Orientador: Mônica Alonso Cotta / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T11:07:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MurilloMunar_DuberMarcel_M.pdf: 2543124 bytes, checksum: 3cf9b797cba5e450d6c025e609885768 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como finalidade mostrar a importância dos diferentes modos da Microscopia de Varredura por Ponta de Prova (SPM) numa abordagem complementar para o estudo de dois diferentes sistemas biológicos. O processo de formação de biofilmes da bactéria fitopatogênica Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) foi o primeiro sistema abordado neste trabalho. Neste caso nosso objetivo é levantar informações que possam complementar o modelo mais aceito atualmente e corroborar os resultados obtidos anteriormente em nosso grupo. As amostras foram preparadas sobre substratos de silício recoberto com ouro e cultivadas durante tempos de crescimento de 7, 14 e 21 dias. O principal modo utilizado foi a Microscopia de Força Atômica por Kelvin Probe por modulação de amplitude (AM-KPFM) que fornece o potencial de superfície com resolução nanométrica. Imagens por KPFM foram adquiridas simultaneamente com as de topografia e fase obtidas por Microscopia de Força Atômica no modo não-contato (NC-AFM). Os resultados obtidos revelaram um processo de recobrimento gradual das bactérias por um filme de substância polimérica extracelular (EPS), concordando com os modelos propostos na literatura, porém ainda não comprovados. Imagens adquiridas por microscopia óptica (MO) mostram um desenvolvimento mais lento dos biofilmes (BF) em comparação aos resultados de G. S. Lorite para BF sobre substratos de silício obtidos anteriormente em nosso grupo. Isto está de acordo com a preferência das bactérias por superfícies com potenciais mais altos. Um resultado original está na observação de protuberâncias encontradas nas extremidades das bactérias, que mostram sinal elétrico diferenciado do resto da célula. Acreditamos que estas estruturas estão relacionadas ao processo de reprodução, pois aparecem tanto em bactérias isoladas como nas que estão no BF para todos os tempos de crescimento. O segundo sistema estudado foi a formação de estrutura quadrúplex-G de DNA. As amostras de DNA foram preparadas sobre mica e medidas no modo NC-AFM. Embora o DNA seja um sistema muito estudado em AFM, o protocolo de preparação das amostras muda segundo o tipo de estrutura que se queira visualizar. Assim, a maior parte do trabalho neste caso consistiu em desenvolver este protocolo de preparação que permitisse a visualização por AFM das estruturas de interesse. Usando concentrações altas de DNA (5ng/µL) as imagens apresentaram estruturas auto-organizadas que impedem a visualizaçã da estrutura quadrúlex·G. Para concentraçõs menores que 0,5ng/µL conseguimos visualizar moléulas isoladas, mas ainda assim as moléulas nã ficaram num estado relaxado. Um resultado interessante foi encontrado nas imagens de fase de moléulas isoladas (com concentraçã de DNA de 0,1ng/µL) onde se observam diferençs estruturais no interior das moléulas, possivelmente devido àformaçã da estrutura quadrúlex-G. Estas diferençs de fase representam um resultado original e mostram a importâcia da complementaridade dos modos AFM na observaçã de fenôenos biolóicos / Abstract: The aim of this work is to show the importance of different modes of Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) in a complementary approach to the study of two different biological systems. The process of biofilm formation of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) was the first system discussed in this work. In this case our goal is to gather information that complements the currently most accepted model and corroborates the results obtained previously in our group. The samples were prepared on silicon substrates coated with gold and cultivated during 7, 14 and 21 days. The main results were obtained using Kelvin Probe Atomic Force Microscopy with amplitude modulation (AM-KPFM) which provides the surface potential with a nanometric resolution. Images were acquired by KPFM simultaneously with topography and phase images obtained by Atomic Force Microscopy in non-contact mode (NC-AFM). The results revealed a process of gradual coating of the bacteria by a film of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), in agreement with the models proposed in the literature, but not yet proven. Images acquired by optical microscopy (OM) show a slower development of the biofilms (BF) compared to the results of G. S. Lorite for BF on silicon substrates obtained previously in our group. This result agrees with the preference of the bacteria for surfaces with large potentials. An original result is the observation of lumps found at the extremities of the bacteria, which show electrical signal different from the rest of the cell. We believe that these structures are related to the reproduction process as they appear both in isolated bacteria and those on BF for all growth times. The second system studied was the formation of G-quadruplex structure of DNA. DNA samples were prepared on mica and measured in the NC-AFM mode. Although DNA is a well studied system in AFM, the sample preparation protocol changes depending on the type of structure to be viewed. Thus, most of the work described here was to develop the preparation protocol that allows the visualization of the structures of interest by AFM. Using high concentrations of DNA (5ng/µL) the images showed self-organized structures that prevent visualization of G-quadruplex structure. For concentrations less than 0.5 ng/mL we got isolated molecules, but still the molecules were not in a relaxed state. An interesting result was found in the phase images of isolated molecules (with DNA concentration of 0.1 ng/mL) where structural differences are observed within the molecules, possibly due to the formation of G-quadruplex structure. These phase differences represent an original result and show the importance of the complementarity of AFM modes in the observation of biological phenomena / Mestrado / Mestre em Física

The study for surfaced-immobilized nucleic acid probes in nanometer region in response to hybridization and to discrimination ofdifferent target nuclei acids. The hairpin locked nucleic acid (LNA-HP) isselected to be the probe molecule, and target molecules include perfect complementary (PC) and single mismatch (1MM). The self-assembledLNA-HP molecular nanospot is successfully prepared by liquid phaseAFM (Atomic Force Microscope)-based nanolithography technique, then in situ hybridization is carried out by using different targets (PC/1MM).To obtain the information of structure change, we use AFM to analyze therelative heights in the process of hybridization. The experimental results point out that (1) the structure changes of surface probe molecules maycorrelate with the AFM signal when target sequence hybridizes to the probe, (2) miniaturization of the size of the nucleic acid probe may promote hybridization efficiency and enhance the discrimination between PC and 1MM. Studies on whether the different chemical impetus in solution can affect conformation of the human telomeric DNA of sequence is conducted. A human talomeric DNA composed of ( 5¡¦-TTAGGG-3¡¦:5¡¦-CCCTAA-3¡¦ ) repeats, with a 100-200 nt ( T2AG3 ) repetitive unit overhang at 3¡¦ ends is chosen. This extended single-stranded sequence is called G-rich DNA, which forms the special G-quadruplex structure in solution containing sodium ions or potassium ions. The single-stranded sequence composed of ( C3TA2 ) repetitive units called C-rich DNA displays the i-motif folded structure in the low pH environment. These biomimetic DNA¡¦s are thiol-modified to self-assemble on gold surfaces. Separate measurements with AFM (the molecular thickness and rootmean- square roughness of the self-assembly monolayer of DNA ) and CD( circular dichroism ) ( structure characterization ) confirm the conformational changes of G-rich and C-rich DNA¡¦s on gold surface are indeed dependent of the presence of cations and protons.

