Blood vessel mimics (BVMs) are tissue engineered blood vessels that are intended as an intermediate testing environment for intravascular devices, such as stents. Specifically, Cal Poly’s Tissue Engineering Lab hypothesizes that BVMs can be used to test endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell responses to existing and new vascular stents. Characterization techniques are required for BVMs to be accepted as a valid testing model, prior to being employed as an in vitro model to determine the effects of medical treatments. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is one available option for evaluating gene expression of tissues. qPCR can be performed on DNA synthesized from RNA isolated from cells, and in this application, will provide quantitative information on what proteins where being transcribed within the cells at the time of RNA isolation. qPCR can be used to determine the proteins expressed in BVMs at baseline in order to then characterize changes in protein expression induced by stent deployment within the BVM. The aim of this thesis was to optimize existing qPCR protocols, and implement the optimized protocols to characterize gene expression of stented and unstented blood vessel mimics (BVMs) and cells from a donor with Diabetes grown in Cal Poly’s Tissue Engineering Laboratory. To accomplish this goal, existing qPCR protocols were evaluated and modified to ensure reproducible, valid results were produced. Standard operating procedures were created for RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, qPCR and qPCR data analysis. Optimized qPCR methods were then applied to BVMs from umbilical and coronary cell sources to compare the models and to study the BVM responses to stent deployment. Additional primers were also identified for potential usage as reference genes and as diabetic markers for diseased BVMs.

No description available.

This thesis provides evidence for the presence of multiple RNAs in the axons and growth cones of developing thalamic cells, particularly the mRNA for the cell adhesion and Wnt-signalling-related molecule b-catenin. After many decades of effort, mRNAs have been shown to be present in the axons of many different systems in recent years. Furthermore, these mRNAs have been shown to be locally translated at the growth cone, and this local translation is required for axons to turn in response to multiple guidance cues. As studies accumulate, it is becoming clear that different axonal systems contain different complements of mRNAs and have different requirements for local translation. One axonal system which has not been investigated to date is the thalamocortical tract. The nuclei of the thalamus are connected to the areas of the cortex via bundles of axons which travel from the thalamus to the cortex via the ventral telencephalon during embyronic development. These axons make a number of turns and are guided by many cues and other axonal tracts before innervating their cortical target. In this thesis, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) approach is developed to isolate multiple mRNAs from developing thalamic axons in vitro, including b-catenin mRNA, b-actin mRNA, 18S ribosomal RNA and ten other mRNAs. The method used should be suitable for use with other axonal systems and also for testing the effect of guidance cues on mRNA expression in axons. The qRT-PCR results for b-catenin, b-actin and 18S have been validated using in situ hybridisation. Analysis of in situ hybridisation results indicates that b-catenin and 18S, but not b-actin, are upregulated in the growth cone compared to the axon. As b-catenin has been shown to be involved in axon guidance via Slit and ephrin guidance cues in other axonal systems, and these guidance cues act upon thalamocortical axons, the identification of b-catenin mRNA in thalamic axons is an important step towards a full understanding of the thalamocortical system. The results presented here indicate that local protein synthesis is likely to occur in thalamic axons as it does in other axonal systems, and that local translation is likely to be important for thalamic axonal responses to guidance cues and other axonal tracts.

