi diretamente na sua construção teórica e posição institucional. E, por fim, em busca de outros sentidos possíveis para a questão da psicanálise aplicada, apresentamos as considerações de autores da atualidade a propósito do tema. Concluímos, então, que o que parece estar em questão, tendo como sintoma os vários nomes ou os chamados e lembretes, é a transmissão da psicanálise / The following study has as its focus the discussions surrounding Applied Psychoanalysis. Towards this end, the issue of name and the limits of the analyzable will be presented, as will the calls and reminders present in the discourse of modern-day psychoanalysts. In seeking an understanding of these issues, we turn towards the history of psychoanalysis. Following in Freud the nuances of this psychoanalytical practice and highlighting the central role it plays in his theory, in which the possibility of a dichotomy between clinical and applied psychoanalysis is put aside. Furthermore, one may notice that Freud, amongst other goals, seeks with Applied Psychoanalysis to transmit psychoanalysis throughout culture. The psychoanalyst is positioned now as a colonizer of foreign territories, now as a foreigner who, on the border with another area of knowledge, produces inflections in both, without resorting to the educational, instead promoting discovery. Next, passing on to Lacan, the authors new formulations will be observed, as will the extent to which he differs from Freuds proposal regarding applied psychoanalysis, putting forward his own original view. His proposition occurs in the midst of changes in the French psychoanalytical landscape, context which directly influences his theoretical construction and institutional positioning. Finally, in search of other possible meanings for the question of applied psychoanalysis, we present the considerations of current authors on the subject. Then we conclude that what appears to be concerned with the various symptom or called names and reminders is the transmission of psychoanalysis

Este trabalho trata das discussões que envolvem a Psicanálise Aplicada. Nesse sentido são apresentados a questão do nome e os limites para o analisável, assim como os chamados e lembretes que estão presentes nas falas de psicanalistas na atualidade. Diante dessas questões, recorremos à história da psicanálise. Acompanhamos com Freud as nuances desse fazer psicanalítico, evidenciando o papel central que ocupa em sua teoria, afastando a possibilidade de uma dicotomia entre psicanálise clínica e psicanálise aplicada. Além disso, é possível notar que Freud, dentre outros objetivos, busca com a psicanálise aplicada transmitir a psicanálise na cultura. O psicanalista ora coloca-se como um colonizador de territórios alheios, ora como um estrangeiro que, na fronteira com outra área do conhecimento, produz inflexões em ambas, sem recorrer ao educativo, mas fazendo descobrir. Em seguida, com a ida a Lacan, observam-se as novas formulações do autor e em que medida ele se diferencia da proposição de Freud acerca da psicanálise aplicada, propondo uma visão original. Sua proposta ocorre em meio às mudanças da Psicanálise no cenário francês, contexto que influi diretamente na sua construção teórica e posição institucional. E, por fim, em busca de outros sentidos possíveis para a questão da psicanálise aplicada, apresentamos as considerações de autores da atualidade a propósito do tema. Concluímos, então, que o que parece estar em questão, tendo como sintoma os vários nomes ou os chamados e lembretes, é a transmissão da psicanálise / The following study has as its focus the discussions surrounding Applied Psychoanalysis. Towards this end, the issue of name and the limits of the analyzable will be presented, as will the calls and reminders present in the discourse of modern-day psychoanalysts. In seeking an understanding of these issues, we turn towards the history of psychoanalysis. Following in Freud the nuances of this psychoanalytical practice and highlighting the central role it plays in his theory, in which the possibility of a dichotomy between clinical and applied psychoanalysis is put aside. Furthermore, one may notice that Freud, amongst other goals, seeks with Applied Psychoanalysis to transmit psychoanalysis throughout culture. The psychoanalyst is positioned now as a colonizer of foreign territories, now as a foreigner who, on the border with another area of knowledge, produces inflections in both, without resorting to the educational, instead promoting discovery. Next, passing on to Lacan, the authors new formulations will be observed, as will the extent to which he differs from Freuds proposal regarding applied psychoanalysis, putting forward his own original view. His proposition occurs in the midst of changes in the French psychoanalytical landscape, context which directly influences his theoretical construction and institutional positioning. Finally, in search of other possible meanings for