State transportation authorities’ reliance on traditional financing mechanisms such as gas taxes and federal support has waned of late as these mechanisms have proved insufficient to keep pace with the escalating demand for transportation infrastructure in the United States. As a result, public-private partnerships (P3) are increasingly viewed as a part of the solution to this problem. A partnership between the public and private sector allows both entities to “mutually benefit” from the private sector’s equity/debt financing structure and ability to bring innovation and efficiency to the table. Companies have formed consortia either to lease the existing toll roads through what is termed as a Brownfield project model or deliver design-build-finance-operate projects categorized as a Greenfield model. A case-study based approach helps to identify the organizational structure, nature of the key participants and risk characteristics of these Greenfield-Brownfield P3 models. The four cases identified for study include, the Pocahontas Parkway in Virginia, SR-125 in California representing the Greenfield model and the Chicago Skyway and Indiana Toll road under the Brownfield model. An analytical template comprised of a project finance structure, risk matrix for each of the four cases and Porter’ s segmentation matrix for the selected private sector project participants is used to characterize the structure of the P3 arrangement in the cases. The project finance structure illustrates the formation of a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to delineate the role played by different participants. Risk matrices developed for all the four cases helps to identify the allocation of risks among the state and the SPV or the concessionaire. Porter’ s segmentation matrix helps to identify the activities of the key players or sponsor companies in various sectors including infrastructure, across the world. The SR-125- Greenfield- model seems to have evolved from Pocahontas Parkway as the private sector solely finances the project and assumes the high revenue risk and responsibility to operate and maintain the facility. The Brownfield model faces a political backlash in the U.S., and this risk has become fundamental to the model. Based on their core competencies, companies decide in which of the two models they are suited to participate. Their individual expertise adds value when they collaborate to deliver a public-private partnership. Finally, further evolution of the Greenfield and Brownfield models depends upon the developments in the U.S. P3 market. / Master of Science

Public-private partnerships (P3) are outperforming other delivery methods in their ability to meet sustainability objectives. The main driver for decisions in any project has been seen as linked to a cost analysis. This research aims to determine why and how P3 projects are more likely to implement more effective sustainable decisions throughout a project's lifecycle. In this context, the decision-making is directed explicitly at the project team's reasoning for implementing sustainable practices beyond cost-effectiveness. The researcher generated questions to ask potential project teams to understand why and how P3 projects were better at implementing sustainable decisions. Sustainability was operationalized using Envision's framework. Interviews with project teams that utilized the P3 project delivery method and received the highest sustainability rating provided a first-hand account of the decision-making process. The interviews are analyzed utilizing framework analysis. The results will identify the motivations for implementing sustainability. The results suggest that the P3 contract structure is the most compelling reason these projects can implement sustainable decisions better than other project delivery methods. The written requirements from the contract documents or legislative requirements and the Contractor's desire to do a good job are other drivers for this increased sustainability. / Master of Science / The infrastructure in the United States is reaching the end of its useful life. These assets need significant investments to continue serving their original function. Various project delivery methods exist that either deliver a product or a service. Delivery methods such as design-bid-build or design-build focus on delivering an asset such as a bridge or road at the end of the contract. The public-private partnership (P3) delivery method focuses on delivering an asset and operating that asset for an extended period until the end of the contract, typically no less than 25 years. Building these assets sustainably will help drive down costs and increase useful life. Sustainability goals cover the economic, environmental, and social aspects of the project. The economic goals include providing a responsible cost-benefit to the users or taxpayers and lasting for an extended period. The environmental goals include minimizing the project's impact on the environment. The social goals include building the right project so that it solves the correct community issue. The P3 delivery method of delivering an asset and service has outperformed other delivery methods in sustainability. This paper explored the reasons that project teams make decisions to include sustainable choices throughout their project contract.