The present study investigated the expression profiles of nine genes involved in immune defense of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and their responses to oral administration of beta-1,3-glucan. The nine immune related genes were beta-glucan binding protein-high density lipoprotein (BGBP-HDL), lipopolysaccharide/beta-glucan binding protein (LGBP), hemocyanin, prophenoloxidase (proPO), transglutaminase (TGase), penaeidin-3 (PEN-3), crustin, cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cMnSOD), and lysozyme. A series of experiments were carried out in the study including: (1) cDNA cloning and characterization of proPO and LGBP; (2) tissue mRNA expressions of the nine genes in adult shrimp; (3) expression and localization of the nine genes during larval and postlarval ontogenic development; (4) the effects of dietary beta-1,3-glucan on the expression of the nine genes. The cDNA cloning study showed that the proPO cDNA contains an open reading frame of 2061 bp and encodes a 686 amino-acid peptide. The protein sequence of the proPO has a similarity of 85% with those of Penaeus monodon and P. semisulcatus and has an identity of between 58 and 77% with other crustaceans. Northern blot analysis revealed that proPO was constitutively expressed mainly in hemocytes. Its transcripts were observed in hemocytes and many other tissues when detected with RT-PCR. The results of in situ hybridizations showed that the hemocytes that infiltrated in tissues were responsible for the positive signals. The LGBP cDNA contains an open reading frame of 1104 bp and encodes a 367 amino-acid protein with a 17 a. a. signal peptide. The protein sequence of the LGBP has a similarity of 97% with LGBP of L. stylirostris, >90% identity with BGBP of P. monodon and LGBP of Fenneropenaeus chinensis and has an identity of between 63 and 86% with other crustaceans. Northern blot analysis revealed that LGBP was constitutively expressed mainly in hepatopancreas. The results of in situ hybridizations showed that the hepatopancreatic F cells might be the major cell type for LGBP production. Using the complete cDNAs of proPO and LGBP and partial fragments of the other seven genes, their tissue expressions were analyzed by conventional RT-PCR, quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization. The results demonstrated that BGBP-HDL, LGBP and hemocyanin were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas and their expressions levels were about 10 to 30% those of

Die Intensivierung des Rapsanbaus in den letzten Jahren hat zu einem verstärkten Aufkommen des bodenbürtigen Gefäßpathogens V. longisporum geführt. Die für den Pilz charakteristischen Mikrosklerotien können langjährig im Boden überdauern, akkumulieren und somit zur fortdauernden Bodenkontamination führen. Eine Infektion mit V. longisporum kann bereits im Herbst erfolgen, wenn durch Wurzelexsudate stimulierte Mikrosklerotien auskeimen und direkt die Wurzelepidermis der Rapspflanze penetrieren. Einer sowohl intra-als auch interzellulär gerichteten Ausbreitung bis zu den Gefäßelementen schließt sich eine langanhaltende Phase des Pilzes im Gefäßsystem an. In dieser latenten Phase zeigen sich keine auffälligen Symptome an der Pflanze, erst zum Ende der Pflanzenentwicklung zeigt sich halbseitige Stängelverbräunung und vorzeitige Abreife kann zu Ertragseinbußen führen. Der Pilz bleibt so lange auf die Gefäße beschränkt bis die Pflanze in die Seneszenzphase eintritt. Dann erfolgt eine Besiedelung der angrenzenden parenchymatischen Zellen und die Bildung von Mikrosklerotien. Mit Pflanzenresten können diese wieder in den Boden gelangen. Da derzeit keine adequaten Pflanzenschutzmittel zur Verfügung stehen, ist der Anbau resistenter Sorten eine wirkungsvolle Maßnahme die Verbreitung des Pilzes einzudämmen und der Anreicherung von Mikrosklerotien im Boden entgegenzuwirken. