Social entrepreneurship and international business theory have not been properly introduced. Many authors conducted micro-studies within their field of interest but limited information has been published on the opportunity selection models and entry mode strategies that social entrepreneurs use to venture into foreign countries. The primary purpose of this study was then to introduce these distinct industries to one-another, transferring international business's best practices into the social entrepreneurship arena. The outcome of the study is a Global Social Investment Model that will empower social entrepreneurs and investors with a means to structure their project proposals prior to entering a new country and to highlight problem areas within their existing proposals. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / M.B.L.

This study explores issues of sustainability, viability and stability in the projects funded by the Department of Social Development, situated in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The researcher makes use of a combination of qualitative and quantitative research designs to gather data. The sample consisted of about three members from each of the four projects selected, as well as two officials of the Department of Social Development in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The respondents participated in structured and semi-structured interviews exploring their demographic information, information about the project and how it is managed, views and opinions about differences between a business venture and a project, their understanding of what constitutes a sustainable, viable and stable income-generating project as well as their opinions about what would contribute to ensuring sustainability, viability and stability in these projects. The results of the study reveal that it is important to structure and run the income generating projects using business principles which include vigorous marketing and proper costing. There is also a need to train the participants in business management so that they can run the ventures successfully. It has also become apparent that a clear leader or manager is lacking and thus decision making process is too long, meaning a meeting must take place involving all project members before a decision that affects the operations can be made. Almost all key factors contributing to a sustainable and viable income generating project, as defined by Mango (2004) and Madi (2007) were also found to be lacking in these projects.

El presente documento tiene como objetivo general exponer el proceso de estructuración detrás de la emisión del bono de Abengoa Transmisión Sur S.A. (ATS) y evaluar la emisión como caso de éxito en el Perú para proyectos de inversión de similar naturaleza. Los objetivos específicos del trabajo son: Explicar la adecuación del bono a la estructura contractual y financiera del proyecto de inversión desarrollado por Abengoa Transmisión Sur S.A. Describir los mecanismos aplicados a la emisión para mejorar su atractivo hacia los inversionistas. Diagnosticar el grado de éxito de la emisión en el público inversor. Analizar las implicancias de este tipo de emisión en el mercado de bonos para proyectos de infraestructura en el Perú. Cabe destacar, que este trabajo se realiza en base a la experiencia obtenida durante el proceso de estructuración de la emisión y sobre la información pública disponible de esta. Mi papel en el proceso de estructuración de la emisión abarcó la revisión y negociación de todos los contratos de la emisión con los estructuradores, la revisión del funcionamiento del modelo financiero aplicado, el llenado de los formatos necesarios para proceder con la emisión, la coordinación con asesores legales, consultores de los estructuradores y agencias de rating y atender eventuales consultas de los potenciales inversionistas. El sondeo de precio del bono y la determinación de la tasa de interés cupón aplicable al bono fueron realizados por los estructuradores. Por tanto, se hace el énfasis de que el presente trabajo se expone desde la perspectiva del emisor y no del inversionista. / Trabajo de investigación

The study has empirically examined the relative impact of public and private investment on economic growth and has also tested the crowding in or crowding out effect of public investment on private investment in four Southern African economies – Malawi, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The analysis used annual time-series data covering the period from 1970 to 2014. The study provides new evidence to contribute firstly to the current debate regarding the relative importance of public and private investment in economic growth processes and secondly, on whether public investment crowds in or crowds out private investment in the selected countries. For this purpose, the study employed two empirical models using the recently developed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-bounds testing approach to cointegration. Model 1 examines the relative impact of public and private investment on economic growth while Model 2 investigates the crowding in or crowding out effect of gross public investment and its subcomponents (infrastructural and non-infrastructural) on private investment. The results of Model 1 largely supported the private investment-led economic growth strategy. In all the study countries, private investment had a positive impact on economic growth. Also, public investment positively contributed to economic growth in Zimbabwe, but in the remaining study countries, public investment had a negative relationship with economic growth. Results from Model 2 reveal that: (i) the crowding out effect of gross public investment on private investment predominates in the study countries; (ii) infrastructural public investment crowds in private investment in South Africa and Zimbabwe in the long run while it crowds out private investment in Malawi and Zambia in the short run; and (iii) non-infrastructural public investment crowds out private investment in South Africa and Zambia. On balance, the results from Model 2 show that public investment tends to crowd out private investment in the selected countries and this further underscore the importance of the private sector-led economic growth processes in the study countries. / Economics / D. Phil. (Economics)

Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This research aimed to find out if there is a link between government financial assistance to small-scale hotels and their financial performance in Limpopo province, South Africa. The objectives of the study is to examine the impact of government financial assistance on three financial performance measures, namely, sales turnover, net profits and net asset growth of the small scale-hotels. The research used a quantitative approach. Secondary panel data was collected from the financial statements of six small-scale hotels from 2015 to 2018. Data were analyzed using multiple regression model to arrive at the conclusion. The findings from the data analysis reveal that government financial assistance positively and significantly impact the growth in sales turnover and net profits of the small-scale hotels. Furthermore, the findings show that there is no significant relationship between government financial assistance and net asset growth of small scale hotels. The findings of this research have practical implications for the companies operating in the small-scale hotel sector. In addition, the findings of this study is important for the policy makers, as it highlights the policy gaps existing in the sector. The study recommends further research to examine the relationship between government financial assistance to small-scale hotels and their financial performance.

