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Deformation theory studies the behavior of mathematical objects, such as representations or modules, under small perturbations. This theory is useful in both pure and applied mathematics and has been used in the proof of many long-standing problems. In particular, in number theory Wiles and Taylor used universal deformation rings of Galois representations in the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. The main motivation for determining universal deformation rings of modules for finite dimensional algebras is that deep results from representation theory can be used to arrive at a better understanding of deformation rings. In this thesis, I study the universal deformation rings of certain modules for algebras of dihedral type of polynomial growth which have been completely classied by Erdmann and Skowronski using quivers and relations. More precisely, let κ be an algebraically closed field and let λ be a κ-algebra of dihedral type which is of polynomial growth. In this thesis, first classify all λ-modules whose stable endomorphism ring is isomorphic to κ and which are given combinatorially by strings, and then I determine the universal deformation ring of each of these modules.

In this thesis, I apply methods from the representation theory of finite dimensional algebras to the study of versal and universal deformation rings. The main idea is that more sophisticated results from representation theory can be used to arrive at a deeper understanding of deformation rings. Such rings arise naturally in a variety of problems in number theory and group representation theory. This thesis has two parts. In the first part, Λ is an arbitrary finite dimensional algebra over a field k. If V is a finitely generated Λ-module, I prove that V has a versal deformation ring R(Λ, V ). Moreover, if Λ is self-injective and the stable endomorphism ring of V is isomorphic to k, then R(Λ, V ) is universal. If additionally A is a Frobenius algebra and Ω(Λ) denotes the syzygy operator over Λ, I show that the universal deformation rings of V and Ω(V) are isomorphic. In the second part, I analyze a particular finite dimensional Frobenius algebra Λ over an algebraically closed field k for which all the finitely generated indecomposable modules can be described combinatorially by using certain words in Λ. I use this description to visualize the indecomposable Λ-modules in the stable Auslander-Reiten quiver of Λ and determine all the components of this stable Auslander-Reiten quiver which contain Λ-modules whose endomorphism ring is isomorphic to k. Finally I determine the universal deformation rings of all the modules in these components whose stable endomorphism ring is isomorphic to k.