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein entscheidender Beitrag zur Züchtung neuer resistenter Genotypen geleistet. Phänotypisierungen zur Identifizierung resistenter B. napus-Linien (darunter auch DH-Linien) erfolgten unter kontrollierten Bedingungen im Gewächshaus in Göttingen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Resistenz ausgewählter B. napus-Linien in zwei aufeinander folgenden Jahren anhand von Feldversuchen in Göttingen, an verschiedenen Standorten in Norddeutschland und an einem Standort in Südschweden evaluiert. Eine Untersuchung der von 2004 bis 2009 im Gewächshaus getesteten B. napus Akzessionen wurde hinsichtlich der Häufigkeitsverteilungen der berechneten normierten AUDPC-Werte betrachtet. So konnte deutlich gezeigt werden, dass sich das Resistenzlevel in den aktuellsten Screenings deutlich verbessert hat im Vergleich zum Beginn der Screenings. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Screenings wurde deutlich durch die Betrachtung der normierten AUDPC-Werte der Referenzsorten ‘Falcon’ und ‘Express’. So waren die normierten AUDPC-Werte der mittelgradig resistenten Referenzsorte ‘Express’ durchgängig niedriger im Vergleich zu der anfälligen Sorte ‘Falcon’, was für die Robustheit der Methodik spricht. Der Vergleich zwischen Gewächshaus- und Feldversuchen zeigte, dass eine geringe Korrelation zwischen den im Feld und Gewächshaus getesteten Akzessionen besteht und macht die Komplexität der Untersuchungen deutlich. Ein Screening von Genotypen kann jedoch nur schnell und in großem Umfang unter Gewächshaus-Bedingungen erfolgen. Die erweiterte Testung im Feld ist dann jedoch nötig, um die Resistenz unter zusätzlichem abiotischem Stress zu evaluieren. Neben der Bewertung des Befallsgrades (Befallshäufigkeit, Befallsstärke) mittels Stoppelbonitur wurde eine alternative Bewertungsmethode zur Evaluierung der Resistenz im Feld kultivierter Rapspflanzen gegenüber V. longisporum entwickelt. Die Entwicklung einer sensitiven real-time PCR (qPCR)-Methode zur Detektion von V. longisporum in Rapsstängeln beinhaltete die Bewertung zweier unterschiedlicher Primer, abzielend auf die internal transcribed spacer (ITS) Region bzw. auf die β-Tubulin-Region, die hinsichtlich ihrer Sensitivität und Spezifität analysiert wurden. Die hier getesteten ITS-Primer wiesen eine hohe Sensitivität gegenüber genomischer Pilz-DNA auf, jedoch wurde keine Spezifität gegenüber V. longisporum Isolaten festgestellt; vielmehr wurden V. dahliae Isolate und zwei weitere Verticillium Arten mit ITS-Primern detektiert. Das zweite getestete Primerpaar zeigte hingegen eine hohe Spezifität gegenüber V. longsiporum Isolaten, lediglich 3 von 15 getesteten V. longisporum Isolaten wurden nicht erfasst. Die Sensitivität dieser Primer war jedoch im Vergleich zu den ITS-Primern stark verringert. Die ITS-basierte qPCR Analyse führte zur Detektion des Pathogens noch vor der Symptomausbildung im Feld. So konnte in der Saison 2008/09 am Standort Göttingen gezeigt werden, dass frühe Infektionen bereits zu BBCH 65 auftraten und innerhalb weniger Wochen eine massive Besiedelung anfälliger Sorten erfolgte. Zudem konnte die pilzliche DNA-Konzentration in infizierten Rapsstängeln verschieden anfälliger Sorten quantifiziert und eine Korrelation zwischen der herkömmlichen Stoppelbonitur und dem Screening im Gewächshaus hinsichtlich der Einordnung der Resistenzniveaus hergestellt werden. Dies unterstützt die Verwendung der molekularen Methode als Alternative zur Stoppelbonitur. Neben der Verbesserung der Detektion von V. longisporum im Feld wurde die Pathogen-Wirt-Interaktion hinsichtlich der Ausbildung von Resistenzmechanismen charakterisiert. Dazu wurden zwei verschieden anfällige B. napus-Linien nach Inokulation mit V. longisporum sowohl auf histologischer als auch auf molekularbiologischer Ebene im Hypokotylbereich untersucht. Dieser Abschnitt, der den Bereich vom Wurzelhals bis zum Keimblattansatz markiert, konnte in vorangegangenen Untersuchungen als Schlüsselgewebe für die Ausbildung von Resistenzstrukturen identifiziert werden (Eynck et al., 2009). Anknüpfend an diese Untersuchungen wurden mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) genotypabhängige Resistenzstrukturen wie Gefäßverschlüsse und morphologische Veränderungen des Gefäßbereiches untersucht und begleitende qPCR-Messungen dokumentierten die Pathogenausbreitung. Diese ließen erkennen, dass der anfällige Genotyp im Vergleich zum resistenten Genotyp schneller besiedelt wird. Jedoch zeigten beide mit V. longisporum inokulierten Genotypen ähnliche ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen im vaskulären Bereich. So konnten Veränderungen an vaskulären Zellwänden wie