Le gène TP53 est extrêmement polymorphique avec 85 polymorphismes décrits. Certains de ces polymorphismes sont associés à une augmentation du risque de cancer, par exemple rs10425222 peut moduler les fonctions de p53. Cependant, pour d’autres, comme le rs17878362 qui est le polymorphisme intronique le plus étudié, leur association avec une augmentation du riques au cancer est controversée.Pour analyser l’association entre le polymorphisme rs17878362 et la susceptibilité au cancer, nous avons analysé son rôle dans des contextes de cancers sporadiques et familiaux. Les résultats obtenus pour le polymorphisme rs17878362 sont paradoxaux avec une augmentation des cancers sporadiques associée avec le génotype A2A2 alors que l’allèle A2 est associé avec un effet « protectif » chez les patients atteints du syndrome de Li-Fraumeni porteurs d’une mutation germinale de TP53 situé sur l’haplotype A1. Ces observations suggèrent que des haplotypes spécifiques de TP53 pourraient moduler les capacités suppressives de p53. Une hypothèse possible est que les différents haplotypes de TP53 présenteraienrt des mutations somatiques à des fréquences différentes dans la population.De plus, le gène TP53 exprime différentes isoformes, comme le D40p53, inhibant l’activité suppressive de p53. Le D40p53 peut être produite par le maintien de l’intron 2 par épissage alternatif. Nous avons montré que les G-quadruplexes, des structures tridimensionnelles formées dans des régions riches en G, sont formés dans l’intron 3 et régulent la rétention de l’intron 2 et la formation du transcrit p53I2. Nous avons aussi observé que le polymorphisme rs1652785 (localisé dans l’intron 2) semble réguler la stabilité du p53I2. Ces résultats suggèrent que les polymorphismes de TP53 localisés dans une région de 412 pb située entre l’exon 2 et l’exon 4 régulent l’expression des isoformes de p53 dans une séquence temporelle d’évènements en modulant la formation des pré-ARNm (rs17878362), la stabilité des ARNm (rs1642785) et les fonctions protéiques (rs10425222).L’expression des isoformes de p53 est donc finement régulée par des mécanismes impliquant les polymorphismes de TP53 qui sont aussi associés avec une altération dans la susceptibilité au cancer. / The TP53 gene is a highly polymorphic gene with 85 polymorphisms described. Some of these have been associated with an increase of cancer susceptibility, for example rs10425222 that can modulate certain p53 activities. However for others such as rs17878362, the most studied intronic polymorphism, the association with cancer risk is more controversial. To investigate the influence of rs17878362 on cancer susceptibility, we analysed its role in sporadic and familial contexts. The results are paradoxical with an increase of sporadic cancer associated with the rs17878362 A2A2 genotype whereas the rs17878362 A2 allele is associated with a “protective” effect in the context of Li-Fraumeni patients carrying a TP53 germline mutation on an A1 haplotype. These observations suggest that specific TP53 haplotypes could modulate p53’s tumour suppression capacities. A possible hypothesis to explain this could be that somatic mutations are carried on different haplotypes of TP53 present at different allele frequencies in the population. In addition, TP53 is expressed as several protein isoforms, such as D40p53, which inhibits p53’s suppressive activity. D40p53 can be produced from an alternative spliced transcript that retains intron 2. We have shown that G-quadruplexes, tri-dimensional structures formed in G-rich sequences, are formed in intron 3 and regulate the retention of intron 2 and the formation of the p53I2 transcript. We also observed that rs1642785 (located in intron 2) could regulate p53I2’s stability. These results suggest that the TP53 polymorphisms located in a 412 bp region located between exon 2 and exon 4 regulate the expression of p53 isoforms in a temporal sequence of events by modulating the pre-mRNA formation (rs17878362), mRNA stability (rs1642785) and protein functions (rs1042522).p53 isoforms’ expression is thus finely regulated by mechanisms involving TP53 polymorphisms, which are also associated with altered cancer susceptibility.