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Earlier human and animal studies have indicated abnormal striatal GABAergic interneurons relating to autism spectrum disorder’s (ASD) core features such as stereotypic repetitive behaviors, impaired language and motor skills, and social interactions. Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellum are of great interest in ASD; earlier research has reported a loss of PCs, irregularities within deep cerebellar nuclei, a lower level of GAD67 (glutamic acid decarboxylase) mRNA expressed on PCs, and reduced parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in cortex and hippocampus. In this study, in-situ hybridization was used to quantify the levels of PV mRNA in PCs in post-mortem human autism and control cerebellum sections. Two-tailed t-test analysis of the data showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in PV mRNA level on PCs in autism compared to control sections. In addition, when comparing two groups (seizure and no seizure) in autism sections, no statistical significance was observed. Post-mortem interval (PMI) and age was compared between the PV mRNA levels in autism and control. Only weak negative correlation was found among age and PV mRNA levels in both groups. This report of decreased PV mRNA level in autism cases further supported previous research findings related to PCs and also confirmed interference with the inhibitory function of PCs to deep cerebellar nuclei and the cortex resulting in behavioral and motor impairments in ASD.

Several cytochemical studies of the DNA content and ploidy status of neuronal cell nuclei in the central nervous system have reported the occurrence of hyperdiploid amounts of DNA in Purkinje cells and suggest the existence of some type of ‘extra’ DNA, the biological significance of which is, as yet, unknown. To explore this phenomenon further, the DNA content of glial and Purkinje cell nuclei was determined in several vertebrate species, using the DNA‐specific fluorochrome 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) to stain isolated cerebellar nuclei for analysis with a single parameter flow cytometer. The Feulgen reaction for DNA was used to stain liver and cerebellar tissue imprints for the measurement of individual nuclei with a Vickers M86 integrating microdensitometer. In both types of analyses, chicken erythrocyte nuclei served as an internal reference standard of 2.5 pg DNA per cell. The mean DNA content of Purkinje cells and glial or granule cells was essentially the same as that found for diploid (2C) non‐neuronal cells, such as hepatocytes, in rainbow trout, Amazon molly fish, salamander (Plethodon), mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, dog, monkey and human. Although Purkinje cell nuclei with 4C DNA levels were found in all of these species, except salamander and rabbit, the frequency of such cells was low (1–7%) and varied with the species. There was a low incidence of Purkinje cell nuclei with interclass DNA amounts in all species examined. Our data show that most neuronal cell nuclei in the cerebellum contain 2C levels of DNA.

Performance motor errors trigger animals’ adaptive learning behaviors to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the movement. The cerebellum is one of the key brain centers for encoding motor performance and motor learning. Climbing fibers relay information related to motor errors to the cerebellar cortex, evoking elevation of intracellular Ca2+ signals at Purkinje cell dendrites and inducing plasticity at coactive parallel fiber synapses, ultimately recalibrating sensorimotor associations to alter behavior. Molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) inhibit Purkinje cells to modulate dendritic excitability and action potential output. How MLIs contribute to the regulation and encoding of climbing fiber-evoked adaptive movements remains poorly understood. In this dissertation, I used genetic tools to manipulate the activity of MLIs while monitoring Purkinje cell dendritic activity during a cerebellum-dependent motor learning task with different contexts to evaluate how MLIs are involved in this process. The results show that by suppressing dendritic Ca2+ signals in Purkinje cells, MLI activity coincident with climbing fiber-mediated excitation prevents the occurrence of learning when adaptation is not necessary. On the other hand, with error signals present, disinhibition onto Purkinje cells, mediated by MLI-MLI microcircuit, unlocked the ability of climbing fibers to induce plasticity and motor learning. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