elektronendichte Ablagerungen und Degradation primärer Zellwände im Bereich der Tüpfel beobachtet werden. Zudem konnte das Verschließen von Gefäßelementen mittels gelartiger Strukturen nachgewiesen werden. Unsere Untersuchungen lassen vermuten, dass der resistente Genotyp fähig ist Infektionen schneller zu erkennen und Resistenzmechanismen zielgerichteter und intensiver zu aktivieren. Da eine V. longisporum-Infektion in dem untersuchten resistenten Genotyp SEM 05-500256 u. a. zu einer verstärkten Bildung von Gefäßbarrieren im Hypokotylbereich führt (Eynck et al., 2009), wurde eine Beeinträchtigung des pflanzlichen Wassertransportes vermutet. Zur Klärung dieser Frage wurde der resistente Genotyp zusätzlich zu einer Infektion mit V. longisporum Trockenstressbedingungen (30% Feldkapazität) ausgesetzt und physiologische Parameter (Gaswechselmessungen), Befallswerte (AUDPC, Stauchung) und agronomische Parameter (Phänologisches Entwicklungsstadium, Anzahl Seitentriebe, Ertragsparameter) erfasst und im Vergleich zu der anfälligen Sorte ‘Falcon’ evaluiert. Weder die Befallsparameter noch die agronomischen Parameter zeigten eine Beeinträchtigung der Resistenz von SEM bei V. longisporum-Infektion in Kombination mit Trockenstress an.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_wmq_me_jabo.pdf: 763719 bytes, checksum: 21d0bf3b9a629afa4e42b015a9f29722 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de soja no mundo, cuja cultura requer o elemento nitrogênio em quantidades elevadas para manutenção do alto teor protéico dos grãos. A entrada de nitrogênio nos sistemas agrícolas pode ocorrer pela adição de fertilizantes nitrogenados ou por processos naturais como a Fixação Biológica do Nitrogênio, que se constitui como supridor de nitrogênio mais viável para a cultura da soja, tanto economicamente como ecologicamente. Este processo ocorre graças à simbiose que ocorre entre esta leguminosa e as bactérias do gênero Bradyrhizobium, resultando na formação de nódulos radiculares onde se dá a obtenção de todo o nitrogênio que a cultura necessita para alta produtividade. A introdução destas bactérias no solo se dá através da utilização de inoculantes comerciais, que incluem as bactérias Bradyrhizobium elkanii e Bradyrhizobium japonicum em sua composição. Aspectos relacionados à formulação e fabricação dos inoculantes comerciais reúnem os fatores mais importantes para a obtenção de um produto de qualidade, obedecendo à legislação vigente. Tendo em vista a análise de qualidade de inoculantes comerciais para soja em diferentes períodos de armazenamento, um estudo do metabolismo respiratório de bradirrizóbios foi realizado in vitro e em simbiose. Inoculantes comerciais com 12, 27 e 48 meses de idade foram analisados quanto suas características bioquímicas e fisiológicas, assim como testados em casa de vegetação. Adicionalmente, os mesmos testes foram realizados com Bradyrhizobium elkanii sob diferentes condições de oxigênio. Análise da expressão gênica indicou que um processo de expressão de genes relacionados à fixação biológica de nitrogênio (genes sensores a baixas tensões de oxigênio) foram expressos, entretanto não ocorrendo expressão do gene nifH, este só expresso em condições... / Brazil is the second major soybean producer in the world, whose culture requires the element nitrogen in large amounts for the maintenance of the high protein content in grains. The input of nitrogen in agricultural systems can occur by adding nitrogen fertilizer or by natural processes such as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). BNF is the most feasible way to delivery nitrogen for the soybean crop, both economically and ecologically. This process occurs through the symbiosis between the legume and the bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium, resulting in the formation of root nodules where all nitrogen that the crop needs for high productivity is acquired. The introduction of these bacteria in soil is given by use of commercial inoculants, which include the bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii in its composition. Aspects related to formulation and manufacture of inoculants include the most important factors affecting the product quality, according to law. In order to analysis of the quality of commercial