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Orientador: Alberto Vazquez Saa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias_LucianaAparecida_D.pdf: 944370 bytes, checksum: 7dbca4d7a5a1d3081145a59e14a05b42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Mostraremos que as equações de movimento de uma classe de modelos cosmológicos anisotrópicos envolvendo campos escalares com acoplamento não mínimo à gravitação são equivalentes ao fluxo geodésico em certas variedades estendidas munidas de uma métrica não-riemanniana, generalizando alguns trabalhos recentes e permitindo uma melhor classificação dinâmica do espaço de fase das soluções destes modelos cosmológicos. Essencialmente, as técnicas empregadas neste trabalho são uma generalização do conhecido Princípio de Maupertuis-Jacobi da Mecânica Clássica, o qual permite associar o fluxo geodésico de uma métrica particular (a métrica de Jacobi) às equações de movimento de um dado sistema mecânico, tipicamep.te Hamiltoniano. Mostraremos também que a abordagem geométrica baseada na métrica de Eisenhart da mecânica clássica pode ser generalizada de maneira análoga ao do Princípio de Maupertuis-Jacobi para o caso de equações cosmológicas, permitindo a introdução de um outro enfoque geométrico complementar àquele correspondente à generalização' do Princípio de Maupertuis-Jacobi. Estes resultados são aplicados a modelos cosmológicos de quintessência atuais e resultados interessantes e promissores são obtidos / Abstract: We will show that the equations of motion for a class of non-minimally coupled anisotropic scalar-tensorial cosmological models are equivalent to the geodesic fux on certain augmented manifold endowed with a non-Riemannian metric. This result generalizes some recent ones and provides a better dynamical classification of the phase space of such cosmological models. The techniques employed in this work are, basically, a generalization of the well known Maupertuis- Jacobi Principle of Classical Mechanics, which allows us to associate the geodesic flux of a particular metric (the so called Jacobi Metric) to the equations of motion of a given mechanical system, typically a Hamiltonian one. We will show also that the classical geometrical approach based on the Eisenhart metric can be generalized in an analogous way for the cosmological case, leading to another complementary geometrical approach to that one corresponding to the generalization of the Maupertuis-Jacobi Principle. Such results are applied to certain quintessential cosmological models leading to some interesting and promising results / Doutorado / Fisica-Matematica / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

Proporciona los pasos y procedimientos para acceder al recurso Quintessence International.

Proporciona los pasos y procedimientos para acceder al recurso The International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-06T18:02:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DEUSALETE CÂMARA VILAR NETA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 962651 bytes, checksum: a355f6b434b034d2c99fa76a8d757ea5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T18:02:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DEUSALETE CÂMARA VILAR NETA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 962651 bytes, checksum: a355f6b434b034d2c99fa76a8d757ea5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08 / Capes / Modelos cosmológicos envolvendo campos escalares permitem a descrição de uma fase de expansão cósmica acelerada e, portanto, se apresentam como uma alternativa promissora no estudo da inação cósmica e da energia escura. O elemento chave dessa aceleração é a energia escura ou quintessência. Nosso interesse está em analisar soluções cosmológicas baseadas no formalismo de primeira ordem, aqui em particular, o caso para o espaço-tempo plano, por meio do acoplamento de campos escalares, de uma forma não trivial usando o método de extensão. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem calcular parâmetros cosmológicos analíticos, que ilustramos ao longo do texto através de exemplos resolvidos com situações-modelo de possível interesse. Ainda, discutiremos as ferramentas utilizadas em teoria de campos escalares na descrição de defeitos, tomando com o ponto de partida modelos comum campo escalar, e revisando aspectos básicos de teorias que envolvem três campos escalares. Além disso, utilizando o método BPS (Bogomol'nyi, Prasa de Somerfi eld), mostraremos que as soluções das equações de Eüler-Lagrange podem ser satisfeitas através de soluções de equações de primeira ordem. Após todas essas análises, iremos relacionar a teoria de campo escalar com a equação de campo de Einstein. Através dos procedimentos mencionados, esperamos compreender o processo de expansão do Universo acelerado, utilizando as soluções das equações de Friedmann. / Cosmological models involving scalar eld sallow the description of an accelerated cosmic expansion phase, and thus, they appear as apromising alternative in the study of cosmic in action and dark energy. The key element of this acceleration is the dark energy or quintessence. Our interest is to analyze cosmological solutions based on the fi rst-order formalism. In particular, we investigate the case for at space-time, by coupling scalar fi elds in a nontrivial manner using the extension method. The results obtained allowed us to calculate cosmological analytical parameters which are illustrated along the text. Moreover, we will discuss the tools used in scalar eld theory in the defect description, we took as a starting point models with a scalar eld, and by reviewing the basics of theories that involve three scalar elds. Further more, by using the BPS method (Bogomol'nyi, PrasadandSomer eld), we showed that the solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations can be derived from the fi rst-order diferential equations. After all these analyzes, we will connect the fi eld theory tools with the Einstein eld equation. We hope to understand the expansion process of the accelerated universe through the previous procedures and by using the solutions of the Friedmann equations.

