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Contribution à l'étude expérimentale et théorique des photodétecteurs infrarouge à multipuits quantiques couvrant la bande spectrale 3 – 20 µmGuériaux, Vincent 12 October 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Les photodétecteurs infrarouge à multipuits quantiques (QWIP : Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector) sont des composants pluridisciplinaires : science des matériaux nécessaire à l'épitaxie, transport électronique dans ces couches semi-conductrices, modélisation électromagnétique du couplage optique, contrôle des process de salle blanche. Il est impératif de maîtriser chacune de ces composantes afin d'exploiter cette technologie pour des applications d'imagerie infrarouge. L'objectif de cette thèse est de permettre l'élargissement de la gamme spectrale accessible aux QWIPs. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié les points communs et les spécificités de la physique de ce composant entre 3 et 20 µm. En particulier, nous avons traité de cette problématique dans les domaines que sont le transport électronique et l'aspect matériau. Après une introduction générale sur l'imagerie infrarouge et sur le composant QWIP, nous présentons les résultats d'une étude structurale et chimique des hétérostructures AlGaAs / InGaAs. Ces alliages constituent le cœur du détecteur, c'est pourquoi l'extension des longueurs d'onde de détection passe en premier lieu par le contrôle et donc la connaissance, de ces matériaux. La suite de ce travail de thèse est consacrée à l'étude des différents régimes de transport électronique dans les QWIPs : régime tunnel séquentiel résonant, régime de fort champ, régime thermoïonique et régime optique. Bien que les différents modes de transport soient observables sur l'ensemble des échantillons, certains d'entre eux ne sont dominants que pour quelques applications spécifiques. Enfin, nous montrons que la maîtrise des différentes étapes de conception et de fabrication nous permet d'optimiser les QWIPs dans la bande 3-5 µm pour des besoins de détection terrestre et de réaliser des QWIPs large bande dans la gamme 10-20 µm pour des applications spatiales.
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Transport And Noise In GaAs-Based DevicesChoudhury, Palash Roy 07 1900 (has links)
The objective of this work was to study the noise in semiconductors and relate the transport mechanisms in the devices with the noise from the devices. The main part of the work was to set up a system for the measurement of noise in semiconductor devices. To establish the sensitivity of the system, it was calibrated at different temperatures. Some of the results from GaAs pn-junction showed some anomaly from that available in the literature. But certain points are yet to be clarified. This requires certain developments in the measurement system.
In the case of QWIPS structures, studies on some samples with varying number of wells are required and in order to study the GR noise spectra and other activated processes, we need to study the temperature dependence of the noise and a larger bias variation for studying the low frequency current noise.
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A Framework to Simulate and Improve Terahertz Quantum Well PhotodetectorsFerre, Simon 13 August 2013 (has links)
A wide range of applications have been recognized for terahertz radiations. In fact, medical imaging, homeland security screening, very high-speed wireless telecommunications systems and even drug and gas detection are boosting the development of terahertz emitters and receivers. The work of this thesis is among the efforts in that regard.
Actual terahertz detectors are suffering many drawbacks, they are bulky, very slow, not very sensitive or operates at non-practical temperatures. Combined with the complexity to realize terahertz emitters, it explains the difficulties of terahertz radiations to ensure market penetration with practicable civil applications. In that regard, we aim to better understand and improve a specific terahertz photodetector: the Terahertz Quantum Well Photodetector. Those devices working principle relies on a photocurrent created by the excitation of electrons from ground states of quantum wells to the continuum under terahertz impinging light. The intensity of the photocurrent is depending on the intensity of the radiation received by the device.
The device active region is made of a multiple quantum wells GaAs/AlGaAs system. By changing the design of the device, that is the thicknesses of each layer, the aluminum fraction of the doping concentration, we can modify its performances. Documented and commented Matlab functions and routines have been implemented in order to simulate a given structure and scripts have been written to find the optimum parameters for a target absorption frequency. Our model has been verified by comparison with experimental data reported in the literature.
Based on our model, we systematically study the impact of the active region and contact parameters on the device performances. In addition, innovative designs are proposed in order to reduce the undesirable dark current and thus increase the detectivity. They benefits from many-body effects, effects that are usually a constraint on the design. To our knowledge this is the first time those effects are used to realize innovative designs and increase the performances of quantum well infrared photodetectors.
Finally we expose other designs that have been tested in the infrared domain with QWIP and adapt them to the terahertz range. In particular, we propose a quantum cascade photodetector, a double barrier bound-to-miniband and a phonon-assisted band to miniband structures.