Cette thèse s’articule autour des espaces de modules de représentations de carquois arbitraires, c’est-à-dire possédant d’éventuelles boucles. Nous obtenons trois types de résultats. Le premier concerne la base canonique de Lusztig, dont la définition est étendue à notre cadre, notamment en introduisant une algèbre de Hopf généralisant les groupes quantiques usuels (i.e. associés aux algèbres de Kac-Moody symétriques). On démontre au passage une conjecture faite par Lusztig en 1993, portant sur la catégorie de faisceaux pervers qu’il définit sur les variétés de représentations de carquois.Le second type de résultats, également inspiré par le travail de Lusztig, concerne la base semi- canonique et la variété Lagrangienne nilpotent de Lusztig. Pour un carquois arbitraire, on définit des sous-variétés de représentations semi-nilpotentes Λ(α), et nous montrons qu’elles sont Lagrangiennes. La démonstration repose sur l’existence de fibrations affines partielles entre diverses composantes de Λ(α), contrôlées par une combinatoire précise. Nous définissons une algèbre de convolution de fonctions constructibles sur ⊔Λ(α), et montrons qu’elle possède une base formée de fonctions quasi- caractéristiques des composantes irréductibles des Λ(α). La structure combinatoire qui se dégage ici est analogue à celle obtenue sur les faisceaux pervers de Lusztig, et fait apparaître des opérateurs plus généraux que ceux décrits par les cristaux de Kashiwara.Le troisième thème considéré est celui des variétés carquois de Nakajima, dont l’étude géomé- trique menée ici permet, conjointement avec ce qui est fait précédemment, de donner une définition de cristaux de Kashiwara généralisés. On définit à nouveau des sous-variétés Lagrangiennes, ainsi qu’un produit tensoriel sur leurs composantes irréductibles, comme fait dans le cas classique par Nakajima. / This thesis is about the moduli spaces of representations of arbitrary quivers, i.e. possibly carrying loops. We obtain three types of results. The first one deals with the Lusztig canonical basis, whose definition is here extended to our framework, thanks in particular to the definition of a Hopf algebra generalizing the usual quantum groups (i.e. associated to symmetric Kac-Moody algebras). We also prove a conjecture raised by Lusztig in 1993, which concerns the category of perverse sheaves he defines on varieties of representations of quivers.The second type of results, also inspired by the work of Lusztig, concerns the semicanonical basis. For an arbitrary quiver, we define subvarieties of seminilpotent representations Λ(α), and we show that they are Lagrangian. The proof relies on the existence of partial affine fibrations between some irreducible components of Λ(α), controled by a precise combinatorial structure. We define a convolution algebra of constructible functions on ⊔Λ(α), and show it is equipped with a basis of quasi-characteristic functions of the irreducible components of the Λ(α). The combinatorial structure arising from this construction is analogous to the one obtained on Lusztig perverse sheaves, and yields operators more general than the ones described by Kashiwara crystals.The third considered topic is the one of Nakajima quiver varieties, whose geometric study in this thesis allows, along with the previous (also geometric) work, to define generalized Kashiwara crystals. We define, again, Lagrangian subvarieties, and a tensor product of their irreducible components, as done by Nakajima on the classical case.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aims to study the quiver of r-tilting modules over an algebra of Artin A to obtain information about the Hasse diagram of the partially ordered set ( A; ) of r-tilting modules, as done in [8], and on certain vertices and paths, as found in [9]. For this, we start by studying the inclination theory where we look generalizations of the de nition of tilting modules and some important theorems, given by Miyashita in [15]. Done that, following Riedtmann and Scho eld in [14], we will de ne a quiver of r-tilting modules ~KA and a partially ordered set ( A; ), where we will verify that the underlying graph KA of ~KA is the Hasse diagram of ( A; ). Finally, we will study the local structure of ~KA, according [9]. Keywords: / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo da aljava de módulos r-inclinantes sobre uma álgebra de Artin A para se obter informações sobre o diagrama de Hasse do conjunto parcialmente ordenado de módulos r-inclinantes como feito em [8], e sobre determinados vértices e caminhos, como encontrado em [9]. Para isso, começamos estudando a teoria de inclinação onde buscamos generalizações da definição de módulos inclinantes e de alguns teoremas importantes, dadas por Miyashita em [15]. Feito isso, seguindo Riedtmann e Schofield em [14], definiremos uma aljava de médulos r-inclinantes ~KA e um conjunto parcialmente ordenado ( A; ), onde verificaremos que o grafo subjacente KA de ~KA e o diagrama de Hasse de ( A; ). Por fim, faremos um estudo da estrutura local de ~KA, de acordo com [9].

In this thesis we study gradings on blocks of group algebras. The motivation to study gradings on blocks of group algebras and their transfer via derived and stable equivalences originates from some of the most important open conjectures in representation theory, such as Broue’s abelian defect group conjecture. This conjecture predicts the existence of derived equivalences between categories of modules. Some attempts to prove Broue’s conjecture by lifting stable equivalences to derived equivalences highlight the importance of understanding the connection between transferring gradings via stable equivalences and transferring gradings via derived equivalences. The main idea that we use is the following. We start with an algebra which can be easily graded, and transfer this grading via derived or stable equivalence to another algebra which is not easily graded. We investigate the properties of the resulting grading. In the first chapter we list the background results that will be used in this thesis. In the second chapter we study gradings on Brauer tree algebras, a class of algebras that contains blocks of group algebras with cyclic defect groups. We show that there is a unique grading up to graded Morita equivalence and rescaling on an arbitrary basic Brauer tree algebra. The third chapter is devoted to the study of gradings on tame blocks of group algebras. We study extensively the class of blocks with dihedral defect groups. We investigate the existence, positivity and tightness of gradings, and we classify all gradings on these blocks up to graded Morita equivalence. The last chapter deals with the problem of transferring gradings via stable equivalences between blocks of group algebras. We demonstrate on three examples how such a transfer via stable equivalences is achieved between Brauer correspondents, where the group in question is a TI group.