inoculants for soybean in different storage periods, a study of respiratory metabolism of bradyrhizobia was performed in vitro and in symbiosis. Inoculants with 12, 27 and 48 months old were analyzed accessing their biochemical and physiological characteristics, and tested at greenhouse. In addition, the same tests were conducted on cultures of Bradyrhizobium elkanii under different oxygen conditions. Analysis of gene expression have indicated that genes related to biological nitrogen fixation (genes sensors at low oxygen tension) were intensively expressed, but not occurring nifH gene expression which is only expressed under symbiosis. Similar data were found for the expression of these genes when B. elkanii grown at different oxygen tensions. These data indicate that as the oxygen level is reduced some genes related to nitrogen fixation are expressed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / Land-based abalone aquaculture in South Africa started in the early 1990s and is based on the local species Haliotis midae. This industry expanded with great success over the last decade. In 2006 abalone exhibiting typical clinical signs of tubercle mycosis was discovered for the first time in South African abalone culture facilities,posing a significant threat to the industry. Halioticida noduliformans, a fungus belonging to the Peronosporomycetes (formerly Oomycetes), has been identified as the causative agent of abalone tubercle mycosis (ATM). While diagnoses of this disease are currently done by gross observation and histopathology, these methods fail to be sensitive enough to identify the causative agent accurately and reliably.Molecular confirmation could provide for quicker more accurate diagnostic information. The aim of this study was to develop a DNA based molecular diagnostic test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to rapidly detect, characterise and identify a variety of organisms. Nucleotide sequences of the smalland large-subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II (cox2) genes of H. noduliformans were compared with closely related Peronosporomycete gene sequences to identify potential PCR primer sites. H. noduliformans specific real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) primer sets were designed and optimised for each of the selected genes. Results indicate that, although all tested primers sets could amplify fungal DNA, only the LSU and cox2 primer sets - v -demonstrated no cross-amplification with the closely related Peronosporomycete and non-fungal DNA tested in the present study. The H. noduliformans specific LSU primer set was chosen for further analysis and used for all subsequent real-time PCR assays. The lowest detection limit for the LSU primer set was evaluated by running Q-PCR on serial dilutions of known quantities of extracted H. noduliformans DNA.Serial dilutions were made in PCR grade water as well as in an abalone tissue matrix.The sensitivity of the Q-PCR reaction was determined to be 266 pg of H.noduliformans DNA per 25 μL reaction volume. However, inclusion of a nested PCR step, utilising universal fungal outer primers, followed by Q-PCR with the H.noduliformans LSU specific primers improved sensitivity to 0.266 pg of H.noduliformans DNA per 25 μL reaction volume. This equates to approximately 2.4spores per 25 μL reaction volume. DNA extraction protocols were optimised to ensure efficient and repeatable extraction of high quality fungal DNA from pure fungus and tissue samples spiked with known quantities of fungal DNA. PCR amplification efficiency and potential inhibition were examined for each extraction method. Results suggest that real-time PCR has great potential in monitoring and quantifying H. noduliformans on abalone culture facilities in South Africa.