This dissertation examines the role of public investments in inducing small firms to develop risky, early-stage technologies. It contributes to expanding our understanding of the consequences of research, innovation, and entrepreneurship policies and programs by investigating in more depth the effect of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program on the innovation effort, ability to attract external capital, and other metrics of post-entry performance of small business start-ups using a new sample and estimation approach. Unlike prior R&D subsidy studies that concentrated almost exclusively on European countries, this dissertation focused on small business start-ups in the United States using a new scientific survey of new firms. It integrated the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) from the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation with the SBIR recipient dataset from the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and used advances in statistical matching to achieve better comparability between the treated and control groups of small business start-ups. The integrated KFS-SBA dataset, which contains both recipient and non-recipient small firms, and statistical matching allowed us to empirically construct the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients. This dissertation balanced the pre-treatment characteristics of SBIR recipients and non-recipients through propensity score matching (PSM). It constructed the comparison sample by identifying non-recipients with nearly identical propensity scores as those of SBIR recipients. Consistent with the propensity score theorem, observations with the same distribution of propensity scores have the same distribution of observable characteristics. PSM made the comparison and treatment samples homogenous except in SBIR program exposure, making the fundamental assumption of ignorability of treatment assignment more plausible. Using the realized outcomes of observationally similar non-recipient start-ups as the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients, we found empirical evidence of the input additionality effect of the SBIR program. Had they not applied for and granted SBIR R&D subsidies, recipient start-ups would have spent only $185,000 in R&D, but with SBIR their R&D effort was significantly increased to $663,000, on average. The treatment effects analyses also found a significant positive effect of SBIR on innovation propensity and employment. However, it appears that public co-financing of commercial R&D has crowded-out privately financed R&D of small business start-ups in the United States. A dollar of SBIR subsidy decreased firm-financed R&D by about $0.16. Contrary to prior SBIR studies, we did not find any significant "halo effect" or "certification effect" of receiving an SBIR award on attracting external capital. However, we discovered a different certification effect of the SBIR program: SBIR grantees are more likely to attract external patents. This finding also confirms that innovation requires a portfolio of internal and external knowledge assets as theorized by David Teece and his colleagues. This dissertation's empirical results may be relevant to the Small Business Administration, SBIR participating agencies, the U.S. Congress, other federal, state and local policymakers, small high-tech start-ups, and scholars in the field of science, technology, and innovation policy.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2004.

This diploma thesis is about an evaluation of risks of public investment projects. The first part of the thesis is focused on explanation of an essential terms relating to an economic evaluation and the evaluation of risks of public investment projects. The second part is defining a project and a practical elaboration of the analysis of project risks.

The required goal of the Diploma thesis is the evaluation of the public investment project in Staré Město and the proposal for its possible variants. An analysis of individual variants and a final evaluation of whether the project of a parking house in Nádražní Street in Staré Město is effective and feasible will be carried out.

Real estate market prices have proven to be influenced by many driving factors. As suggested by Tiebout's (1956) model, the level of public services was believed to influence people's decision to move geographically, which was called "voting with their feet". The panel data used in this paper were the market price of one- or two- dwelling buildings and the per capita cost of public investment factors in 290 municipalities in Sweden for the period 2011 to 2020. The principal component analysis method was firstly performed to dimensionalize the data and create new index variables. A panel vector autoregressive model based on the GMM estimator was developed, and cluster robust standard errors were used to address autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. The empirical results showed that in addition to demographic variables, the principal components of government investment variables in traffic infrastructure, youth education and comprehensive health care, had a positive stimulating effect on real estate prices. The results of Granger causality tests showed a positive effect of the increment in house prices on investment in public activities. The IRF plots and variance decomposition of the first-order difference in real estate prices over the next ten periods showed that despite the presence of positive stimulus for public investment, house prices were more independent in the future, which indicated the dominant factor in the movements was itself. / Priserna på fastighetsmarknaden har visat sig påverkas av många faktorer. Enligt Tiebouts (1956) modell trodde man att nivån på de offentliga tjänsterna påverkade människors beslut att flytta geografiskt, vilket kallades "rösta med fötterna". De paneldata som används i denna artikel är marknadspriset på en- eller tvåbostadshus och kostnaden per capita för offentliga investeringsfaktorer i 290 kommuner i Sverige för perioden 2011-2020. Först utfördes PCA-metoden för att dimensionera data och skapa nya indexvariabler. En auktoregressiv panelvektormodell baserad på GMM-estimatorn utvecklades, och klusterrobusta standardfel användes för att hantera autokorrelation och heteroskedasticitet. De empiriska resultaten visade att förutom demografiska variabler hade huvudkomponenterna i de statliga investeringsvariablerna i trafikinfrastruktur, ungdomsutbildning och omfattande hälsovård en positiv stimulerande effekt på fastighetspriserna. Resultaten av Granger-kausalitetstesterna visade att ökningen av huspriserna har en positiv effekt på investeringar i offentlig verksamhet. IRF-plottarna och variansdekompositionen av första ordningens skillnad i fastighetspriserna under de följande tio perioderna visade att trots positiva stimulansåtgärder för offentliga investeringar var huspriserna mer oberoende i framtiden, vilket tydde på att den dominerande faktorn i rörelserna var sig själv.