Innovation is a popular topic that receives significant attention from both organizations and academics. This attention includes scholars, executives, public entities, and private organizations in the construction and infrastructure fields. Scholars have examined innovation in both construction and public-private partnerships (P3s). Despite this work, gaps remain — particularly regarding the impact of project-level factors on technical innovation in P3s. Hence, this dissertation contributes to the areas of infrastructure innovation and P3s using a three pronged approach. First, exploration of the literature identified 348 factors that drive or inhibit innovation in infrastructure projects. These factors were synthesized into 33 aggregate factors such as client, integration, and risk. Subsequently, case interviews with practitioners revealed 110 factors that influence innovation in P3 projects; these were further grouped into six main categories. Literature and practitioner perspectives were strongly aligned around four predominant factors influencing innovation in P3 projects: i) risk, ii) client, iii) procurement, and iv) project type. Second, a framework to identify and classify project level innovation was derived and tested using deviations from project baselines submitted as alternative technical concepts (ATCs) in four infrastructure project procurements. The developed framework provides the infrastructure and construction community with a replicable approach to assess technical enhancements in projects to determine whether they are innovative or not and if so the type of innovation. Application of the framework classified only 7 of 53 ATCs from the four projects as innovative. However, the remainder added significant value through cost savings, improved safety or operational efficiency. Lastly, a case study of six contemporary US highway P3 projects: i) Elizabeth River Tunnels in Virginia; ii) East End Crossing in Indiana; iii) North Tarrant Expressway segments 3AandB in Texas; iv) I-4 Ultimate Improvement in Florida; v) I-77 HOT Lanes in North Carolina; and vi) SH 288 Toll Lanes in Texas was conducted to determine the types of innovation found and to assess the influence of key project characteristics on P3 technical innovation. Technical enhancements proposed by concessionaires were assessed using project documentation and semi-structured interviews with 23 experienced public and private sector project participants. Innovations were uncovered, albeit limited. Procurement, project type, and payment mechanism (demand risk/traffic risk) were the key project characteristics influencing innovation. Further, these same characteristics promoted added-value in the form of increased safety, reduced project durations, and decreased project costs. Together, the three studies advance our understanding of the effect of project attributes on technical innovation and value creation in infrastructure public-private arrangements. / PHD / Governments around the world are using public-private partnerships (P3s) to provide needed infrastructure. They often claim that the involvement of the private sector in the delivery of infrastructure will generate various benefits, particularly innovation. However, public agencies and private infrastructure developers provide limited evidence of innovation outcomes. While academic scholars have explored the topic, the studies are limited and have generated alternative results. This dissertation contributes to the areas of infrastructure innovation and P3s with three independent but interrelated studies. First, the exploration of the literature and the perspectives of 23 experienced project participants identified four predominant factors that influence the occurrence of innovation in P3 projects: i) risk, ii) client, iii) procurement, and iv) project type. Second, a framework to identify and classify project level technical innovations in a replicable and transparent manner was developed and tested. Lastly, a multi-case study approach was adopted to determine the types of innovation found and to assess the influence of key project characteristics on P3 project technical innovation. Project documentation was assessed and interviews were conducted with public and private participants in six contemporary US highway P3 projects. Technical innovation was found within the cases, albeit limited. Demand risk and involving the private partner early were two of the most influential project characteristics on technical innovation. Further, these two characteristics promoted added-value technical enhancements through increased safety, reduced project durations, and decreased project costs.

