Pseudomonas aeruginosa est un pathogène opportuniste responsable d'infections graves chez les personnes immunodéprimées, les grands brûlés et les patients atteints de la mucoviscidose. Cette pathogénicité repose sur de nombreux facteurs de virulence dont le système de sécrétion de type III (SSTT).Nous avons observé une protéine précédemment identifiée, PsrA, nécessaire pour la pleine activation de l'expression du SSTT chez P. aeruginosa. Les analyses par retard de migration électrophorétique de fragments du promoteur de l'operon régulateur exsCEBA ont montré que la protéine recombinante PsrA pourrait se fixer sur celui-ci. Le mutant DpsrA a montré une diminution marquée de la sécrétion des effecteurs de type III et une faible résistance à la bactéricidie par des cellules de type phagocytaires, PLB-985. L'ensemble des résultats suggèrent que PsrA est un nouvel activateur qui est impliqué dans l'expression du SSTT en augmentant le niveau de la transcription d'exsCEBA.Dans un second temps, nous avons mis en évidence qu'un signal inhibiteur, de type quorum sensing inconnu et produit dans la phase stationnaire de la culture, peut réprimer l'expression du SSTT in vitro. L'analyse de milliers de mutants de transposition a montré que la production de ce signal dépend du tryptophane, qui est le précurseur de nombreux métabolites dont l'acide d'indole-3-acétic (IAA). IAA-Na et un autre membre de cette famille de molécules, le acide 1-naphthalenacétique (NAA-K) aux concentrations millimolaires peuvent en effet inhiber l'expression et la sécrétion du SSTT. L'identification précise de ce signal nécessite des investigations plus poussées.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-167). Also available via World Wide Web.

Bacteria use quorum sensing, a cell to cell signaling mechanism mediated by small molecules that are produced by specific signal molecule synthases, to regulate gene expression in response to population density. In Vibrio anguillarum, the quorum-sensing phosphorelay channels information from three hybrid sensor kinases VanN, VanQ, CqsS that sense signal molecules produced by the synthases VanM, VanS and CqsA, onto the phosphotransferase VanU, to regulate activity of the response regulator VanO. VanO activates transcription of quorum-sensing regulatory RNAs (Qrr), which work together with the RNA chaperone Hfq to repress expression of the transcriptional regulator VanT. The work presented in this thesis characterizes quorum-sensing independent and quorum-sensing dependent mechanisms that regulate VanT expression. Moreover, an in vivo imaging system was established, as a means to study V. anguillarum infections in the rainbow trout infection model. Two quorum-sensing independent mechanisms regulating VanT expression were identified. First, the sigma factor RpoS indirectly activates VanT expression during transition into stationary growth phase by inhibiting hfq expression. Both, RpoS and VanT are crucial for stress response. Second, a type VI secretion system (T6SS) has a novel function as a signal sensing mechanism to regulate rpoS and vanT expression. Consequently, RpoS, quorum sensing and T6SS form a global network that senses stress and modulates stress response to ensure survival of the bacteria. Further analysis of the quorum-sensing dependent regulation of VanT expression by the phosphorelay system revealed that four qrr genes are expressed continuously during growth. The phosphotransferase VanU is suggested to activate two response regulators, VanO and a predicted second response regulator. Activated VanO induces expression of the Qrr sRNAs, whereas, the predicted response regulator represses expression of the Qrr sRNAs. Thus, VanU has a pivotal role in the regulation of VanT expression. The signal synthase VanM and VanT form a regulatory loop, in which VanM represses VanT by inducing expression of the Qrr sRNAs and VanT directly activates vanM expression to repress its own expression. Moreover, Hfq destabilizes vanM mRNA, repressing vanM expression. VanT forms another regulatory loop with the transcriptional regulator LuxT, in which LuxT activates vanT expression and VanT directly represses luxT expression. V. anguillarum is an opportunistic pathogen that causes vibriosis, a terminal hemorrhagic septicemia. The spatial and temporal progression of the infection was analyzed using the whole animal with an in vivo bioluminescent imaging method. Initial studies showed that colonization of the fish skin requires the siderophore, the RNA chaperone Hfq and the exopolysaccharide transport system, which protects against the innate immunity on the skin. Colonization of the fish skin is crucial for disease.