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Mid-Infrared Detectors and THz Devices Operating in the Strong Light-Matter Coupling Regime / Détecteurs moyen infrarouge et dispositifs THz en régime de couplage fort entre lumière et matièreVigneron, Pierre-Baptiste 15 April 2019 (has links)
Les polaritons inter-sous-bandes, observés pour la première fois il y a une quinzaine d’années, sont des quasi-particules dont de nombreuses propriétés restent encore à découvrir. La recherche dans ce domaine se focalise actuellement sur la réalisation de condensats de Bose-Einstein. Une telle découverte pourrait révolutionner l’optoélectronique du moyen infra-rouge jusqu’au THz ouvrant la voie à l’instauration de nouveaux concepts de sources lumineuses,de détecteurs ou de systèmes logiques en couplage fort. Dans cette quête, le choix de la cavité résonnante est critique. Dans ce manuscrit nous proposons d’utiliser des cavités métal-isolant-métal (M-I-M) avec un réseau dispersif sur le métal supérieur. Ce type de cavité,conservant un confinement élevé entre les deux plans métalliques, offre de nombreuses possibilités d’ajustement de la résonance de cavité : via la géométrie de la cavité ( épaisseur de la cavité, période et recouvrement du réseau) ainsi que par le couplage de la lumière avec la cavité (vecteur d’onde incident). Les cavités M-I-M dispersives ouvrent donc un nouveau champ d’exploration des polaritons inter-sous-bande. Dans un premier temps nous avons introduit ces cavités dans le domaine du THz afin d’étudier les phénomènes de relaxation polariton-polariton. Un système expérimental dédié à cette exploration a été conçu pour mesurer la réflectivité des polaritons THz avec une fine résolution en angle. Dans une second temps, des capteurs moyen infrarouge en couplage fort avec une cavité M-I-M dispersive ont été conçus, fabriqués et mesurés dans le but d’explorer la génération de photo-courant à partir de polaritons et d’utiliser le couplage fort pour dissocier l’ énergie de détection de l’énergie d’activation. Cette seconde étude s’inscrit dans l’objectif de pompage électrique des polaritons ISB. Parallèlement à l’étude des polaritons, nous avons également participé au développement de techniques(interféromètre Gires-Tournois et revêtement anti-réflection) pour compresser les impulsions optiques de lasers à cascade quantique THz. / After fifteen years of intersubband polaritons development some of the peculiar properties of these quasi-particles are still unexplored. A deeper comprehension of the polaritons is needed to access their fundamental properties and assess their applicative potential as efficient emitters or detectors in the mid-infrared and THz.In this manuscript we used Metal-Insulator-Metal (MI-M) cavities with a top metal periodic grating as a platform to deepen the understanding of ISB polaritons.The advantages of M-I-M are twofold : first they confine the TM00 mode, second the dispersion of the cavity -over a large set of in-plane wave-vectors- offers various experimental configurations to observe the polaritons in both reflection and photo-current. We reexamined the properties of ISB polaritons in the mid-infrared and in the THz using these resonators. In the first part, we explore the implementation of dispersive M-I-M cavities with THz intersubband transitions. In the THz domain, the scattering mechanisms of the THz ISB polaritons need to be understood. The dispersive cavity is a major asset to study these mechanisms because it provides more degrees of freedom to the system. For this purpose, we fabricated a new experimental set-up to measure the polariton dispersion at liquid Helium temperature. After the characterization of the polaritons in reflectivity, a pump-probe experiment was performed on the polaritonic devices. The second part of this manuscript presents the implementation of M-I-M dispersive cavities with abound-to-quasi-bound quantum well infrared photo detector designed to detect in strong coupling. Beyond electrical probing of the polaritons, the strong coupling can disentangle the frequency of detection from the thermal activation energy and reduce the dark current at a given frequency. In parallel to the exploration of THz polaritons, we developed two techniques (Gires-Tournois Interferometer and Anti-reflection coating) in order to shorten the pulses of THz quantum cascade lasers with metal-metal waveguides.
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Design, Fabrication And Characterization Of Corrugated-Quantum Well Infrared PhotodetectorBalakrishnam Raju, J 04 1900 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
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Spectral Signature Modification By Application Of Infrared Frequency-selective SurfacesMonacelli, Brian 01 January 2005 (has links)
It is desirable to modify the spectral signature of a surface, particularly in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. To alter the surface signature in the IR, two methods are investigated: thin film application and antenna array application. The former approach is a common and straightforward incorporation of optically-thin film coatings on the surface designated for signature modification. The latter technique requires the complex design of a periodic array of passive microantenna elements to cover the surface in order to modify its signature. This technology is known as frequency selective surface (FSS) technology and is established in the millimeter-wave spectral regime, but is a challenging technology to scale for IR application. Incorporation of thin films and FSS antenna elements on a surface permits the signature of a surface to be changed in a deterministic manner. In the seminal application of this work, both technologies are integrated to comprise a circuit-analog absorbing IR FSS. The design and modeling of surface treatments are accomplished using commercially-available electromagnetic simulation software. Fabrication of microstructured antenna arrays is accomplished via microlithographic technology, particularly using an industrial direct-write electron-beam lithography system. Comprehensive measurement methods are utilized to study the patterned surfaces, including infrared spectral radiometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. These systems allow for direct and complementary spectral signature measurements--the radiometer measures the absorption or emission of the surface, and the spectrometer measures its transmission and reflection. For the circuit-analog absorbing square-loop IR FSS, the spectral modulation in emission is measured to be greater than 85% at resonance. Other desirable modifications of surface signature are also explored; these include the ability to filter radiation based on its polarization orientation and the ability to dynamically tune the surface signature. An array of spiral FSS elements allows for circular polarization conditioning. Three techniques for tuning the IR FSS signature via voltage application are explored, including the incorporation of a pn junction substrate, a piezoelectric substrate and a liquid crystal superstrate. These studies will ignite future explorations of IR FSS technology, enabling various unique applications.
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