I examine the observational effects of a light scalar field with a scalar coupling to masses and a pseudoscalar coupling to light and particle spins. The pseudoscalar coupling to light induces a coupling to atomic spins both by inducing a coupling to particle spins directly, and by interactions with electromagnetic fields in the atom. Experiments measuring the interaction of spins to the gradient of the field are the only known way to measure the strength of the interaction with spins. However, limits on the interaction with light derived from these experiments are barely competitive with the separate astronomical limits on the scalar interaction and the interaction with light. Assuming a low mass of the field, as would be the case if the field acts as quintessence, the polarization rotation of the CMB provides a much tighter limit on the product of the pseudoscalar and scalar interaction strengths.

The astrophysical data of the last two decades have allowed cosmologists to conclude that the present Universe is accelerating. The research carried out to find the origin of this phenomenon has led to the creation of a vast number of dark energy and modified gravity theories, of which the simplest is the ˄CDM model. The latter is, however, plagued with very difficult problems awaiting a solution. The work here presented seeks to contribute to the discussion of the possible explanation for the Cosmos' acceleration and other important questions in modern cosmology using the newest astrophysical observations available. This thesis starts by exploring a dark energy model dubbed thawing quintessence which is characterised by allowing a non constant ratio of pressure to density for dark energy that is however still close to -1 for most of the cosmological evolution, shifting away from this value when the domination of the radiation and matter components fades away. The findings are the most up-to-date constraints for which this model gives a viable theory for dark energy, including a bound on the equation of state at present of w < -0:88. This exact approach was contrasted with the use of an approximate equation-of-state parametrisation for thawing theories. The analysis also includes different parametrisation choices, and comments on the accuracy of the constraints imposed by CMB anisotropies alone. Next, the cosmology of hybrid metric-Palatini gravity is presented. This is a type of Modified Gravity theory in which the Lagrangian density for the gravitational action is a function of the Ricci scalars of both the connection and the metric. The background evolution of two models of this kind is examined explicitly showing the recovery of standard General Relativity at late times. The maximum deviation from the gravitational constant G at early times is constrained using a combination of geometrical data, finding it to be around 1%. A designer scenario, also introduced under the hybrid metric-Palatini formulation, is then used to explore to what extent early modifications of gravity, which become significant after recombination but then decay towards the present, can be constrained by current and future cosmological observations. This model is embedded in the effective field theory description of Horndeski scalar-tensor gravity with an early-time decoupling of the gravitational modification. Applying cosmological data, the constraints on the early-time deviations from General Relativity are obtained. These are dependent on the redshift at which the oscillations in the slip between the gravitational potentials are turned on. For zon = 1000, the deviation from Einstein's theory is ≤ 10-2 with 95% confidence. An explanation of the effect that these divergences have on the CMB power spectrum are discussed, as well as the effect that future 21 cm survey data will have on this study. The last part of this work is a move towards inflation, the early epoch of accelerated expansion undergone by the Universe. Here a parametrisation of the acceleration trajectory is investigated with the aim of measuring the rolling of the inflaton corresponding to the value of the tensor-to-scalar ratio r to be compared with future observations. Considering five ln ε amplitudes and 14 e-foldings, it was found that the posterior distribution of (r,∆Φ) is in very good agreement with Lyth's bound. The analysis included a histogram depiction of the latter result, from which later a minimum constraint on ∆ϕ for each of the bins was found. These outcomes constitute the intermediate step of this project which will be made more accurate by extending it to ~ 50 e-folds, a larger set of cosmological parameters and observational bounds that are restrictive on small scales.