C. albicans est une levure pathogène opportuniste. Elle est un agent causal fréquent des infections muco-cutanées. C. albicans peut alterner entre la forme blastospore et mycélium. Cette dernière forme est impliquée dans la formation des biofilms. Le dimorphisme de C. albicans est contrôlé en partie par le phénomène de perception du quorum (quorum sensing) qui en autre, est associé à la molécule farnésol, produit par cette levure. La présence de cette molécule, inhibe la formation d’hyphe par C. albicans et par conséquent limite la formation de biofilms. Certaines souches ne répondent pas au farnésol et nous avons vérifié les hypothèses que : 1) la proportion des Non-Répondeurs (NR) au farnésol est similaire entre les souches de provenance orale et vaginale; 2) la capacité de formation de biofilm varie d’une souche à une autre mais les Non-Répondeurs en produisent en plus grande quantité; 3) la technique RAPD-PCR permettra de regrouper les souches de cette levure suivant leur provenance, leur capacité de formation de biofilm et leur aptitude à répondre au farnésol. La découverte d’une souche vaginale Non-Répondeur nous permet de croire que la proportion de ces souches est similaire entre les deux types de provenance. Les souches caractérisées Non-Répondeurs produisent 30 % plus de biofilm que les Répondeurs en absence de farnésol exogène dans le milieu. En présence de farnésol exogène, les Non-Répondeurs produisent 70 % plus de biomasse que les Répondeurs. De plus, la technique RAPD ne nous a pas permis de classer nos souches d’après les caractéristiques proposées. En conclusion, les souches orales de C. albicans semblent produire en moyenne plus de biomasse que les souches vaginales. Aussi, les NR semblent moins affectés par la présence du farnésol, ce qui pourrait causer la présence de biofilms tenaces. Les amorces utilisées pour la technique RAPD n’ont pas été efficace à la classification des souches dépendamment de leur provenance, de leur capacité à former un biofilm et à répondre au farnésol. Mots clés : Candida albicans, biofilm, perception du quorum (quorum sensing), farnésol, Non-Répondeur / The opportunistic dimorphic yeast Candida albicans is frequently associated with mucosal infections in humans. It can colonize both oral and vaginal mucous membranes. One of its virulence factors is the capacity to form or participate in biofilms formation. Biofilms are a community of bacteria embedded in a matrix of exopolysaccharide and provide protection against environmental stress and antibiotics. The dimorphic characteristic of this yeast is involved in biofilm formation and is controlled in part by the quorum sensing system. Recently, it has been shown that farnesol, a quorum sensing molecule, can control the formation of biofilms through the inhibition formation of hyphae. However, we have shown that some oral and vaginal strains can still form biofilms under the influence of exogenous farnesol and these strains were named Non-Responders (NR). We hypothesized that: 1) The proportion of Non-Responders is similar between oral and vaginal strains; 2) biofilm formation differs between strains but Non-Responders produce more of it; 3) The technique of RAPD-PCR will allow us to group strains according to their origin, biofilm formation and response to farnesol. The discovery of a NR vaginal strain leads us to believe that the proportion of NR is similar between oral and vaginal strains. The NR strains seem to produce 30 % more biofilm than Responders in media without exogenous farnesol. This percentage increased to 70 % when exogenous farnesol was added to the media. The RAPD technique did not allow us to group strains according to their proposed characteristic. In conclusion, oral strains seem to produce more biofilm than vaginal strains. The NR’s are less affected by farnesol and may cause persistent biofilms. The primers used for RAPD technique were not effective to discriminate C. albicans strains according to origin, capacity to form biofilms and farnesol responding. Key words: Candida albicans, biofilm, quorum sensing, farnesol, Non-Responders

La fibrose kystique est une maladie autosomale récessive multisystémique se manifestant principalement au niveau du système respiratoire et digestif. En raison d’une altération de la protéine régulatrice CFTR, l’équilibre ionique chez les cellules de l’hôte est déficient. Il en résulte, entre autres, une sécrétion et une accumulation d’un mucus pulmonaire très consistant. L’évacuation du mucus étant très fastidieuse chez les patients atteints de fibrose kystique, l’élimination des particules et bactéries des voies respiratoires est inadéquate. Cet aspect de la maladie participe grandement à sa progression, car l’établissement d’infections bactériennes chroniques contribue principalement à l’effet délétère sur la santé respiratoire des patients atteints de fibrose kystique. La colonisation du mucus pulmonaire par les bactéries pathogènes est le sujet de nombreuses recherches extensives dans le contexte de la fibrose kystique. La présence d’une diversité microbienne