Yes

O objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar as principais contribuições internacionais de experiências bem sucedidas em parcerias público-privadas (PPPs) que possam colaborar na sua implementação no Brasil. Caracteriza, exploratoriamente, a utilização de PPPs na Irlanda e no Chile. Optou-se pela Irlanda, pois trata-se de um país integrante de um continente precursor da implementação das PPPs, que conta com uma forte colaboração da comissão européia na prática das PPPs por meio de suas diretrizes. E, também, pelo Chile por ser um país da América do Sul, com necessidade de infra-estrutura, que conta com experiências de sucesso de utilização de PPP, além de aproximar-se economicamente da realidade brasileira. A relevância do assunto é evidenciada em diversas obras consultadas, como: Borges e Neves, 2005; STN, 2004; International Monetary Fund, 2004; Clasen, 2002; Shaoul, 2003; Zhang, 2006; Bradford, 2003; Samii, Wassenhove e Bhattachaya, 2002. Este trabalho possui como método o tipo qualitativo, com objetivo exploratório-descritivo, apresentando uma estratégia com estudo de caso com dados secundários. As informações são concentradas na experiência da Irlanda e do Chile, com a apresentação da utilização das PPPs no setor transportes (rodovias). / The objective of the present work is to identify the main international contributions of parcerias público-privadas (PPPs) of experiences well happened that can collaborate in the implementation of these in Brazil. It is characterizes, an exploratory way, the utilization PPPs projets in Ireland and on Chile. It has opted for Ireland, because this country is part of a precursory continent which implement PPPs, Europe, counting with a strong collaboration of the european commission in practice of PPPs through their guidelines. And also for Chile, a south america country with extreme infrastructure need that counts with experiences of success of use of PPP besides this country approximates economically of brazilian reality. The relevance of the subject is evidenced in several works like: Borges e Neves, 2005; STN, 2004; International Monetary Fund, 2004; Clasen, 2002; Shaoul, 2003; Zhang, 2006; Bradford, 2003; Samii, Wassenhove e Bhattachaya, 2002. This work presents as qualitative method, with exploratory objective, presenting a strategy with case study with secondary data. The information are concentrated in the experience of Ireland and Chile, with the presentation of use of the PPPs in the sector transports (highways).

Background. Globalization and growing concerns for good governance and effectivenessput emphasis on addressing cross-border challenges to which single public organizationsor private companies face barriers. Transnational public-private partnerships (PPPs) areincreasingly used to bring multi-actor and cross-sector solutions to global issues rangingfrom economic development to environmental sustainability to social policies. As privateand public actors participating in transnational PPPs are guided by their own motives thatsignificantly differ from each other, they might enter into conflict with those of thecollaborating sector. Moreover, attention paid by private and public actors to sustainingtheir own identities and fulfilling their own motives might lead to a situation when actorswould be more oriented to achieving their specific goals that are not closely related to thepurposes of partnerships. Partners should consider possible impacts of their decisions onthe overall purpose of partnership in order to not undermine the ability to deliver theexpected results and services.Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the motives of private actors forparticipating in short-term transnational PPPs and their influence on the achievement ofpurposes of such partnerships.Hypotheses. Based on the literature review, three research hypotheses are formulated: 1.Private actors participating in short-term transnational PPPs are guided by financialmotives to the least extent. 2. The specific motives of private actors differ considerablydepending on which type of short-term transnational PPPs they participate in. 3. Themotives of private actors except from financial motives have a positive influence on theachievement of purposes of short-term transnational PPPs.Method: Primary data have been gathered through a questionnaire-based surveyconducted among private companies participating in North Sea Region and CentralEurope programmes within INTERREG B - initiative for transnational cooperation.Empirical data have been analyzed using statistical methods such as factor analysis andmultiple regression analysis.Conclusion. By examining the underlying structure through factor analysis, the motivesof private actors have been divided into four groups such as financial, market-related,capacity building and social and political motives. According to the results of the analysis,private actors participating in short-term transnational PPPs consider financial motives asless important than capacity building, social and political and market-related motives.ivComparisons of the most important motives indicated by private actors have not detectedconsiderable differences depending on the types of PPPs. As identified through regressionanalysis, the influence of capacity building and market-related motives of private actors onthe achievement of overall purpose of partnership is positive, while their financial motivesaffect negatively the result of short-term transnational PPPs.