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Abiotic stress, mainly in the form of extreme temperatures, drought and salinity has caused major crop losses worldwide, putting a severe strain on agriculture. Salinity severely limits plant growth and productivity and affects all aspects of the plant’s development including the most crucial stage; germination. This study investigated the effect of salt (NaCl) stress on Sorghum bicolor seedlings and the role of exogenously applied calcium (Ca2+) to ameliorate the effects of salt stress during germination. Sorghum seeds were germinated in the presence and absence of various NaCl (100, 200 and 300 mM) and Ca2+ (5, 15 and 35 mM) concentrations. Several assays including physiological (germination and growth assays), biochemical (osmolytes and oxidative stress markers), anatomical (epidermal and xylem layers) and expression profiles of key genes [antioxidant (SbSOD, SbAPX2 and SbCAT3), Salt Overly Sensitive (SbSOS1, 2 and 3) pathway enzymes and the vacuolar Na+/H+ exchanger antiporter2 (SbNHX2)] were investigated. Salt stress delayed germination and negatively affected growth as observed by the reduced root and shoot length and decreased fresh and dry weight. There was an increase in proline content and oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) under salt stress. Oxidative stress resulted in damage to the epidermal and xylem layers as observed on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that salt stress induced the expression of SbAPX2, SbCAT3 and SbSOS1 genes, whereas SbSOD4A, SbSOS2, SbSOS3 and SbNHX2 genes were not affected by salt. Exogenous application of Ca2+ counteracted the harmful effects of salt stress by improving germination efficiency, promoting seedling growth, reducing oxidative damage and the Na+/K+ ratio, indicating the protective effect. Ca2+ also effectively protected the epidermis and xylem layers from the severe damage caused by salt stress. In the presence of Ca2+ the expression of SbAPX2 and SbCAT3 was reduced except for the SbNHX2 gene, which increased by 65-fold compared to the control. The results obtained suggests that sorghum is able to respond to salt stress by inducing osmolytes, the antioxidant defence system as well as the SOS pathway. Furthermore, 5 mM Ca2+ was determined as the optimum Ca2+ concentration required to enhance sorghum’s tolerance to salt stress.

Plant alkaloids are secondary metabolites that may be synthesized in an inducible defense response to herbivory (Baldwin 1999). Genetic engineering of secondary metabolic pathways in plants to enhance or reduce metabolite production is limited by the current understanding of these pathways and their regulation in response to environmental conditions. This study was intended to provide new insights into the mechanism and regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis in N. tabacum by identifying genes that are coordinately regulated during conditions that induce alkaloid biosynthesis and by comparing their expression in regulatory mutant backgrounds that differ at two quantitative alkaloid loci, A and B. In order to identify novel genes that are differentially expressed during alkaloid biosynthesis, the transcriptional profiling procedure, fluorescent differential display (FDD), was used to screen total RNA isolated from Burley 21 (WT, AABB) and LA21 (low alkaloid regulatory mutant, aabb) tobacco root cultures that were induced for alkaloid synthesis. Four of thirteen cloned FDD fragments showed sequence homology to genes with defense-related functions. The differential expression of genes represented by selected FDD gene fragments was confirmed by comparing Northern blots of transcripts of those genes to known alkaloid biosynthetic genes, putrescine methyl transferase (PMT3), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC3), arginine decarboxylase (ADC1), and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT). The role of the A and B loci in differential expression of genes represented by FDD clones and of known nicotine biosynthetic genes was examined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) to measure transcript levels of these genes in four tobacco genotypes differing in alkaloid content, Burley 21(AABB), HI21 (AAbb), LI21(aaBB), and LA21 (aabb). Results of this study suggest that the A/B regulon is not limited to alkaloid biosynthetic genes, but includes multiple genes with defense-related functions. QRT-PCR analysis of nicotine biosynthetic genes and genes represented by confirmed differentially expressed FDD clones showed increased mRNA accumulation in response to alkaloid induction in all the tested genotypes, which suggests that the A and B mutations affect overall mRNA accumulation levels, rather than gene inducibility, per se. Baldwin, I.T. 1999. Inducible nicotine production in native Nicotiana as an example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Journal of Chem. Ecol. 25: 3-30. / Master of Science