Orientador: Alberto Vazquez Saa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:40:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maurer_ManuelaGibimRodrigues_D.pdf: 2170208 bytes, checksum: c6e199a21845849c79ef9b7ed5cd71da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, a interpretação do cenário cosmológico sofreu inúmeras modificações, devido às contribuições das pesquisas em SNe Ia e em núcleos galáticos. Estes estudos evidenciam a presença de componentes exóticos no universo, a matéria e energia escuras. Os modelos de quintessência descrevem esta energia escura como um campo escalar acoplado à gravidade, considerando todo o universo permeado por ele. Na vizinhança de um buraco negro, este campo deverá ser absorvido, modificando a sua distribuição de massa. Esta acreção de massa exótica vem sendo interligada ao caso de buracos negros primordiais, sugerindo um possível mecanismo para a formação de buracos negros supermassivos. Utilizando uma abordagem quasi-estacionária, consideramos a evolução da massa de um buraco negro de Schwarzschild na presença de um campo cosmológico escalar não minimamente acoplado. A equação da evolução da massa é resolvida analiticamente para um acoplamento genérico, revelando um comportamento qualitativamente diferente do caso de acoplamento mínimo. Em particular, para buraco negros com massas menores que um certo valor crítico, o acréscimo do campo escalar pode levar à diminuição da massa, mesmo se nenhuma energia de phantom for envolvida. A validade física da abordagem quasi-estacionária adotada e algumas implicações do nosso resultado para evolução dos buracos negros primordiais e astrofísicos são discutidas. Mais precisamente, nós discutimos que os dados observacionais de buracos negros poderiam ser usados para colocar restrições no conteúdo de energia não minimamente acoplado / Abstract: In the last years, the interpretation of the cosmological scenario suffered uncountable modifications because of contribution of research in SNe Ia and galactic core. These studies demonstrate the presence of exotics components in the universe, the dark matter and the dark energy. Quintessencial models describe this dark energy as a scalar field coupled to gravity, considering the entire universe permeated by it. In the vicinity of a black hole, this field should be absorbed, modifying its distributions of mass. This accretion of this exotic mass has been interconnected at the case of primordial black holes, suggesting a possible mechanism for the formation of supermassive black holes. By using a quasi-stationary approach, we consider the mass evolution of Schwarzschild black holes in the presence of a nonminimally coupled cosmological scalar field. The mass evolution equation is analytically solved for generic coupling, revealing a qualitatively distinct behavior from the minimal coupling case. In particular, for black hole masses smaller than a certain critical value, the accretion of the scalar field can lead to mass decreasing even if no phantom energy is involved. The physical validity of the adopted quasi-stationary approach and some implications of our result for the evolution of primordial and astrophysical black holes are discussed. More precisely, we argue that black hole observational data could be used to place constraints on the nonminimally coupled energy content of the universe / Doutorado / Física das Particulas Elementares e Campos / Doutora em Ciências

This thesis aims to give an introduction to quintessence models as well ascomparing those models with the currently accepted ΛCDM model. We willconsider quintessence in a spatially flat and isotropic Universe and useregular dynamical systems on a bounded three dimensional phase spacewhere we perform numerical calculations. This enables a globalunderstanding of these models and makes it possible to give thoroughdescriptions of the dynamics. We will discuss the three different types ofquintessence: Thawing, Scaling and Tracking quintessence and comparethem with the ΛCDM model. This thesis is based on several scientific papersand contains new numerical calculations and associated analysis. / Denna kandidatuppsats syfte är att ge en första inblick i kvintessens samtatt jämföra sådana modeller med den nuvarande accepterade ΛCDMmodellen. Vi studerar kvintessens i ett rumshomogent, isotropt och plantUniversum och använder reguljära dynamiska system i ett begränsattredimensionellt fasrum där vi utför numeriska beräkningar. Detta tillåter englobal undersökning av dessa modeller och gör det möjligt att noggrantbeskriva dynamiken. Vi diskuterar de tre olika typerna av kvintessens:”Thawing”, ”Scaling” och ”Tracking” kvintessens och jämför dessa medΛCDM modellen. Uppsatsen är baserad på flertalet vetenskapliga artiklaroch innehåller nya numeriska beräkningar med tillhörande analys.

This Thesis studies some aspects of string compactifications with particular em- phasis on moduli stabilisation and cosmology. In Chapter 1 I motivate the study of string compactifications as a way to build on the successes of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and of the theory of General Relativity. Chapter 2 constitutes an overview of the technical background necessary for the study of flux compactifications. I sketch how the desire to obtain a supersymmet- ric theory in four dimensions constrains us to consider compactifications of the ten dimensional theory in six dimensional Calabi-Yau orientifolds. I argue that it is strictly necessary to stabilise the geometry of this compact space in order to have a phenomenologically viable four dimensional theory. I introduce the large volume scenario of type IIB compactifications that successfully incorporates fluxes and sub- leading corrections to yield a four dimensional theory with broken supersymmetry and all geometrical moduli stabilised. The next four Chapters are devoted to the study of some phenomenological aspects of moduli stabilisation and constitute the original work developed for this Thesis. In Chapter 3 I investigate the consequences of field redefinitions in the stabilisation of moduli and supersymmetry breaking, finding that redefinitions of the small blow- up moduli do not significantly alter the standard picture of moduli stabilisation in the large volume scenario and that the soft supersymmetry breaking terms are generated at the scale of the gravitino mass. Chapter 4 deals with the putative destabilisation of the volume modulus by very dense objects. The analysis of the moduli potential shows that even the densest astrophysical objects cannot destabilise the moduli, and that destabilisation is only achievable in the context of black hole formation and cosmological singularities. In Chapter 5 I present a model of inflation within the large volume scenario. The inflaton is identified with a geometric modulus, the fibre modulus, and its potential generated by poly-instanton effects. The model is shown to be robust and consistent with current observational constraints. In Chapter 6 I introduce a model of quintessence, where the quintessence field and its potential share the same origin with the inflationary model of the previous Chapter. This model constitutes a stringy realisation of supersymmetric large extra dimensions, where supersymmetry, the low gravity scale and the scale of dark energy are intrinsically connected. I conclude in Chapter 7 outlining the direction of future research.