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar as principais contribuições internacionais de experiências bem sucedidas em parcerias público-privadas (PPPs) que possam colaborar na sua implementação no Brasil. Caracteriza, exploratoriamente, a utilização de PPPs na Irlanda e no Chile. Optou-se pela Irlanda, pois trata-se de um país integrante de um continente precursor da implementação das PPPs, que conta com uma forte colaboração da comissão européia na prática das PPPs por meio de suas diretrizes. E, também, pelo Chile por ser um país da América do Sul, com necessidade de infra-estrutura, que conta com experiências de sucesso de utilização de PPP, além de aproximar-se economicamente da realidade brasileira. A relevância do assunto é evidenciada em diversas obras consultadas, como: Borges e Neves, 2005; STN, 2004; International Monetary Fund, 2004; Clasen, 2002; Shaoul, 2003; Zhang, 2006; Bradford, 2003; Samii, Wassenhove e Bhattachaya, 2002. Este trabalho possui como método o tipo qualitativo, com objetivo exploratório-descritivo, apresentando uma estratégia com estudo de caso com dados secundários. As informações são concentradas na experiência da Irlanda e do Chile, com a apresentação da utilização das PPPs no setor transportes (rodovias). / The objective of the present work is to identify the main international contributions of parcerias público-privadas (PPPs) of experiences well happened that can collaborate in the implementation of these in Brazil. It is characterizes, an exploratory way, the utilization PPPs projets in Ireland and on Chile. It has opted for Ireland, because this country is part of a precursory continent which implement PPPs, Europe, counting with a strong collaboration of the european commission in practice of PPPs through their guidelines. And also for Chile, a south america country with extreme infrastructure need that counts with experiences of success of use of PPP besides this country approximates economically of brazilian reality. The relevance of the subject is evidenced in several works like: Borges e Neves, 2005; STN, 2004; International Monetary Fund, 2004; Clasen, 2002; Shaoul, 2003; Zhang, 2006; Bradford, 2003; Samii, Wassenhove e Bhattachaya, 2002. This work presents as qualitative method, with exploratory objective, presenting a strategy with case study with secondary data. The information are concentrated in the experience of Ireland and Chile, with the presentation of use of the PPPs in the sector transports (highways).

Öffentlich Private Partnerschaften (ÖPPs) haben in den letzten zehn bis fünfzehn Jahren in Deutschland einen beachtlichen Stellenwert erreicht. Auch zukünftig ist aufgrund der Finanzkrise der Kommunen mit einem weiteren Bedeutungszuwachs zu rechnen. Damit ÖPPs die von der öffentlichen Hand gewünschten Vorteile mit sich bringen können, wie zum Beispiel die Entlastung des öffentlichen Haushalts oder Effizienzsteigerungen, sollten sie im Vorfeld und im Tagesgeschäft aktiv und umsichtig begleitet werden. In diesem Zusammenhang ergibt sich der Ansatzpunkt für die Themenstellung der Dissertation sowie angesichts der Erkenntnis, dass bisher noch keine umfassend fundierten und systematischen Untersuchungen vorliegen, welche die bestehenden Praxiserfahrungen mit ÖPPs mit anwendbaren Theorien in Verbindung setzen und Entscheidungshilfen für öffentliche Akteure ableiten. Aufgrund der verschiedenen möglichen Ausprägungsformen wurde eine Eingrenzung des Themas auf institutionelle ÖPPs auf kommunaler Ebene vorgenommen. Die Untersuchung beginnt mit der Auseinandersetzung der Grundlagen zu ÖPPs, um ein generelles Verständnis für dieses Themengebiet zu schaffen. Nachdem der Begriff erläutert und Merkmale von ÖPPs herausgearbeitet wurden, erfolgt eine Abgrenzung zwischen vertraglichen und institutionellen ÖPPs. Daraufhin werden mögliche Motive der öffentlichen und privaten Seite beim Eingehen einer solchen Partnerschaft aufgeführt sowie erste mögliche Chancen und Risiken skizziert. Im Anschluss erfolgt mit Hilfe der wissenschaftlichen Theorie des Neuen Institutionalismus eine vertiefende Analyse zu institutionellen ÖPPs. Dabei schließt sich die Dissertation an die von Mayntz und Scharpf vorgenommene Einteilung in einen ökonomischen, (organisations-) soziologischen und politikwissenschaftlichen Neo-Institutionalismus an. Der Neue Ökonomische Institutionalismus wurde anhand der drei Teillehren Transaktionskostentheorie, Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie und Theorie der Verfügungsrechte untersucht. Zunächst werden theoretische Erkenntnisse zu den einzelnen Theorien herausgearbeitet und erste Schlussfolgerungen für institutionelle ÖPPs gezogen. Daraus werden nachfolgend Untersuchungskriterien in Form von Fragestellungen für