the question of applied psychoanalysis, we present the considerations of current authors on the subject. Then we conclude that what appears to be concerned with the various symptom or called names and reminders is the transmission of psychoanalysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a melancolia em duas vias: uma primeira via que chamaremos histórico-investigativa e que estudará esse conceito na filosofia antiga (Aristóteles) que carrega o legado direto da medicina hipocrática, e estudará ainda a trajetória da melancolia na psiquiatria moderna. Em outras palavras, estudar a forma como a melancolia foi construida como uma afecção do corpo nesses dois momentos históricos fundamentais do termo. Uma segunda via analisará o papel fundamental da construção do conceito de melancolia no interior e ao longo da obra de Freud, tanto na sua função de delimitação de um campo propriamente psicanalítico de reflexão sobre essa doença, como nas suas relações de vizinhança conceitual (onde estão envolvidos alguns dos conceitos mais fundamentais da obra freudiana) / This works aim is to study melancholy in two ways: the first way we call historical investigative will search for this concept in the ancien philosophy (Aristote) wich takes the legacy of hipocratical medicine, and will also study melancholy in modern psichiatry. In other words, we are going to study the way melancholy was build as a body afection in this two fundamental historical moments of the term. The second research way will analyse the fundamental inner function of melancholys concept in freudians work: its function in the construction of a proprierly psycoanalitical base of reflection on this disease, and its conceptual neighborhood relations (where are engaged some of the most important concepts of the freudian work)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a melancolia em duas vias: uma primeira via que chamaremos histórico-investigativa e que estudará esse conceito na filosofia antiga (Aristóteles) que carrega o legado direto da medicina hipocrática, e estudará ainda a trajetória da melancolia na psiquiatria moderna. Em outras palavras, estudar a forma como a melancolia foi construida como uma afecção do corpo nesses dois momentos históricos fundamentais do termo. Uma segunda via analisará o papel fundamental da construção do conceito de melancolia no interior e ao longo da obra de Freud, tanto na sua função de delimitação de um campo propriamente psicanalítico de reflexão sobre essa doença, como nas suas relações de vizinhança conceitual (onde estão envolvidos alguns dos conceitos mais fundamentais da obra freudiana) / This works aim is to study melancholy in two ways: the first way we call historical investigative will search for this concept in the ancien philosophy (Aristote) wich takes the legacy of hipocratical medicine, and will also study melancholy in modern psichiatry. In other words, we are going to study the way melancholy was build as a body afection in this two fundamental historical moments of the term. The second research way will analyse the fundamental inner function of melancholys concept in freudians work: its function in the construction of a proprierly psycoanalitical base of reflection on this disease, and its conceptual neighborhood relations (where are engaged some of the most important concepts of the freudian work)

Diese Magisterarbeit ist dem bis heute sehr komplexen Geschlechterverhältnis gewidmet. Dieses Verhältnis werde ich analysieren, indem ich das literarische Motiv des Geschlechtertausches ausarbeite. Dabei werde ich seine kulturhistorische Entwicklung berücksichtigen. Das Thema wird interdisziplinär behandelt und zwar mithilfe anthropologischer, psychoanalytischer, literaturwissenschaftlicher sowie ideengeschichtlicher Perspektiven und Methoden – all dies um seine Komplexität zu erfassen. Zunächst wird die menschliche Geschlechtsidentität als ein naturbedingtes Phänomen einerseits und als ein kulturelles Konstrukt andererseits diskutiert. Die Psychoanalyse wird den feministischen Theorien entgegen gestellt, woraufhin sie sich als Versuch der Legitimierung der gesellschaftlichen Ordnung erweist. Die anschließende Analyse der kulturellen Repräsentationsformen des Weiblichen wird es deutlich machen, wie schwer es ist, die über mehrere Jahrhunderte tradierten Weiblichkeitsbilder zu „neutralisieren“. Die literarische Grundlage für die Untersuchung der Geschlechterbeziehungen verschaffen die drei „Geschichten über die Umwandlung der Verhältnisse“ (1980). In allen Texten vollzieht sich ein Geschlechtswandel: die Protagonistinnen schlüpfen in männliche Körper ein und auf einmal erfahren sie die Welt aus der bisher unbekannten Perspektive. Dabei empfindet jede von denen die neue Situation anders und doch so ähnlich. Anhand von Sarah Kirschs „Blitz aus dem heiterm Himmel“, Irmtraud Morgners „Gute Botschaft der Valeska in 73 Strophen“ und Christa Wolfs „Selbstversuch. Traktat zu