dans les voies respiratoires est connue depuis longtemps, mais avec les techniques récentes d’analyse moléculaire, il a été constaté que celle-ci peut présenter une très grande richesse qui était préalablement non détectée par les méthodes d’isolement classiques. Les interactions et comportements adoptés par les populations polymicrobiennes du microbiome FK dans la progression de la maladie sont maintenant de grand intérêt. La virulence des principaux pathogènes en FK a préalablement et exhaustivement été décrite de façon spécifique. Parmi les plus notoires, comme Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Burkholderia cepacia, certains utilisent des systèmes de communication cellulaire élaborés («quorum sensing») dans le but de réguler leur virulence. De nouvelles voies de recherche sont construites sur la suggestion qu’une population polymicrobienne peut être perçue comme un seul agent infectieux. Notre étude a été conduite afin de documenter les possibles réponses interespèces entre S. aureus et P. aeruginosa suite à l’échange de molécules sécrétées dans le cadre du «quorum sensing». Pour ce faire, nous avons caractérisé un éventail d’interactions existantes entre des isolats cliniques des deux pathogènes d’intérêt. Nous avons également développé un modèle nous permettant de mieux comprendre l’impact de la coexistence sur leur pathogenèse. Inévitablement, l’étude vise à définir l’instance de la présence simultanée des deux bactéries dans l’établissement d’infections chroniques chez les patients atteints de fibrose kystique ainsi que sur leur santé respiratoire. Cette étude tente ultimement de contribuer à l’effort visant à comprendre l’importance des interactions polymicrobiennes dans un contexte infectieux dans le but de trouver de nouveaux indices quant à l’élaboration de stratégies thérapeutiques.

Traditional bacterial disease therapies utilize compounds that ultimately kill the target bacteria but it exerts a strong selective pressure on the bacteria to develop multi-drug resistance mutants. The increasing occurrence of resistance in common pathogens has highlighted the need to identify new anti-microbials that target the control of bacterial pathogenicity in a non-extermination manner to reduce the incidence of bacteria resistance. One new strategy exploits the discrete signaling molecules that regulate the various bacterial signaling pathways, which are responsible for the expression of pathogenicity traits. Halogenated furanones (fimbrolides) from the marine red alga, Delisea pulchra have been shown to interfere with the key signaling pathway present in Gram-negative bacteria by competitively displacing the cognate signaling molecule from the transcription protein. This project focused on the design and synthesis of 1,5-dihydropyrrol-2-ones, a new class of fimbrolide derivatives capable of displaying strong antagonistic properties of the fimbrolides. Primary synthetic methodologies examined include the halolactamization of allenamides and the direct lactone-lactam transformation. No doubt, both methodologies yielded the lactam ring, the former failed to introduce the crucial C-5 bromomethylene group essential for bioactivity. A facile high yielding two-step lactone-lactam transformation method was developed and using this method, a wide range of substituted 5-bromomethyl- and 5-dibromomethylene-1,5-dihydropyrrol-2-ones were synthesized. Furthermore, a new class of tricyclic crown-ether type compounds with no literature precedent were discovered. To vary the diversity of the compounds, a related class of compounds, 5,6-dihydroindol-2-ones, were examined. A general versatile method for the synthesis of 7-substituted 5,6-dihydroindol-2-ones was developed. The synthetic strategy proceeds via the established Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of halogenated dihydroindol-2-ones with arylboronic acids/esters. The Suzuki methodology was found to be reliable in furnishing a wide range of 7-substituted products in high yields. A preliminary molecular modeling approach was used to assist in the design of new anti-microbials via the ligand-docking analyses of the TraR and LasR protein. A positive correlation was observed between the docking scores and biological activity and the methodology was further developed into an initial screening tool to filter potential active and non-active compounds. The newly synthesized compounds were analysed for their efficacy in reducing the expression of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in the presence of natural AHL signaling molecules in an AHL-monitor strain, indicative of the inhibition of bacterial phenotype expression. The dihydropyrrol-2-one class of compounds showed significant biological activity and this highlighted their potential for further development.

Tez (Tıpta Uzmanlık) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Mikrobiyoloji ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2005. / Bibliyografya var.

Tez (Doktora) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2007. / Bibliyografya var.