La mort cellulaire programmée est un processus essentiel dans le développement du système nerveux central. Les cellules de Purkinje, en culture organotypique de cervelet, meurent si le tissu est prélevé durant la première semaine postnatale. En dehors de cette période critique, elles survivent. Cette mort massive en culture est supposée refléter un processus naturel dans le cervelet immature. Il a été préalablement démontré que le stéroïde de synthèse mifépristone permet de sauver ces neurones de la mort par un mécanisme qui induit leur dépolarisation. Nous montrons que la libération spontanée du neurotransmetteur GABA induit l’activation des récepteurs GABAA, laquelle entraine une décharge à haute fréquence et la mort des cellules de Purkinje. Cette toxicité du GABA est aussi accompagnée d’une libération de calcium intracellulaire. La mifépristone dépolarise le potentiel de membrane des cellules de Purkinje à une valeur supérieure au potentiel d’inversion du chlore, abolissant ainsi toute décharge et les conductances GABAergiques. De plus, le stéroïde exerce son effet neuroprotecteur par l’intermédiaire du BDNF et de l’inhibition de la voie de la MAP-kinase p38. Ces données représentent une piste nouvelle dans la recherche de traitements prévenant la toxicité du GABA dans le cerveau immature. / Programmed cell death is an essential feature of the central nervous system during development. Purkinje cells, in cerebellar organotypic slice cultures, die when tissue is taken from one-week-old animals. Beyond this critical period, they survive. This massive death is supposed to reflect a naturel process occurring in the developing cerebellum. The synthetic steroid mifepristone allows neuron to survive by a mechanism involving depolarization. We show that the spontaneous release of the neurotransmitter GABA induces the activation of GABAA receptors which leads to Purkinje cell firing and death. This GABA toxicity is also accompanied by an intracellular calcium release. Mifepristone depolarizes Purkinje cell membrane potential to a value above chloride reversal potential, thus shunting spiking activity and GABAergic conductance. Moreover, the steroid neuroprotective effect is mediated by the neurotrophic factor BDNF and involves the inhibition of p38 MAP-kinase pathway. Our data provide new insights in the search for treatments preventing GABA toxicity in the developing brain.

Les objectifs de ma thèse ont été de caractériser le développement du gradient en ions chlorures dans les cellules de Purkinje dans un modèle d'étude de l'autisme : les souris exposées de façon prénatale au valproate de sodium. A cette fin, j'ai effectué des mesures éléctrophysiologiques de courants GABAergiques au cours du développement post-natal de ces animaux et des observations histologiques de la densité linéaire en cellules de Purkinje. D'autre part, j'ai participé à une étude comportementale visant à étudier l'influence d'un composé modulant le gradient en ions chlorures dans deux modèles génétiques d'étude de l'autisme : les souris Oprm1-/- et les souris Fmr1-/-. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai mis en évidence un retard du développement du gradient en ions chlorures. J'ai également montré qu'une exposition prénatale au valproate de sodium induisait une perte post-natale en cellules de Purkinje. Enfin, le composé avec lequel j'ai travaillé améliore le phénotype autistique et laisse entrevoir un fort potentiel translationnel. / The aims of my PhD were to characterize the development of the chloride gradient in Purkinje cells in a model of autism: mice prenatally exposed to sodium valproate. To this end, I measured GABAergic currents along the post-natal development of these mice and made histological observations of the Purkinje cells linear density. Secondly, I took part of a behavioral study to test the influence of a compound acting on the chloride gradient in two genetic models of autism: Oprm1-/- and Fmr1-/- mice. During my thesis I showed a delay in the development of the chloride gradient. I also observed that a prenatal exposition of sodium valproate induced a post-natal Purkinje cells loss. Finally, the compound I worked with improves the autistic phenotype and opens the perspective for translational potential.

The small- and intermediate-conductance Ca2+ activated K + (SK/IK) channels play a fundamental role in the regulation of neurons in the central nervous system. In animal models, SK/IK channel positive modulators have been shown to be effective in reducing the symptoms of neurological diseases such as ataxia. Ataxia is a lethal neurological rare disease characterized by lack of balance and incoordination of muscle movements, often as a result of cerebellar or spinocerebellar neurodegeneration. SK/IK channel modulators have been developed over the past few decades. Currently available modulators are often weak in potency. Lack of knowledge about the binding site for the compounds is the main reason hindering the development of more potent and effective therapeutics targeting SK channels. Dr. Zhang and his colleagues recently discovered the binding pocket for these positive modulators of SK/IK channels. This pocket is located at the interface between the channel and calmodulin. Dr. Zhang and his colleagues performed screening of a large number of compounds in silico, to find those fitting into the binding pocket. I performed electrophysiological recordings to evaluate the efficacy and the potency of these modulators on SK2 channels. We discovered a correlation between the total binding energy values calculated from the structures and the potencies determined from electrophysiological recording.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Biological Sciences)--Vanderbilt University, Dec. 2007. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Centre for Neuroscience. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on August 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.