den späteren Fallstudienvergleich entwickelt. Nach Abschluss des Theorieteils erfolgt eine Betrachtung institutioneller ÖPPs aus realer empirischer Sicht. Hierzu werden Fallstudien vorgestellt und an den Untersuchungskriterien, welche aus den einzelnen Theorien abgeleitet wurden, gespiegelt. Zuerst werden recherchierte Fallstudien analysiert, beginnend mit den Teilprivatisierungen der Stadtentwässerung Dresden GmbH und der Stadtwerke Görlitz AG, bei denen sich die Zusammenarbeit wohl positiv entwickelt. Als Negativbeispiel wird dann auf die Privatisierung der Wasserversorgung von Grenoble und ihre spätere Rekommunalisierung eingegangen. Im folgenden Schritt werden Fallstudien aus den realen Erfahrungen des Verfassers diskutiert. Hierbei bildet die Teilprivatisierung und anschließende Rekommunalisierung des Wasserbetriebes in Potsdam den Schwerpunkt. Ergänzt wird dies durch die Darstellung der positiven Zusammenarbeit mit dem privaten Gesellschafter bei der Energie und Wasser Potsdam GmbH. Abschließend werden die anfänglichen Probleme zwischen Kommune und Privat bei der teilprivatisierten STEP Stadtentsorgung Potsdam untersucht und aufgezeigt, wie die Partnerschaft zum Vorteil der öffentlichen Seite verändert wurde. Aus dem Vergleich von Theorie und Praxis konnten wissenschaftlich fundierte Schlussfolgerungen für institutionelle ÖPPs gezogen und Erfolgsfaktoren für das Gelingen einer solchen Kooperation abgeleitet werden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden in Form von Thesen zusammengefasst und dienen als Basis für die Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen für kommunale Akteure beim Eingehen einer institutionellen ÖPP. Zu Beginn erfolgt eine Darstellung der Empfehlungen, die sich aus den Untersuchungskriterien der jeweiligen Theorien ergeben haben. Nachfolgend wird diese Betrachtung erweitert, indem näher auf die wesentlichen Phasen des Entscheidungsfindungsprozesses eingegangen und eine Untersetzung dieser Phasen mit den erarbeiteten Handlungsempfehlungen vorgenommen wird. Auf diese Weise kann den kommunalen Entscheidungsträgern eine sehr praxisnahe Hilfestellung gegeben werden. Insgesamt betrachtet, geht aus der Dissertation ein umfangreicher, fundierter und sehr praxisrelevanter Leitfaden hervor, der wichtige Anhaltspunkte für das Eingehen einer institutionellen ÖPP im kommunalen Bereich gibt. Aus der Spiegelung von Theorie und Praxis werden wertvolle Hinweise abgeleitet, wodurch insbesondere deutlich wird, an welchen Stellen sich die öffentliche Seite absichern sollte. Darüber hinaus können die kommunalen Entscheidungsträger durch die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sensibilisiert und ihr Blick für den individuellen Fall geschärft werden. Letztendlich werden dadurch wichtige Voraussetzungen geschaffen, um ein solches Vorhaben zum Erfolg zu führen. / In the past ten to fifteen years, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have become considerably important. It is also due to the financial crisis, that even in future a further growth is expected in the municipalities. To ensure that the PPPs, which add such desired advantages like reduction of costs for the public budget or increasing the efficiency of the public entity, they should be actively and carefully guided prior to its formation as well as during the day-to-day business. This dissertation is based on this context while considering that up to date there have not been any well-founded and systematic researches connecting the existing practical experience with applicable theory and from which advice can be derived for the decision-makers in the public sector. Because of the several formats that are possible, the subject has been limited with a focus on institutional PPPs at municipal level. The research begins with the explanation of the basics of PPPs, offering a general understanding of this subject. The explanation of the concept and the elaboration of the characteristics of PPPs, are then followed by the definition of contractual and institutional PPPs. The possible motives for entering such a partnership on both sides, public and private, are shown on a list as well as an outline of the possible prospects and risks. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis on institutional PPPs is presented, which is based on scientific theory on new institutionalism. For this purpose, the dissertation is linked up with the economical, (organisational) sociological and political scientific classification by Mayntz and Scharpf. The new economic institutionalism was researched with the help of the three part-theories: transaction cost theory, principal agent theory and property rights theory. To begin with, the theoretical perception of each individual theory is developed and first deductions for institutional PPPs are reached. Based on this, the development of research criteria follows, depicted as questions that may arise for comparing future case studies. The conclusion of the theoretical part is followed by a contemplation of institutional PPPs, from an empirical point of view. For this purpose, case studies are presented and