Staphylococcus aureus é reconhecidamente causador de infecções humanas e um dos principais patógenos alimentares. O regulador gene acessório (Agr) é um sistema central que controla a expressão de diversos fatores de virulência. O polimorfismo do locus agr divide S.aureus em grupos genéticos distintos associados a determinados perfis patogênicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar fenotipicamente e genotipicamente isolados clínicos e alimentares de S.aureus. Um total de 63 S.aureus (34 isolados de cateter venoso central (CVC) e 29 de carne de frango) foram selecionados para o estudo. O gene sea foi encontrado em 44,1% (15/34), seb em 5,9% (2/34) e sec em 8,8% (3/34) dos isolados de CVC. Em isolados de frango, apenas o gene sea foi detectado e foi observado em 31% (9/29). Somente 6% (2/34) dos isolados de CVC formaram biofilme. Já, em isolados de frango, 93% (27/29) foram formadores de biofilme (P<0,01). Nos isolados de CVC, os genes icaA, atlA e sasG envolvidos com a formação de biofilme estiveram presentes em 100% (34/34), 97% (33/34) e 100% (34/34), das amostras respectivamente, enquanto que, em isolados de carne de frango os mesmos genes foram detectados em 93% (27/29), 52% (15/29) e 100% (29/29), respectivamente. Cepas resistentes à penicilina foram detectas em 86,2% dos isolados de carne de frangos e em 88,2%, dos isolados de CVC. Isolados de CVC foram resistentes a oxacilina e multirresistentes em 17,6% (6/34). Com relação ao polimorfismo do locus agr, os S.aureus isolados de CVC foram dividos em 3 grupos, onde 44% (15/34) tiveram o polimorfismo I, 38% (13/34) o II e 18% (6/34) o III. Os S.aureus isolados de carne de frangos, também foram divididos em 3 grupos, onde 86% (25/29) dos isolados tiveram o polimorfismo I, 10% (3/29) o II e 4%o III (1/29) (P<0,05). Entre os isolados de CVC, 88,2% (30/34) produziram a δ-hemolisina, ou seja, expressavam o sistema Agr, já entre os isolados de frangos, apenas 3,3% eram δ-hemoliticos (P<0,05). Conclui-se que os isolados diferiram quanto à capacidade de formação de biofilme, polimorfismo Agr e produção da δ-hemolisina. No entanto, resultados similares foram observados quanto à detecção dos genes das enterotoxinas e os envolvidos com formação de biofilme. A análise molecular mostrou uma elevada similaridade entre os grupos o que pode indicar uma mesma origem destes isolados. / Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as cause of human infections and a one of the important foodborne pathogens. The accessory gene regulator (Agr) is a central system that controls the expression of several virulence factors. The polymorphism of the agr locus divided S. aureus into distinct genetic group associated with determinats of pathogenic profiles. The aim of this study was to the phenotypic and genotypic patterns of S.aureus isolated from clinical and food samples. A total of 63 S. aureus (34 from central venous catheter (CVC) and 29 from poultry meat) were selected for the study. The sea gene was found in 44.1% (15/34), seb in 5.9% (2/34) and sec in 8.8% (3/34) of CVC isolates. In poultry meat isolates, only sea gene was detected and it was observed in 31% (9/29). Only 6% (2/34) of CVC isolates formed biofilm. Further, 93% (27/29) of poultry meat isolates were biofilm formers (P<0.01). In CVC isolates, the icaA, atlA and sasG genes involved in biofilm formation were present in 100% (34/34), 97% (33/34) and 100% (34/34) of the isolates respectively, while in poultry meat isolates the same genes were detected in 93% (27/29), 52% (15/29) and 100% (29/29), respectively.Strains penicillin resistant was detected in 86.2% of poultry meat and 88.2 % CVC isolates. CVC isolates were also oxacillin resistant and multiresistants in 17.6% (6/34). In regard to the polymorphism of agr locus, the CVC isolates were divided into 3 groups, where 44% (15/34) belong to polymorphism I, 38% (13/34) to II and 18% (6/34) to III. The S. aureus strains isolated from poutry meat were also divided into 3 groups, where 86% (25/29) showed the polymorphism I, 10% (3/29) the II and 4% (1/29) the III (P<0.05). Among the CVC isolates 88.2% (30/34) produced δ-hemolysin, i.e., expressed the Agr system, in addition among the poultry meat isolates, only 3.3% were δ-hemolytic (P<0.05). In conclusion, S.aures isolated from CVC and poultry meat showed differences in their ability to form biofilm, Agr polymorphism and production of δ-hemolysin. In conclusion, S.aures isolated from CVC and poultry meat showed differences in their ability to form biofilm, Agr polymorphism and production of δ-hemolysin. However, similar results were observed in relation to enterotoxin genes and those involved in biofilm formation.The molecular analysis show high genotypic similarity to S.aures isolated from CVC and poultry meat, suggesting a common origin of these isolates, possible the human microbiota.