Le VPH-16 de même que certains VPH, dont le VPH-18, causent le cancer du col utérin. Son intégration dans le génome humain pourrait être un marqueur de progression de l’infection. Les charges virales totale et intégrée sont présentement mesurées en quantifiant par PCR en temps réel les gènes E6 (RT-E6) et E2 (RT-E2-1) du VPH-16. Nous avons évalué l’impact du polymorphisme du gène E2 sur la quantification de l’ADN du VPH-16 dans des spécimens cliniques. Dans un premier temps, le gène E2 de 135 isolats de VPH-16 (123 appartenaient au clade Européen et 12 à des clades non- Européens) fut séquencé. Ensuite, un test de PCR en temps réel ciblant les séquences conservées dans E2 (RT-E2-2) fut développé et optimisé. Cent trente-neuf spécimens (lavages cervicaux et vaginaux) provenant de 74 participantes (58 séropositives pour le VIH, 16 séronégatives pour le VIH) ont été étudiés avec les trois tests E2 (RT-E2-2), E6 (RT-E6) et E2 (RT-E2-1). Les ratios de la quantité d’ADN de VPH-16 mesuré avec RT-E2-2 et RT-E2-1 dans les isolats Européens (médiane, 1.02; intervalle, 0.64-1.80) et Africains 1 (médiane, 0.80; intervalle, 0.53-1.09) sont similaires (P=0.08). Par contre, les ratios mesurés avec les isolats Africains 2 (médiane, 3.23; intervalle, 1.92-3.49) ou Asiatique- Américains (médiane, 3.78; intervalle, 1.47-37) sont nettement supérieurs à ceux obtenus avec les isolats Européens (P<0.02 pour chaque comparaison). Les distributions des quantités de E2 contenues dans les 139 échantillons mesurées avec RT-E2-2 (médiane, 6150) et RT-E2-1 (médiane, 8960) étaient statistiquement différentes (P<0.0001). Nous avons observé que les charges virales totale (odds ratio (OR) OR, 2.16 95% intervalle de confiance (IC) 1.11-4.19), et épisomale du VPH-16 (OR, 2.14 95% IC 1.09-4.19), mais pas la présence de formes intégrées (OR, 3.72 95% IC 1.03-13.4), sont associées aux néoplasies intraepitheliales cervicales de haut grade (CIN-2,3), et ce, en contrôlant pour des facteurs confondants tels que l’âge, le taux de CD4 sanguin, l’infection au VIH, et le polymorphisme de VPH-16. La proportion des échantillons ayant un ratio E6/E2 > 2 pour les femmes sans lésion intraépithéliale (7 de 35) est similaire à celle des femmes avec CIN-2,3 (5 de 11, p=0.24) ou avec CIN- 1 (4 de14, P=0.65). Le polymorphisme du gène E2 est un facteur qui influence la quantification des charges intégrées de VPH-16. / Episomal and integrated HPV-16 loads are currently estimated by quantitation with real-time PCR of HPV-16 E6 (RT-E6) and E2 (RT-E2-1) DNA. We assessed the impact of HPV-16 E2 polymorphism on quantitation of integrated HPV-16 DNA in clinical specimens. First, HPV-16 E2 was sequenced from 135 isolates (123 from European and 12 from non-European lineages). A novel assay targeting conserved HPV-16 E2 sequences (RT-E2-2) was optimized and applied with RT-E6 and RTE2- 1 on 139 HPV-16-positive cervicovaginal lavages collected from 74 women (58 HIV-seropositive, 16 HIV-seronegative). Ratios of HPV-16 DNA copies measured with RT-E2-2 and RT-E2-1 with European (median, 1.02; range, 0.64-1.80) and African 1 (median, 0.80; range, 0.53-1.09) isolates were similar (P=0.08). Ratios obtained with African 2 (median, 3.23; range, 1.92-3.49) or Asian-American (median, 3.78; range, 1.47-37) isolates were greater than those with European isolates (P<0.02 for each comparison). Distributions of HPV-16 E2 copies measured in 139 samples with RT-E2-2 (median, 6150) and RT-E2-1 (median, 8960) were different (P<0.0001). HPV-16 total (odds ratio (OR) OR, 2.16 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-4.19), episomal (OR, 2.14 95% CI 1.09-4.19) but not integrated (OR, 3.72 95% CI 1.03-13.4) load, were associated with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN-2,3) after controlling for age, CD4 count and HIV, and HPV-16 polymorphism. The proportion of samples with an E6/E2 ratio >2 in women without SIL (7 of 35) was similar to that of women with CIN-2,3 (5 of 11, P=0.24) or CIN-1 (4 of 14, P=0.65). E2 polymorphism was a factor that influenced measures of HPV-16 integrated load.