reflected onto the research criteria, which had been derived from each individual theory. To begin with, the researched case studies are analysed, starting with the partial privatisation of the Stadtentwässerung Dresden GmbH (Dresden’s municipal water drainage company) and the Stadtwerke Görlitz AG (public utility company of Görlitz), where the collaboration is actually developing in a positive manner. A negative example is depicted in the privatisation of the waterworks of Grenoble and its subsequent reversion to a fully municipal service. In the following step, case studies from the authors’ actual experience are discussed. In this case, the focus is placed on the partial privatisation and the subsequent reversion to its municipal status of the waterworks of Potsdam. This is complemented by the portrayal of the positive collaboration between the private partner and Energie und Wasser Potsdam GmbH (Potsdam’s energy and water company). Subsequently, the initial problems that arose during the partial privatisation STEP Stadtentsorgung Potsdam (municipal waste management of Potsdam) between the municipality and the private sector are researched, depicting the positive changes in the partnership, which evolved in favour of the public sector. Founded conclusions for the institutional PPPs were arrived at based on the comparison between theory and practice, and scientific and positive factors for the success of such a co-operation were derived. The knowledge thus gained is summarised in the form of theses, and serve as a basis for the derivation of advice for course of action for municipal decision-makers when entering into an institutional PPP. At the beginning, a portrayal of the advice that is derived from the individual theories is given. This observation is broadened by taking a closer look at the substantial phases of the decision-making process, and by condensing such phases by applying the decision-making advice that has been derived. In this manner the municipal decision-makers are given sound practical advice. Considering the dissertation as a whole, it offers a complete, founded and sound practical guideline, which includes important criteria for entering into institutional PPPs in the municipal sector. From the reflection between theory and practice valuable hints are derived, through which it becomes especially clear which points the public side should secure. Furthermore, the municipal decision-makers can become sensitised by the knowledge gained and sharpen their senses for each individual case. Finally, important conditions are created to ensure the success of such a project.

This research was motivated by the urgent need for global health institutions like the World Health Organization and UNITAID to adopt an informed, market based approach to engaging with the research and development pipeline for drugs that treat children infected with the HIV virus. As the market size for these products declines over the next decade, the usual incentives for pharmaceutical and biotech companies to invest in the development of new drugs and new formulations of existing drugs is likely to dwindle. Innovated solutions are needed if a business case is to be made that addresses this important public health need. The objectives of the research include firstly, describing the public health need for research and development into paediatric Antiretroviral drugs; secondly describing the various stakeholders and their interests; and finally exploring and indentifying potential collaborative / partnership opportunities that can be employed to address the existing public health need while satisfying the various stakeholder interests at play.

While both the concept of Private-Public Partnerships and the research on the topic is not new, PPPs from a market expansion perspective has not been covered to any notable extent, something this thesis aims to rectify. With the importance of relationships in business in emerging markets, the Institutional Network Approach serves as the backdrop for the study, highlighting the interplay between MNE and surrounding institutions. Through three case studies of Swedish MNEs active in PPP-projects in emerging markets, the aim is to develop a model suitable for analyzing MNE engagements in PPP-projects, but also to see if the gains from PPP engagements can constitute a feasible emerging market expansion tool.   The outcome of the study revealed that the studied MNEs primarily sought legitimacy and credibility in their projects, goals which according to MNEs also were acquired, and that the new model to a large extent captured aspects that were identified as important in the firms’ reports from the projects. It was concluded that in order for the PPP to serve as reliable market expansion tool, the firm has to be of MNE-size in terms of resources and ambitions, because smaller firms would struggle to be awarded, or handle, PPP-projects of this size. Previously stated credibility and legitimacy (from the CSR-aspects of the PPP), as well as the long-term collaboration resulting in solid relationships between MNE and institutions, are other benefits.