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-28T09:33:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1338198 bytes, checksum: 5403979ea8250d61a6a0c78ac9f2e904 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T09:33:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1338198 bytes, checksum: 5403979ea8250d61a6a0c78ac9f2e904 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Quando em alta densidade populacional, muitas bactérias são capazes de coordenar a expressão de genes via produção e recepção de sinais químicos, por meio de mecanismo denominado quorum sensing. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter mutantes HalI - das estirpes psicrotróficas isoladas do leite cru refrigerado, 068 e 071 de Hafnia alvei e 067 de Enterobacter cloacae. O gene halI codifica a sintase responsável pela produção de acil homoserina lactonas (AHLs) que são as moléculas sinalizadoras de quorum sensing em H. alvei e E. cloacae. Para obtenção dos mutantes, foi utilizado o vetor suicida pGP704, onde foi clonado o gene halI. Em seguida este gene foi interrompido com o gene que codifica a proteína gentamicina- 3-acetiltransferase, que confere resistência ao antibiótico gentamicina e o plasmídeo foi denominado pGP704halI068::Gm. A transformação das estirpes psicrotróficas com esse vetor resultou em transformantes resistentes a 25 μg mL -1 de gentamicina, mas que ainda produziam AHL, constatada por meio da indução da estirpe monitora de AHL, Chromobacterium violaceum CV 026. A inativação da expressão do gene halI no DNA cromossômico foi obtida após nova transformação desses transformantes com o vetor pUT::Tn5, pertencente ao mesmo grupo de compatibilidade de pGP704. O uso deste sistema de incompatibilidade propiciou a seleção de estirpes onde ocorreu a recombinação homóloga entre o gene halI interrompido pelo gene que confere resistência a gentamicina com o gene halI presente no DNA cromossômico. A confirmação da recombinação do gene halI inativado e clonado no plasmideo com o gene halI cromossômico, foi feita selecionando-se os transformantes em ágar Luria Bertani contendo 50 μg mL -1 de canamicina e gentamicina. Por ensaio de indução de C. violaceum CV026, foi confirmado que os transformantes resistentes a canamicina e gentamicina não induziram a produção do pigmento violaceína pela estirpe monitora. A inativação do gene halI no cromossoma torna essas estirpes ferramentas importantes para elucidação da regulação da expressão de genes pelo mecanismo de quorum sensing. / When population density is high, several bacteria are able to coordinate gene expression by production and reception of chemical signals by means of a mechanism called quorum sensing. The scope of this work was to produce HalI - mutants from psychotrophic bacterias found in fresh cooled milk, 068 and 071 of Hafnia alvei and 067 of Enterobacter cloacae. The halI gene encondes the synthase responsible for the production of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) which are the signaling molecules of quorum sensing for H. alvei and E. cloacae. In order to produce the mutants, it was used the suicide vector pGP704, where the halI gene was cloned. After that, this gene was interrupted with a gene that encodes the protein gentamicin 3-acetyltransferase, responsible for giving resistance to the gentamicin antibiotic. This vector was called pGP704halI068::Gm. The transformation of psychotrophic strain with such vector resulted in transformants cells resistant to 25 μg mL -1 of gentamicin, but they would still produce AHL. AHL production was confirmed by the induction of the monitored strain of AHL, Chromobacterium violaceum CV 026. Expression inactivation of the hall gene in the chromosomic DNA was achieved after new transformation of former transformants with the pUT::Tn5 vector, which belong to the same compatible group of pGP704. The use of this system of incompatibility provided the selection of strain that showed homologous recombination between the hall gene interrupted by the gene that affords resistance to gentamicin and the hall gene of the present chromosomal DNA. Recombination assurance of the halI gene inactivated and cloned in the plasmidium with the halI chromosomic gene was done by selecting the transformants in Luria- Bertani agar containing 50 μg mL -1 of kanamicyn and gentamicin. By means of an induction trial of C. violaceum CV026, it was confirmed that the transformants resistant to kanamicyn and gentamicin did not induced the production of the violacein pigment by the strain being monitored. Inactivation of the halI gene in the chromosome makes these strains important tools for elucidating gene expression regulation by the quorum sensing mechanism. / Dissertação antiga