einem Protokoll“ werden die regressiven patriarchalischen Strukturen aufgedeckt, in denen der Frau eine minderwertige Positionierung in einer Gesellschaft zugeschrieben wird. Da sich die Beziehungen zwischen Männern und Frauen in den gesellschaftlichen Machtverhältnissen widerspiegeln, werden die Geschichten im Kontext der sozialistischen Wirklichkeit der DDR in den 1970er Jahre analysiert. Aus diesen Untersuchungen ergeben sich klare Erkenntnisse: die Realität des „emanzipierten“ DDR-Staates hatte mit dem marxistischen Traum nichts zu tun. Diese in den Erzählungen widerspiegelte historisch-politische Wirklichkeit stellte die propagandistische Gleichberechtigung der Frauen in Frage. Die Sozialpolitik wird als eine der modernen männlichen Legitimationsstrategien für die Erhaltung der patriarchalischen Ordnung entschleiert. Damit die Frau nicht mehr über den Mann definiert wird, müsste eine grundlegende Veränderung der gesellschaftlichen Geschlechtsvorstellungen erfolgen. Alle in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Geschlechtertauschgeschichten beinhalten diverse Utopie-Entwürfe, die jedoch keine perfekte Ordnung darstellen. Ganz im Gegenteil – das sind eher negative Utopien, die fundamentale Kritik an der Ungleichheit der gesellschaftlichen Positionierung der Geschlechter zum Ziel haben. Christa Wolf, Irmtraud Morgner und Sarah Kirsch thematisierten in ihren Erzählungen die Problematik der Geschlechterverhältnisse in der DDR der 1970er Jahre und machten auf die Dringlichkeit des weiblichen Widerstandes aufmerksam. Gleichzeitig soll dieser literarische Diskurs die eigentliche Möglichkeit der Veränderung des gesellschaftlichen Status der Frauen aufzeigen. Daher sind diese imaginierten Geschlechtertauschgeschichten als Manifeste für wahre Gleichstellung der Frauen zu lesen. / The present master’s dissertation focuses on the complex topic of sex and gender relations. The analysis is based on a literary motif of a sex change, taking into account its historical dimension as well as its cultural heritage. In order to capture the complexity of the topic, it will be treated interdisciplinarily. This means that the variety of methods and perspectives will be considered, including anthropological approach, psychoanalysis, literary, historical and ideological theories. To begin with, gender identity will be discussed as a natural phenomenon on the one hand and as a cultural construction on the other hand. The psychoanalysis will be discussed as an attempt of legitimization of societal order and confronted with modern feminist thought. Through the subsequent analysis of the cultural forms of feminine representation it will become obvious how difficult it is to dismantle the predominant images of feminity, which have evolved over many centuries. The three stories published in a volume “Geschlechtertausch” (“Sex Change”, 1980) will provide the literary basis for the interrogation of gender roles and relations. There is a sex change motif in every single story: all main female characters miraculously change from a woman to a man and experience the world from a new male perspective. Each protagonist perceives the situation differently and yet so similar. The analysis of “Bolt from the Blue” by Sarah Kirsch, “Gospel of Valeska” by Irmtraud Morgner and “Self-Experiment: Appendix to a Report” by Christa Wolf will reveal the regressive patriarchal structures in which women are usually given an inferior position. The common relations between men and women reflect the distribution of social power between the sexes. Therefore, all three stories shall be re-read in the context of the socialist realism in East Germany (GDR) in 1970s. The conclusions derived from these examinations are clear: the reality in the “emancipated” GDR state had absolutely nothing to do with the Marxist utopian vision. In their stories, all three authors questioned the socialist propaganda of pseudo gender equality. The GDR social policy will be unveiled as one of the modern male legitimization strategies with the sole purpose of preserving the rigid patriarchal order. A redefinition and revision of the traditional understanding of the genders appear necessary, if a woman shall no longer be defined by a man. In addition, the analyzed sex change stories contain diverse utopian visions, which however do not portray a perfect social order. On the contrary, they depict rather negative utopias that aim at revealing and emphasizing the unjustified unequal positioning of both sexes within the society. Christa Wolf, Irmtraud Morgner and Sarah Kirsch have made a successful attempt to explore the problematic nature of gender relations in the GDR in 1970s. This literary discourse represents a radical interrogation of gender roles and relations, but it also shows the possibility and necessity of changing the status of women. Taken together, those three imaginary sex change tales should be read as manifestos for true equality of women.